The objective of this thesis was to assess the environmental fate and transport of chemicals emitted from consumer products through the development and application of modelling tools. The following hypotheses were tested: i) Multimedia fate models can be applied in a multistage assessment process to emerging chemicals when limited knowledge exists to identify the likely environmental fate and to direct further research; ii) the indoor environment acts as a source of anthropogenic substances in consumer products to the outdoor environment; and iii) chemical removal pathways in the indoor environment are important for the fate of organic chemicals in densely populated areas. The thesis shows that a structured chemical fate assessment strategy can and should be applied at early stages of the evaluation of emerging chemicals to assess their fate and to direct further research. Multimedia fate models play a key role in this strategy. The three‐solubility approach is a simple, rapid method that can be used to estimate physical‐chemical properties for use in early stage evaluation (Paper I). Emissions in the indoor environment affect the urban fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals by providing additional removal pathways and prolonging urban chemical residence times compared to outdoor emissions (Paper III). Emissions of BDE 209, DINP and DEHP to Stockholm indoor air were estimated to be 0.1, 3.4 and 290 mg/capita year, respectively (Paper IV). The contribution of emissions indoors to outdoor air pollution varies between substances. For BDE 209, emissions in the indoor environment added 38 % to the mass entering Stockholm city with inflowing air. For Sweden, the indoor environment was estimated to account for 80 % of BDE 209 emissions to outdoor air (Papers II and IV). For the phthalates, outdoor emissions and/or background inflow are the dominant sources to outdoor air pollution in Stockholm and the influence of the indoor environment is limited (Paper IV). / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript</p>

We introduce a hybrid approach in which images of an urban scene are automatically alignedwith a base geometry of the scene to determine model-relative external camera parameters. Thealgorithm takes as input a model of the scene and images with approximate external cameraparameters and aligns the images to the model by extracting the facades from the images andaligning the facades with the model by minimizing over a multivariate objective function. Theresulting image-pose pairs can be used to render photo-realistic views of the model via texturemapping.Several natural extensions to the base hybrid reconstruction technique are also introduced. Theseextensions, which include vanishing point based calibration refinement and video stream basedreconstruction, increase the accuracy of the base algorithm, reduce the amount of data that mustbe provided by the user as input to the algorithm, and provide a mechanism for automaticallycalibrating a large set of images for post processing steps such as automatic model enhancementand fly-through model visualization.Traditionally, photo-realistic urban reconstruction has been approached from purely image-basedor model-based approaches. Recently, research has been conducted on hybrid approaches, whichcombine the use of images and models. Such approaches typically require user assistance forcamera calibration. Our approach is an improvement over these methods because it does notrequire user assistance for camera calibration.

Chapter 1 provides a discussion of definitions, criticisms, and measurements of urban sprawl. Land-use controls are surveyed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, we present the monocentric urban model, followed by a discussion of extensions of that model to include land-use controls. Chapter 4 is a survey of previous empirical analysis of the monocentric model, while Chapters 5 and 6 present our own empirical work. In general, our empirical results support the theoretical predictions as well as providing support for policies to control sprawl. In particular, the results support the use of maximum lot-size zoning, urban growth boundaries, and density restrictions in the form of minimum building heights, minimum square-footage limits, maximum building permits, and minimum persons per room. The importance of this dissertation lies in the fact that it presents the first empirical analysis of the effects of land-use controls on urban sprawl. For this reason, the findings should be of interest to urban planners in their efforts to control urban sprawl. Because we test theoretical hypotheses found in the urban economics literature, the results should also be of interest to academic economists. Finally, the data on land-use controls gathered for the empirical analysis should be of importance to researchers in urban economics.

The goal of urbanism as a model is not to test the limits of density or push the boundaries of how socially removed or engaged an individual can be, but to bring order to the growing, malleable, and complex interactions of human life. This model is a hypothesis on different urban connections. A reworking of the framework, which allows for intersecting and layering elements to become the backdrop to the everyday drama of life. And while modern cities epitomize the collection of autonomous structures, this thesis seeks to expand on that notion through overlapping and folding that model back on itself, creating a means for new dynamics and exchanges. / Master of Architecture

No description available.

<p>The importance of citizen’s psychological need for community, amenities, and the feeling of equitable distribution of the varied impacts from urban change are gaining recognition as important factors in evaluating sustainable urban change. The inclusion of indicators that capture the equitable distribution of urban change impacts are a rare addition to the vast list of sustainability indicator sets available to researchers. Rarer still is the application of Integrated Urban Models (IUMs) and sustainability indicators in assessing the sustainability of land use and transportation policies which impact not only the form and structure of cities, but also the health and wellbeing of the city residents. Using three land use scenarios relevant to the study area: the City of Hamilton, scenarios which simulate alternative residential density patterns, the suburbanization of employment and the closure of elementary and secondary schools are projected into the medium term future using an integrated GIS-based model for simulating the consequences of demographic changes and population ageing on transportation (IMPACT), a sustainability indicator module and a set of indicators measuring the degree to which the urban change is just. The sustainability values generated from the use of IMPACT and SUSTAIN offer valuable insight to the literature related to each scenario. More importantly, the justice indicators add value information as to the impact of urban change on vulnerable population groups. The combination of IMPACT and SUSTAIN offers new avenue and method for future research on the sustainability of urban change.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta dissertaÃÃo contemplou a realizaÃÃo de um estudo comparativo entre duas ocupaÃÃes espontÃneas, sendo uma urbanizada e outra nÃo, baseado no modelo ISA/F â Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental em Favelas, elaborado por ALMEIDA (1999) a partir da necessidade de verificar, periodicamente, as condiÃÃes de salubridade ambiental de favelas urbanizadas por meio da utilizaÃÃo de indicadores especÃficos. A metodologia empregada concentrou-se tanto na coleta dos dados necessÃrios à viabilizaÃÃo do estudo, por meio de elaboraÃÃo de pesquisa documental tÃcnica e da aplicaÃÃo de entrevistas em amostra estabelecida por ajuste estatÃstico, resultante em 61 domicÃlios da ocupaÃÃo Castelo Encantado e em 31 domicÃlios da ocupaÃÃo Cidade de Deus ambas no municÃpio de Fortaleza/CE nos meses de abril a julho de 2007, complementados posteriormente por informaÃÃes fornecidas pelas lideranÃas comunitÃrias, quanto na realizaÃÃo de comparativo entre as Ãreas pesquisadas. Como resultado, demonstrou-se a adequaÃÃo do mÃtodo para a verificaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de salubridade ambiental em ocupaÃÃes espontÃneas, tanto urbanizadas como nÃo, revelando-se, dessa forma, um importante auxiliar no subsÃdio aos processos de tomada de decisÃes no municÃpio, sobretudo no que se refere aos programas de gestÃo habitacional relacionados com favelas. / This dissertation contemplated the accomplishment of a comparative study between two spontaneous occupations, being one of those urban, and the other, not urban, based in model ISA/F - Indicating of Ambient Salubrity in Spontaneous Occupations, elaborated for the ALMEIDA (1999) from the necessity to verify, periodically, the conditions of spontaneous urban occupations ambient salubrity through the use of dedicated displays. The employed methodology was concentrated in such a way in the collection of the necessary data to the viability of the study, by means of a research documentary technique elaboration and of the application of interviews in a sample established for statistical, resultant adjustment in 61 domiciles of the occupation Magic Castle and in 31 domiciles of the occupation City of God at the city Fortaleza/CE in the months from April to July of 2007, complemented later for supplied information given by the communitarian leaderships, and inb another one, in the accomplishment of a comparative degree between the searched areas. As result, it remained demonstrated the adequacy of the method for the verification of the conditions of ambient salubrity in spontaneous occupations, in such a way urban as not, showing, of this form, an important one to assist in the subsidy to the processes of taking decisions in the city, over all as for the related programs of habitational management with spontaneous occupations.

La restauration écologique des cours d’eau en milieu urbain est pratiquée dans le monde entier (Morandi et al., 2021). Dans les milieux scientifiques et politiques, elle est présentée comme une solution globale associée à de nombreux bénéfices pouvant être appliquée dans divers endroits (Guimarães et al., 2021). Cette pratique peut dès lors être considérée comme l’un des « modèles en circulation » actuels dans le domaine de l’aménagement et de l’urbanisme (Roy, 2011). Pourtant, ce « modèle » promu à l’échelle internationale ne tient pas compte du caractère spécifique des différents contextes urbains, sociaux et politiques dans lesquels il est traduit. En adoptant une vision instrumentale des « modèles en circulation » et en privilégiant une entrée par le territoire et par les acteurs, cette recherche tente de comprendre les modalités de réception à l'échelle locale d’un modèle circulant et de ses effets sur les pratiques locales d’aménagement. En nous penchant sur l’étude de cas d’Istanbul, nous avons effectué une recherche de terrain et mené plusieurs entretiens avec les acteurs locaux pour répondre à cet objectif. Les résultats de l’analyse ont montré que les modalités de l’appropriation à l'échelle locale d’un « modèle circulant » sont bien plus complexes et nuancées que ce qu’un modèle peut contenir, compte tenu des différentes dynamiques et forces à l’oeuvre sur un territoire donné. / Ecological restoration of urban rivers is being practiced all over the world (Morandi et al., 2021). In the scientific and policy literature, it is presented as a global solution associated with many benefits, which can be applied in various locations (Guimarães et al., 2021). This practice can therefore be considered as one of the current “circulating models” in the field of planning and urban studies (Roy, 2011). However, this “model” promoted internationally does not consider the specific character of the different urban, social, and political contexts in which it is applied. By adopting an instrumental vision of “circulating models” and by privileging an entry through the territory and the actors, this research attempts to understand the modalities of reception at the local level of a circulating model and its effects on local planning practices. Based on the case study of Istanbul, we have conducted field research and several interviews with local actors to meet this objective. The results of the analysis showed that the modalities of local appropriation of a 'circulating model' are much more complex and nuanced than what a model can contain, given the different dynamics and forces at work in a given territory.