The issues of performance measurement and efficiency analyses for transit industries have been gaining significance due to severe operating conditions and financial constraints in which these transit agencies provide service. In this research, we present an approach to measure the performance of Urban Transit Networks, specifically, bus routes that comprise the network. We propose a math programming model that evaluates the efficiencies of bus routes taking into consideration, the service providers, the users and the societal perspectives. This model is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology and derives from Network Theory, Network Modeling in DEA, Goal Programming & Goal-DEA and 'Environmental' Variables. This approach enables the decision maker to determine the performance of its units of operations ('bus routes' in our case), optimally allocate scarce resources and achieve target levels for 'externality' variables for these bus routes and for the whole network. We further recommend modifications to the model, for adaptation to other modes of transportation as well as extend its applicability to other applications/scenarios. / Master of Science

Em vigência desde Janeiro de 2012, a regulamentação Proconve P7 para veículos comerciais pesados exige que a demonstração de emissões de poluentes do motor seja realizada no ciclo de teste transiente europeu (ETC), desenvolvido de acordo com perfil de condução tipicamente europeu e assim pouco representativo de diversas situações de tráfego no Brasil. Especialmente quanto a aplicações de ônibus urbanos, altamente dinâmicas e submetidas a perfis de baixa velocidade e média carga, não é possível correlacionar plenamente o funcionamento do motor e seus sistemas de controle de emissões baseando-se apenas neste ciclo. Com essa motivação, o principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver ciclos de teste compactos para banco de provas de chassis e de motores que representem as condições reais de condução de ônibus urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Estes ciclos de teste específicos possibilitam avaliações mais precisas não apenas das emissões de poluentes, mas também do consumo de combustível, além de proporcionarem melhor compreensão do real desempenho de motores e novas tecnologias dos sistemas de propulsão usados em frotas de ônibus urbanos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada para construção dos ciclos utiliza o conceito de potência específica veicular (VSP), variável que apresenta alta correlação com emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível e é calculada a partir de dados coletados em condições reais de condução de ônibus (velocidade, aceleração e inclinação das vias). A seleção dos veículos e linhas para realização das aquisições de dados considera tanto as especificações de trem-de-força e de chassis disponíveis na frota, como também os índices operacionais e a topografia dos trajetos como métodos para determinação de linhas com perfil operacional mais representativo. Como resultado do estudo foram propostos cinco ciclos de teste, um para cada tipo de ônibus selecionado (miniônibus, midiônibus, básico, padron e articulado), e as análises comparativas com o ciclo ETC quanto ao comportamento do motor mostram claramente a falta de representatividade do ciclo europeu adotado pela regulamentação brasileira. / Since January 2012, the Proconve P7 regulation is mandatory for heavy duty commercial vehicles requiring that the demonstration of pollutant gases emissions must be carried out by submitting the engine to the European transient test cycle (ETC), which has been developed according to European driving patterns and therefore is not representative of several driving situations in Brazil. Particularly for driving patterns of urban buses, which are highly dynamic with low vehicle speed and medium load profiles, it is not possible to fully correlate the operating conditions of the engine and its emission control systems based only on this test cycle. With this motivation, the main objective of this study is to develop compact test cycles for use in both chassis and engine test benches that represent the actual driving pattern of transit buses in São Paulo city. These specific test cycles may allow more accurate assessment of pollutant gases emissions and fuel consumption, as well as provide a better understanding concerning the real performance of engines and new propulsion technologies used in urban bus fleets in Brazil. The methodology used for construction of the cycles is based on the concept of vehicle specific power (VSP), a variable that is highly correlated with pollutant emissions and fuel consumption and is calculated from data collected under real-world driving conditions (vehicle speed, acceleration and road grade). The selection of the buses and routes for the on-board data collection considers the specifications of powertrain and chassis that are available in the bus fleet of São Paulo\'s public transportation system, operational indexes and route topography as a method for determining the bus routes with a more representative operational pattern. As the result of this study five test cycles were proposed, one for each bus type (minibus, midibus, basic, padron and articulated), and an analysis of the engine\'s operating behavior in comparison to the ETC cycle clearly shows the lack of representativeness of the European cycle adopted by the Brazilian regulation.

A pesquisa foi conduzida pela hipótese geral de que os sistemas de mobilidade são potentes organizadores da estrutura e espacialidade urbanas e que, portanto, seus projetos devem incorporar como premissas básicas as relações em diversas escalas que estabelecem com seu entorno. Um amplo conjunto de experiências exemplares foi organizado em blocos crítico-analíticos no intuito de apontar as principais questões de projeto presentes nessas obras. As ações planejadas a curto e médio prazo na cidade de São Paulo relacionadas à mobilidade urbana configuram uma grande oportunidade de reorganização de seu território. O impacto urbano predominantemente negativo que intervenções anteriores apresentaram impõe a necessidade de formulação de uma nova cultura de projeto capaz de aproveitar essas oportunidades. Nesse sentido, a tese busca demonstrar que a arquitetura e o urbanismo constituem o campo disciplinar mais relevante para a condução desses projetos. / The research was conducted by the general hypothesis that the mobility systems are powerful organizers of the urban structure and spatiality and, therefore, their designs must incorporate as basic premises the relations in different scales they establish with their surroundings. A wide range of exemplary experiences was organized in critical and analytical blocks in order to point out the major design issues faced in these projects. The actions planned in the short and medium term in São Paulo related to urban mobility constitute a great opportunity for the city to reorganize its territory. The predominantly negative urban impact that previous interventions have shown imposes the need to formulate a new design culture capable of fully profit from these opportunities. In this sense, the thesis seeks to demonstrate that architecture and urban planning are the most decisive disciplinary fields for the conduction of these interventions.

A pesquisa foi conduzida pela hipótese geral de que os sistemas de mobilidade são potentes organizadores da estrutura e espacialidade urbanas e que, portanto, seus projetos devem incorporar como premissas básicas as relações em diversas escalas que estabelecem com seu entorno. Um amplo conjunto de experiências exemplares foi organizado em blocos crítico-analíticos no intuito de apontar as principais questões de projeto presentes nessas obras. As ações planejadas a curto e médio prazo na cidade de São Paulo relacionadas à mobilidade urbana configuram uma grande oportunidade de reorganização de seu território. O impacto urbano predominantemente negativo que intervenções anteriores apresentaram impõe a necessidade de formulação de uma nova cultura de projeto capaz de aproveitar essas oportunidades. Nesse sentido, a tese busca demonstrar que a arquitetura e o urbanismo constituem o campo disciplinar mais relevante para a condução desses projetos. / The research was conducted by the general hypothesis that the mobility systems are powerful organizers of the urban structure and spatiality and, therefore, their designs must incorporate as basic premises the relations in different scales they establish with their surroundings. A wide range of exemplary experiences was organized in critical and analytical blocks in order to point out the major design issues faced in these projects. The actions planned in the short and medium term in São Paulo related to urban mobility constitute a great opportunity for the city to reorganize its territory. The predominantly negative urban impact that previous interventions have shown imposes the need to formulate a new design culture capable of fully profit from these opportunities. In this sense, the thesis seeks to demonstrate that architecture and urban planning are the most decisive disciplinary fields for the conduction of these interventions.

abstract: Recently, automation, shared use, and electrification are proposed and viewed as the “three revolutions” in the future transportation sector to significantly relieve traffic congestion, reduce pollutant emissions, and increase transportation system sustainability. Motivated by the three revolutions, this research targets on the passenger-focused scheduled transportation systems, where (1) the public transit systems provide high-quality ridesharing schedules/services and (2) the upcoming optimal activity planning systems offer the best vehicle routing and assignment for household daily scheduled activities. The high quality of system observability is the fundamental guarantee for accurately predicting and controlling the system. The rich information from the emerging heterogeneous data sources is making it possible. This research proposes a modeling framework to systemically account for the multi-source sensor information in urban transit systems to quantify the estimated state uncertainty. A system of linear equations and inequalities is proposed to generate the information space. Also, the observation errors are further considered by a least square model. Then, a number of projection functions are introduced to match the relation between the unique information space and different system states, and its corresponding state estimate uncertainties are further quantified by calculating its maximum state range. In addition to optimizing daily operations, the continuing advances in information technology provide precious individual travel behavior data and trip information for operational planning in transit systems. This research also proposes a new alternative modeling framework to systemically account for boundedly rational decision rules of travelers in a dynamic transit service network with tight capacity constraints. An agent-based single-level integer linear formulation is proposed and can be effectively by the Lagrangian decomposition. The recently emerging trend of self-driving vehicles and information sharing technologies starts creating a revolutionary paradigm shift for traveler mobility applications. By considering a deterministic traveler decision making framework, this research addresses the challenges of how to optimally schedule household members’ daily scheduled activities under the complex household-level activity constraints by proposing a set of integer linear programming models. Meanwhile, in the microscopic car-following level, the trajectory optimization of autonomous vehicles is also studied by proposing a binary integer programming model. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

Em vigência desde Janeiro de 2012, a regulamentação Proconve P7 para veículos comerciais pesados exige que a demonstração de emissões de poluentes do motor seja realizada no ciclo de teste transiente europeu (ETC), desenvolvido de acordo com perfil de condução tipicamente europeu e assim pouco representativo de diversas situações de tráfego no Brasil. Especialmente quanto a aplicações de ônibus urbanos, altamente dinâmicas e submetidas a perfis de baixa velocidade e média carga, não é possível correlacionar plenamente o funcionamento do motor e seus sistemas de controle de emissões baseando-se apenas neste ciclo. Com essa motivação, o principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver ciclos de teste compactos para banco de provas de chassis e de motores que representem as condições reais de condução de ônibus urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Estes ciclos de teste específicos possibilitam avaliações mais precisas não apenas das emissões de poluentes, mas também do consumo de combustível, além de proporcionarem melhor compreensão do real desempenho de motores e novas tecnologias dos sistemas de propulsão usados em frotas de ônibus urbanos no Brasil. A metodologia aplicada para construção dos ciclos utiliza o conceito de potência específica veicular (VSP), variável que apresenta alta correlação com emissões de poluentes e consumo de combustível e é calculada a partir de dados coletados em condições reais de condução de ônibus (velocidade, aceleração e inclinação das vias). A seleção dos veículos e linhas para realização das aquisições de dados considera tanto as especificações de trem-de-força e de chassis disponíveis na frota, como também os índices operacionais e a topografia dos trajetos como métodos para determinação de linhas com perfil operacional mais representativo. Como resultado do estudo foram propostos cinco ciclos de teste, um para cada tipo de ônibus selecionado (miniônibus, midiônibus, básico, padron e articulado), e as análises comparativas com o ciclo ETC quanto ao comportamento do motor mostram claramente a falta de representatividade do ciclo europeu adotado pela regulamentação brasileira. / Since January 2012, the Proconve P7 regulation is mandatory for heavy duty commercial vehicles requiring that the demonstration of pollutant gases emissions must be carried out by submitting the engine to the European transient test cycle (ETC), which has been developed according to European driving patterns and therefore is not representative of several driving situations in Brazil. Particularly for driving patterns of urban buses, which are highly dynamic with low vehicle speed and medium load profiles, it is not possible to fully correlate the operating conditions of the engine and its emission control systems based only on this test cycle. With this motivation, the main objective of this study is to develop compact test cycles for use in both chassis and engine test benches that represent the actual driving pattern of transit buses in São Paulo city. These specific test cycles may allow more accurate assessment of pollutant gases emissions and fuel consumption, as well as provide a better understanding concerning the real performance of engines and new propulsion technologies used in urban bus fleets in Brazil. The methodology used for construction of the cycles is based on the concept of vehicle specific power (VSP), a variable that is highly correlated with pollutant emissions and fuel consumption and is calculated from data collected under real-world driving conditions (vehicle speed, acceleration and road grade). The selection of the buses and routes for the on-board data collection considers the specifications of powertrain and chassis that are available in the bus fleet of São Paulo\'s public transportation system, operational indexes and route topography as a method for determining the bus routes with a more representative operational pattern. As the result of this study five test cycles were proposed, one for each bus type (minibus, midibus, basic, padron and articulated), and an analysis of the engine\'s operating behavior in comparison to the ETC cycle clearly shows the lack of representativeness of the European cycle adopted by the Brazilian regulation.

The design of public transportation networks includes the problem of finding efficient transit routes. This problem is called the Urban Transit Routing Problem (UTRP) and it is a highly complex combinatorial optimization problem. Solving the UTRP and finding more efficient transit routes may lead to large cost savings as well as shorter average travel times for the passengers. The most common approach to solving it, in the literature, is with the usage of a metaheuristic algorithm. The purpose of this thesis is to solve the UTRP with such an algorithm, and to make the algorithm efficient. To this end, the multi-objective Discrete Cuckoo Search (MODCS) algorithm is introduced and it solves the UTRP with respect to both passenger and operator objectives. Two network instances are solved for: the common benchmark network of Mandl's network, and the Södertälje bus network. For Mandl's network, the results were compared to other algorithms in the literature. The results showed great performance of the MODCS algorithm with respect to the passenger objective, and not as good with respect to the operator objective. The computation times of the MODCS were higher than those of the other algorithms. For the Södertälje bus network, the MODCS algorithm found route sets with significantly better objective values than those of a previous master thesis algorithm. Furthermore, the average computation times of the MODCS algorithm were much less than those of the previous master thesis algorithm. / Att designa kollektivtrafiknät inkluderar problemet av att hitta effektiva kollektivtrafiklinjer. Detta problem kallas för Urban Transit Routing Problem (UTRP) och det är ett mycket komplext kombinatoriskt optimeringsproblem. Att lösa UTRP och hitta effektivare kollektivtrafiklinjer kan leda till stora besparingar samt lägre genomsnittliga restider för passagerare. Den vanligaste metoden för att lösa problemet, inom litteraturen, är med en metaheuristisk algoritm. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att lösa UTRP med en sådan algoritm samt att göra algoritmen effektiv. Den multiobjektiva diskreta Cuckoo Search (MODCS) algoritmen blev introducerad för att uppnå syftet, och den löste UTRP med avseende på både passagerar- och operatörintressen. Två olika nätverk har lösts: Mandls nätverk som är det vanligaste att jämföra med, och Södertäljes bussnätverk. Resultaten för Mandls nätverk blev jämförda med resultaten av andra algoritmer i litteraturen. MODCS algoritmen hittade linjenät med mycket bra värden för passagerarintresset, men inte lika bra för operatörintresset. Beräkningstiden för MODCS var högre än för de andra algoritmerna. För Södertäljes bussnätverk så hittade MODCS algoritmen linjenät som hade mycket bättre objektiva värden än en algoritm från ett tidigare examensarbete. De genomsnittliga beräkningstiderna var dessutom mycket lägre för MODCS än för algoritmen från det tidigare examensarbetet.

No description available.