Ce document de synthèse présente un résumé de mes recherches dans le cadre de la Grammaire Cognitive. Ces travaux concernent les verbes causatifs en anglais et leur diathèses; les analyses cognitives des verbes de posture enéerlandais ainsi que mes travaux typologiques sur les verbes de localisation.

This project provides a detailed examination and critique of current philosophical, linguistic, and cognitive accounts of first language acquisition. In particular, I focus on the concept of "innate" and how it is embraced, marginally utilized, or abandoned altogether in efforts to describe the way that a child comes to be a competent user of a language. A central question that naturally falls out of this general inquiry is therefore what exactly is supposed to be "innate," according to various theories? Philosophically, the theory of innate ideas put forth to explain human learning has existed for centuries and hence, this thesis as it relates to language is discussed. The revival of nativism by linguists like Chomsky is thus a central theme of the first chapter. Universal Grammar and the various arguments for it are closely scrutinized, and I close this chapter with what I take to be the commitments of linguistic nativism, how its proponents conceive of "innate," and several possible objections to the arguments they put forth. Just as the theory of innate ideas has had its contesters throughout the history of philosophy, so too have linguists and cognitive scientists rejected Universal Grammar and other forms of linguistic nativism. Thus, the second chapter presents several of these alternative explanations of language acquisition. Namely, I divide the chapter into three sections, Usage-Based Linguistics, Emergentism, and Sociolinguistic Acquisition, as it is my suggestion that most of the anti-UG attacks are levied from one of these three fields. In discussing the details of each, two distinctions become of particular concern: first, a large part of the differing conceptions of "innate" seem to hinge on what is meant by "learning" and "acquiring," and therefore second, a fine line between UBL and Emergentism can be drawn, a relationship that is otherwise conflated in the literature. Because chapter two involves a brief account of the way in which connectionist simulations are often utilized to model or represent language acquisition, particularly from an Emergentist perspective, chapter three begins by examining this feature of Emergentism in more detail. Due to its explanatory power, ability to be effectively modeled, and the evidentiary support found in neuroscience, Emergentism would appear to be the most tenable position to maintain regarding language acquisition. This possibility seems further strengthened when we take into account the neuroscientific data often used to bolster anti-nativist claims. Nevertheless, reflecting on the overarching concern of the project, regarding what is really meant by "innate," it is shown that this attack on nativism might stand on shakier ground than was originally assumed. Finally, based on these considerations, a case is made for an intermediary position, a theory of "Minimally Innate Ideas."

This dissertation seeks to deepen understanding towards language change by answering three questions: What is the unit of change? What is the manner of change? What are the factors of change? Three cases of linguistic innovation in the Chinese language are examined. Adopting a usage-based approach, I analyze the language data of these three linguistic innovations, and the results provide unanimous answers to the three questions. First, the basic unit of language change is a construction, and it can be of any length, such as phrasal, clausal or discourse-length. Second, these cases of linguistic innovation present a scenario of change led by high-frequency exemplars, demonstrating that language change can be abrupt rather than gradual. Third, the external factors giving rise to the exemplars prove crucial in reconstructing language change in progress. All three case studies present linguistic innovation as a response to a changing material reality. I thus advocate a usage-based constructionist approach that considers external factors in the investigation of language change, as it allows us to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the process.

Egypt in the early Byzantine period was a bilingual country where Greek and Egyptian (Coptic) were used alongside each other. Historical studies as well as linguistic studies of the phonology and lexicon of early Byzantine Greek in Egypt testify to this situation. In order to describe the linguistic traces the language-contact situation left behind in individuals' linguistic output, this thesis analyses the syntax of early Byzantine Greek texts from Egypt. The primary object of interest is bilingual interference in the syntax of verbs, adverbial phrases, discourse organising devices and formulaic sections. The thesis is based on a corpus of Greek and Coptic private letters on papyrus, all of which date from the fourth to mid-seventh centuries, originate from Egypt and belong to bilingual, Greek-Coptic, papyrus archives. The data is analysed with a particular focus on three interrelated questions: (1) What kinds of deviations from the standard pattern appear and to what extent can language-internal confusion account for them? (2) How are instances of language-internal confusion and bilingual interference distributed over the selected syntactic domains? (3) Do deviations from the standard accumulate in certain letters or archives belonging to the corpus and do they correlate with additional indicators of bilingualism such as code-switching or circumstantial information about writers? In addition to answering these questions, the thesis seeks to explain the observed distributions. The results obtained from this study suggest that bilingual interference is linked to the way writers assimilated structures. In fact, there is a marked difference between deviating syntactic structures in non-formulaic and formulaic contexts. The study further suggests that bilingual interference does not affect every domain of syntax to the same degree. The degree of complexity of the syntactic structure in question as well as the degree of divergence from the corresponding Coptic structure seem to play a role.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo teve por objetivo geral refletir sobre a palatalizaÃÃo das oclusivas alveolares /t, d/ → [tʃ, dʒ], caracterÃstico de muitos falares do PortuguÃs Brasileiro (PB), na construÃÃo da fonologia do InglÃs LÃngua Estrangeira (ILE). Baseados nos preceitos da Fonologia de Uso (BYBEE, 2001), do Modelo de Exemplares (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001) e na visÃo de lÃngua enquanto Sistema Adaptativo Complexo (LARSEN-FREEMAN; CAMERON, 2008), tivemos por hipÃtese bÃsica que aprendizes brasileiros apresentam percursos diferenciados de construÃÃo da fonologia do ILE, a depender de seu falar regional. Este estudo foi uma pesquisa experimental, de cunho concomitantemente transversal-longitudinal. Selecionamos dois campos de pesquisa, Fortaleza-CE e MossorÃ-RN, distintos quanto ao falar regional do PB, sendo o primeiro palatalizador das oclusivas alveolares e o segundo nÃo-palatalizador. Os informantes foram controlados ainda quanto ao sexo e ao nÃvel de proficiÃncia no ILE. Selecionamos itens lexicais propÃcios à emergÃncia da palatalizaÃÃo no PB e no ILE, buscando o controle da frequÃncia de ocorrÃncia, do contexto fonotÃtico e da tonicidade silÃbica. Fizemos uso de 5 Experimentos de coletas de dados. No PB, P1 envolveu uma conversa sobre algumas figuras, enquanto P2 utilizou a leitura de diversas frases-veÃculo. No ILE, I1 envolveu a repetiÃÃo de Ãudio distorcido associado a algumas figuras, I2 utilizou a leitura de diversas frases-veÃculo e I3 usou um jogo da memÃria em sua aplicaÃÃo. Os resultados do estudo transversal envolvendo a emergÃncia da palatalizaÃÃo das oclusivas alveolares do PB enfatizaram o carÃter nÃo-categÃrico de fenÃmeno em ambas as regiÃes: a palatalizaÃÃo foi observada no falar do RN, e oclusivas alveolares nÃo-palatalizadas foram observadas no falar do CE. A anÃlise dos dados transversais do ILE apontou: a) a variÃvel origem como fator importante para determinar a maior ou menor emergÃncia da palatalizaÃÃo, aprendizes do CE tenderam a uma maior palatalizaÃÃo; b) o tipo de vozeamento da oclusiva alveolar, com as desvozeadas mais propensas à palatalizaÃÃo; c) o indivÃduo, sujeitos da mesma regiÃo e nÃvel de proficiÃncia realizaram o fenÃmeno de forma distinta, d) a palavra, itens lexicais com a mesma sequÃncia fonotÃtica apresentaram comportamentos divergentes; e e) o tipo fonotÃtico, alguns tipos apresentaram percentuais semelhantes na realizaÃÃo da palatalizaÃÃo em ambas as regiÃes. Algumas variÃveis mostraram influÃncia relativa na realizaÃÃo do fenÃmeno, como o sexo, o nÃvel de proficiÃncia e a tonicidade silÃbica. Por fim, a frequÃncia de ocorrÃncia dos itens lexicais mostrou-se irrelevante na anÃlise de dados transversais do ILE. Em se tratando dos resultados do estudo longitudinal, observamos que os informantes do RN tenderam a uma pequena realizaÃÃo do Ãndice de PalatalizaÃÃo (IP) com o passar das coletas de dados longitudinais. Os informantes do CE presentaram comportamentos distintos. FM1 apresentou grande variaÃÃo em sua realizaÃÃo do IP, com palatalizaÃÃo mais alta que os informantes do RN. FM3 apresentou uma realizaÃÃo relativamente estÃvel de seu IP individual, com forte palatalizaÃÃo, bem mais recorrente que seus colegas. Os dados do estudo longitudinal reforÃaram a relevÃncia de variÃveis como a origem, o indivÃduo e a palavra na emergÃncia da palatalizaÃÃo no ILE de aprendizes brasileiros. Adicionalmente, durante o perÃodo de coleta de dados longitudinais nÃo encontramos indÃcios significativos de reduÃÃo do IP no ILE com o desenrolar das coletas de dados longitudinais. Tendo em vista tais evidÃncias, tomamos por confirmada a hipÃtese bÃsica que aprendizes brasileiros apresentam percursos diferenciados de construÃÃo da fonologia do ILE, a depender de seu falar regional. / This study had as its main objective to reflect upon alveolar stop palatalization /t, d/ → [tʃ, dʒ] phenomenon, characteristic of many Brazilian Portuguese (BP) dialects, in the construction of the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) phonology. Grounded on the ideas proposed by Usage-Based Phonology (BYBEE, 2001), Exemplar Models (PIERREHUMBERT, 2001), as well as on the view of language as a Complex Adaptive System (LARSEN-FREEMAN; CAMERON, 2008), the basic hypothesis stated Brazilian EFL learners follow different construction pathways of the EFL phonology, depending on their regional dialect. This was an experimental research, following both a cross-sectional and longitudinal design. It had two research fields, Fortaleza-CE and MossorÃ-RN, which differed on their BP dialect, the former a palatalizing dialect and the latter a non-palatalizing one. Subjects were also controlled by sex and EFL proficiency level. Lexical items which were susceptible to palatalization in both BP and EFL were selected, aiming to control token frequency, phonotactics and syllable stress. 5 experiments were used to collect data. For BP, P1 involved a picture-induced conversation, while P2 used a carrier-sentence reading procedure. For EFL, I1 involved the repetition of distorted audio tokens associated to pictures, I2 used a carrier-sentence reading procedure and I3 focused on a memory game. BP cross-sectional results relating to the emergence of palatalization in both regions emphasized non-categorical realization of the phenomenon: palatalized tokens were observed in RN and non-palatalized ones were found in CE. EFL cross-sectional data analysis indicated: a) the variable origin as an important factor of bigger or smaller palatalization emergence, as CE learners consistently tended to higher palatalization levels; b) the alveolar stop voicing pattern, as voiceless sounds tended to palatalize more frequently; c) the individual, as subjects from the same area and proficiency level realized the phenomenon with different patterns; d) the word, as lexical items with the same phonotactic structure allowed higher or smaller palatalization emergence; and e)phonotactic structure, as a few words allowed similar palatalization emergence in both study regions. Some variables were not so relevant for the emergence of the phenomenon, like sex, proficiency level and syllable stress. Finally, token frequency was not relevant at all in the EFL cross-sectional data. As regards longitudinal results, it was observed RN subjects tended to a low Palatalization Index (PI) as longitudinal data collection took place. CE subjects had distinct behavior. FM1 had great variation on his PI, with higher PI values than RN informants. FM3 had a relatively stable PI realization, with the highest palatalization level. Longitudinal data reinforced the value of variables such as the origin, the individual and the word on the emergence of EFL palatalization of Brazilian learners. Additionally, significant PI reduction during longitudinal data collection was not observed. Having these evidences in mind, it was concluded Brazilian learners follow through different EFL phonology construction pathways, depending on their regional dialect.

受惠於醫學技術的進步，國人壽命得以逐年延長，然而生活型態及外在環境的改變，導致國人雖然活得長，卻未必活得健康。於是，結合健康管理概念之保險商品便應運而生，讓保險業不僅發揮原先事後補償的功能，更可藉由多樣化的健康回饋方式鼓勵被保險人養成良好運動習慣或生活習慣，以達到提升國人健康之效益。整體而言，對於保戶、保險業以及整體社會皆有所助益，爰主管機關實有推動之必要，然健康管理保險業務於我國尚處於起步階段。基於此，本研究旨在探討主管機關如何制定一完善之監理措施，以推動此類商品之發展。 本研究藉由蒐集文獻及比較國內外健康管理保險商品之發展概況，並分析我國健康管理保險商品所面臨之議題與挑戰，再進一步針對我國現行法規運作已經或可能引發之問題加以檢討。此外，本研究認為主管機關基於推動健康管理保險商品發展之目的，應提供獎勵措施予業務績效符合一定條件之保險業，同時放寬健康管理保險商品審查規範，以加速商品開發銷售程序。 因此，本研究針對上述應檢討強化之處，提具《保險法第177條之1第2項所定本人書面同意方式、業務範圍及其他應遵行事項管理辦法》第4條修正建議、《保險業辦理健康管理保險業務應注意事項》建議草案，以及《人身保險商品審查應注意事項》第220點之3建議條文，以供主管機關作為日後法規鬆綁之參考，希冀藉由健全之健康管理保險商品制度，能促進我國健康管理保險業務之蓬勃發展，以創造保戶、保險業以及整體社會多贏之局面。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第21866号 / 人博第895号 / 新制||人||214(附属図書館) / 2018||人博||895(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 中森 誉之, 教授 服部 文昭, 准教授 PETERSON Mark / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Usage-based approaches have become increasingly important in research on language acquisition and recently also in bilingual first language acquisition. Lexically specific patterns, such as What’s this? and frame-and-slot patterns, such as [I want X] play an important role in language acquisition scenarios. The ubiquity of such conventionalized chunks and frame-and-slot patterns supports the idea that children construct their early utterances out of concrete pieces they have heard and stored before. To investigate the emergence of patterns in children’s speech the traceback method has been developed, which accounts for the composition of utterances by relying on previously acquired material. Recently, the traceback method has also been applied to code-mixed utterances in bilingual children testing the assumption that bilingual utterances are structured around a frameand- slot pattern in which the open slot is filled by (a) word(s) from the other language, e.g., [where is X] as in where is das feuer ‘where is the fire’. In this paper we want to present how the empirical use of the traceback method, and the general adoption of a usage-based theoretical perspective, can shed new lights on the study of bilingual phenomena, such as code-mixing.

In a series of studies using semantic relatedness judgment response times, Jiang (2000, 2002, 2004a) has claimed that L2 lexical entries fossilize with their equivalent L1 content or something very close to it. In another study using a more productive test of lexical knowledge (Jiang 2004b), however, the evidence for this conclusion was less clear. The present study is a partial replication of Jiang (2004b) with Japanese learners of English. The aims of the study are to investigate the influence of the first language (L1) on second language (L2) lexical knowledge, to investigate whether lexical knowledge displays frequency-related, emergent properties, and to investigate the influence of the L1 on the acquisition of L2 word pairs that have a common L1 equivalent. Data from a sentence completion task was completed by 244 participants, who were shown sentence contexts in which they chose between L2 word pairs sharing a common equivalent in the students' first language, Japanese. The data were analyzed using the statistical analyses available in the programming environment R to quantify the participants' ability to discriminate between synonymous and non-synonymous use of these L2 word pairs. The results showed a strong bias against synonymy for all word pairs; the participants tended to make a distinction between the two synonymous items by assigning each word a distinct meaning. With the non-synonymous items, lemma frequency was closely related to the participants' success in choosing the correct word in the word pair. In addition, lemma frequency and the degree of similarity between the words in the word pair were closely related to the participants' overall knowledge of the non-synonymous meanings of the vocabulary items. The results suggest that the participants had a stronger preference for non-synonymous options than for the synonymous option. This suggests that the learners might have adopted a one-word, one-meaning learning strategy (Willis, 1998). The reasonably strong relationship between several of the usage-based statistics and the item measures from R suggest that with exposure learners are better able to use words in ways that are similar to native speakers of English, to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts and to recognize the boundary separating semantic overlap and semantic uniqueness. Lexical similarity appears to play a secondary role, in combination with frequency, in learners' ability to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts when using L2 word pairs that have a single translation in the L1. / CITE/Language Arts

Faroese is known to lie grammatically between Icelandic and the Mainland Scandinavian languages and dialects. One example of this is that, on the one hand, Faroese is like Icelandic in having a basically intact morphological four case system. On the other hand case-marking in Faroese is linked to clause function to a greater degree than in Icelandic – but to a lesser degree than in the Mainland Scandinavian standard languages. In Scandinavian Linguistics, it has long been an axiom that in the longer term the aforementioned four case system will be reduced in all varieties of the Scandinavian languages. The present thesis investigates if, and if so how, this expected development manifests itself in Senior High School graduation essays in Faroese from the period 1940–1999. A quantitative study forms the core of the thesis. The choice between the dative and other cases is related to eight syntactic variables whose effect on the choice of case is compared using methods from the variationist framework, among others. The results are partly surprising: the dative did not reduce in frequency from the 1940s to 1990s. There certainly is a tendency, however not a statistically significant one, that the dative is more often replaced by another case in contexts where the norm is to use the dative. On the other hand it also seems to become more common for the dative to be used hypercorrectly. Furthermore, the development is not linear, in that around the middle of the investigation period, the dative is used far more according to norms than otherwise. As expected, clause function is an important variable, but by the end of the period under investigation the placement of the nominal phrase within the clause becomes a surprisingly strong factor. It also becomes more important if the phrase takes the form of a first/second-person pronominal or not. The results are theoretically interpreted in the light of, firstly, Generative Grammar, and secondly Construction Grammar. The modification of certain terms is discussed, such as lexical case in Generative Grammar or usage-based model in Construction Grammar. The conclusion is that the linguistic descriptive models of these theories can only partly cover the tendencies to change that are observed. Other parts of the results are best explained using aspects of sociolinguistics. The conclusion is that case studies on a micro-level are valuable in order to evaluate and develop theories of linguistic variation and change at a macro-level.