No description available.

就筆者所觀察，至今有關日語動轉名詞之研究大都僅止於語義分類或是分析其句法現象，複合詞語義擴張之結構與因詞彙複合所產生的選擇制約(selectional restriction)之原因尚未闡明。然而，透過認知語意學之基模、理想化認知模組等，我們可以正確掌握在論元結構或是詞彙概念結構所無法得知之信息，如以下三點。 1. 複合詞的多義現象 2. 複合詞的選擇限制 3. 複合詞的句法特徵 　　首先，複合詞的多義現象所指的是同一個形態帶有兩種或兩種以上語義之詞彙，如「歯磨き」。在以往的研究皆被視為是動詞語基轉為名詞時所發生之現象，筆者則主張本現象是起因於轉喻。 　　其次，選擇限制所指的是如「?洗剤を水割りで使う」、「?部屋で立ち読みする」、「??こんにゃくを輪切りにする」之類，未必不合語法但會令人感到不自然之用法。本論文將由「命名功能」來探討此現象。 　　最後，複合詞的句法特徵所指的是，詞彙結構雖同樣能夠分解為「內部論元＋動詞」或「附加語＋動詞」，卻未必能夠與「-する」結合來做為一個動詞使用之現象。 　　以上三點中特別是1和2在先前研究中幾乎未被提及。筆者認為此二點在動轉名詞中尚有待研究。因此，本論文將藉由認知語意學之方法來嘗試提出新的構詞模式。 / In this paper, I attempt to interpret some phenomena of deverbal nouns in Japanese as shown following, by the method of cognitive semantics. 1. The polysemy of deverbal nouns 2. The selectional restriction of deverbal nouns 3. The syntactic characteristics of deverbal nouns At first, I will explain the polysemy of deverbal nouns as the lexicon “Hamigaki”, which is considered as a phenomenon of conversion of the base verb, is due to metonymy. Second, I will make an explanation about the selectional restriction of deverbal nouns such as “? Senzaiwo mizuwaride tsukau”, “? Heyade tachiyomi suru”, “??Konnyakuwo wagirini suru”, which are easy to be regarded unnatural but not ungrammatical usage via “naming function”. Last, I will discuss the relation of the affix “-suru” and deverbal nouns which can be analyzed to “theme + verb” or “adjunct + verb”.

La Théorie Usage et Construction (TUC) postule que l’enfant développe son langage, et plus précisément ses formes morphosyntaxiques, grâce à l’utilisation de processus cognitifs généraux qui permettent un mécanisme de complexification et de généralisation de ses propres productions ainsi que de celles issues de l’input. L’approche cognitivo-fonctionnelle n’a été appliquée à la dysphasie que dans peu d’études. De plus, l'acquisition de la syntaxe complexe chez l'enfant dysphasique est un domaine délaissé dans la littérature existante. Ainsi, dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux difficultés des enfants dysphasiques pour la complexité morphosyntaxique à travers la lunette de la TUC, et ce en utilisant à les fois des tâches expérimentales et des situations de génération de langage spontané. Nous postulions que la complexité, concept au cœur de notre travail, est définie par ce qui est cognitivement coûteux, désignant ainsi les formes linguistiques rares, longues ou imbriquées. Notre travail met en évidence que les enfants dysphasiques peuvent être productifs seulement avec les schémas fréquents dans le langage qui leur est adressé, alors que les structures complexes, peu fréquentes dans l’input, sont particulièrement difficiles à appréhender pour eux. Dès lors, ces enfants ont besoin d’être confrontés à davantage d’exemplaires et de contextes de pratique pour que la masse critique suffisante soit atteinte et que l’apprentissage de constructions soit possible. Enfin, un lien relativement clair entre la difficulté de complexification syntaxique et les troubles de la généralisation est mis en évidence. / The Construction and Usage-based Theory (CUT) argues that children develop their language, and more precisely morphosyntactic structures, thanks to the use of general cognitive processes by complexifying and generalizing their own prior productions and productions used in the input. These hypotheses have been tested in children with specific language impairment (SLI) in very few studies. Moreover, development of complex syntax is a little studied area in the literature. Thus, the current doctoral thesis focused on complex syntax difficulties of children with SLI using spontaneous language samples and experimental tasks. This work defines complexity as linguistics forms which are rare, long or nested and more generally cognitively costly. The results obtained show that children with SLI use frequent forms heard in the input productively, whereas complex forms, which are rare in the input are difficult for them. These children need to be exposed to more exemplars and practice settings to reach critical mass and making possible learning of constructions. Finally, this current doctoral thesis highlights a relatively obvious link between complex syntax difficulties and lack of generalization of construction schemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonorABO_TESE.pdf: 2899869 bytes, checksum: 7f3a5e1f9b98b05031fcf6b3f9f3d002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / This thesis has as its object the Markers Organization Standard Narrative Discourse (MON), from its occurrence in oral and written corpora of different realizations of narrative discourse, considering its locus of occurrence in the narrative and discursive functioning. The research is guided by the Functional Linguistic Usage-Based, approach to which the organization of language is directly linked to the user experience, so that grammar is shaped by discourse. We examined only the narrative portions of Experience Reports, Tales and Legends in the oral and written, as follows: 3 inquiries Corpus Reports Remaining Quilombo (RN); 11 Corpus Legends legends of the Amazon, 14 Tales of Corpus Tales Brazilians and 21 Reports of experiences of Corpus and Discourse Grammar, with about 10,000 words in each corpus. A total of 22 markers were identified, which were: (1) classified according to the locus of occurrence in the narrative structure, as Labov (1972), (2) associated, according to the type of pattern that occur in narrative discourse, (3) described from the discursive function they perform. The research has relevance to the extent it is based speech analysis and offers proposals for productive teaching of mother tongue in which students and teachers can, grounded in language studies, consider living language, as an object of study, based on the National Curriculum Guidelines (OCN) and making use of New Technologies of Information and Communication (NTIC) / Esta tese tem como objeto os Marcadores da Organiza??o do Padr?o Discursivo Narrativo (MON), a partir de sua ocorr?ncia em corpora orais e escritos de diferentes realiza??es do discurso narrativo, considerando seu l?cus de ocorr?ncia na narrativa e sua fun??o discursiva. A pesquisa norteia-se pela Lingu?stica Funcional Centrada no Uso, abordagem para a qual a organiza??o da l?ngua ? ligada diretamente ? experi?ncia do usu?rio, de modo que a gram?tica ? moldada pelo discurso. Foram examinados apenas os trechos narrativos de Relatos de experi?ncia, Contos e Lendas nas modalidades oral e escrita, conforme descrito a seguir: 3 inqu?ritos do Corpus Relatos dos Remanescentes Quilombolas (RN); 11 lendas do Corpus Lendas do Amazonas , 14 Contos do Corpus Contos Brasileiros e 21 Relatos de experi?ncia do Corpus Discurso e Gram?tica, com cerca de 10.000 palavras em cada um dos Corpus. No total, foram identificados 22 marcadores, os quais foram: (1) classificados segundo o l?cus de ocorr?ncia na estrutura narrativa, conforme Labov (1972); (2) relacionados, de acordo com o tipo de padr?o discursivo narrativo em que ocorrem; (3) descritos a partir da fun??o discursiva que desempenham. A pesquisa tem sua relev?ncia, na medida em que toma como base de an?lise o discurso e oferece propostas para o ensino produtivo de l?ngua materna no qual alunos e professores possam, fundamentados nos estudos lingu?sticos, considerar a l?ngua viva, como objeto de estudo, baseando-se nas Orienta??es Curriculares Nacionais (OCN) e fazendo uso das Novas Tecnologias da Informa??o e Comunica??o (NTIC)

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T10:57:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:06:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na presente tese, dedicamo-nos à compreensão de como construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” se instanciam e se convencionalizam na língua portuguesa. Assumimos, dessa maneira, o aporte teórico da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso (BYBEE, 2010; MARTELOTTA, 2011; FURTADO DA CUNHA et al., 2013; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; ROSÁRIO & OLIVEIRA, 2016; BISPO & SILVA, 2016), partindo do pressuposto de que tais construções avaliativas teriam sido moldadas no e pelo contexto de uso, passando a integrar a gramática da língua. Logo, nossas hipóteses de investigação são as seguintes: (a) “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” cumprem novos propósitos comunicativos na língua que diferem de seus usos como prefixos; (b) os usos das construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” constituem um pareamento forma-função, embora recente, na língua portuguesa. Diante das hipóteses apresentadas, nossos objetivos mais específicos são, nesse sentido, (i) descrever os padrões construcionais, ou pareamentos forma-função, das construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra”, de maneira a identificar os três níveis de esquematicidade propostos por Traugott e Trousdale (2013) – esquema, subesquema e microconstrução – e (ii) propor uma rede construcional que relacione as construções analisadas de maneira hierárquica em torno de um esquema abstrato comum. A fim de cumprirmos os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, constituímos um corpus para a análise dos dados, com a distribuição dos textos, retirados de blogs e de revistas disponíveis na internet, em três níveis de formalidade – que se estabelecem em um continuum – e em três diferentes sincronias. Nossa análise se realiza a partir do equacionamento entre a análise qualitativa e o cálculo da frequência de uso, uma vez que objetivamos identificar e descrever os pareamentos forma-função vinculados a cada nível de esquematicidade, os quais se convencionalizam na língua a partir do aumento da frequência de uso. Os resultados obtidos apontam que “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra”, mediante um processo analógico com o esquema {[advérbio de intensidade] + [adjetivo/advérbio]} – que tem como principal representante o advérbio de intensidade canônico “muito” anteposto a adjetivo ou a advérbio – e a partir de suas acepções de origem e de seus usos como prefixos, instanciam na língua um esquema mais abstrato e mais geral para a indexação do posicionamento avaliativo do locutor no discurso por meio da intensificação e da focalização. Além disso, identificamos treze microconstruções que se distribuem, por similaridades e por especificidades no que tange às suas propriedades formais e funcionais, em três subesquemas que se diferenciam semanticamente em função do escopo da intensificação e da focalização e, consequentemente, do papel morfossintático exercido por “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” nas construções. Nesse contexto, demonstramos como esquema, subesquemas e microconstruções são responsáveis pela emergência de novas construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” na língua, bem como pelo estabelecimento de uma rede construcional disponível para o acesso do locutor para a produção de um discurso coerente. / In this thesis, we dedicated ouselves to understanding how evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” are instantiated and conventionalized in the Portuguese language. In this way, we take on the theoretical contribution of Usage-based Functional Linguistics (BYBEE, 2010; MARTELOTTA, 2011; FURTADO DA CUNHA et al., 2013; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; ROSÁRIO & OLIVEIRA, 2016; BISPO & SILVA, 2016), starting from the assumption that such evaluative constructions would have been shaped in and by the context of use, and so being integrated in the grammar structure of the language. Our research hypothesis are the following: (a) “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” fulfill new communicative purposes constructions that differ from their uses as prefixes; (b) the uses of evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” constitute a form-function pairing which is recent within the Portuguese language though. In view of such a hypothesis, our most specific aims, in this sense, are (i) to describe the constructional patterns, or form-function pairings, of evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” to identify the three schematic levels proposed by Traugott and Trousdale (2013) – scheme, subscheme and microconstruction – and (ii) propose a constructional network that would be able to relate the analysed constructions in a hierarchical way around a common abstract scheme. In order to fulfill the objectives proposed in this paper, we have constituted a corpus for the analysis of data, with the distribution of texts, taken from blogs and magazines available on the Internet, in three levels of formality – established within a continuum – and in three different synchronies. Our analysis is based on the equation between the qualitative analysis and on the frequency calculation of use, since we aim at identifying and describing the form-function pairings linked to each level of schematicity, which are conventionalized in the language through the increasement of their frequency in the use of the language.The obtained results point out that “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra”, through an analogical process with the scheme {[adverb of intensity] + [adjective/adverb]} – which has as its main representative the adverb of canonical intensity “muito” before an adjective or an adverb – and from their original meanings and their uses as prefixes, they instantiate in the language a more abstract and more general scheme for the indexation of the evaluative speaker’s positioning within the discourse by means of intensification and focus. In addition, we identified thirteen microconstructions which are distributed, by similarities and specificities regarding their formal and functional properties, in three subschemes that differ semantically because of the scope intensification and the focusing and as a consequence the morphosyntactic role played by “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” in the constructions they appear. In this context, we demonstrate how the scheme, subschemes and microconstructions are responsible for the emergence of new evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” in the language as well as the establishment of a constructional network available to the speaker access in the production of a coherent discourse.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der für die allgemeine Wissenschaftssprache des Deutschen charakteristische Bereich der figurativen Verben im Rahmen eines gebrauchsbasierten Ansatzes unter Verwendung korpuslinguistischer Methoden empirisch erfasst und beschrieben. Auf der Grundlage dieser Untersuchung wird ein integrativer Ansatz zur Erfassung und Beschreibung zentraler Wortschatzbereiche der allgemeinen Wissenschaftssprache entwickelt. Das so gewonnene integrative Beschreibungsmodell verbindet die Perspektiven bisheriger quantitativ-bestandsbezogener und bedeutungsorientiert-einheitenbezogener Ansätze und bezieht darüber hinaus sowohl formale als auch inhaltlich-funktionale Aspekte als Gliederungsprinzipien für die zu beschreibenden Wortschatzbereiche mit ein. Methodisch zeichnet es sich durch das Ineinandergreifen von korpusgesteuertem und korpusbasiertem Vorgehen aus. Die Ausarbeitung der Komponenten des Beschreibungsmodells wird auf mehreren Ebenen vorgelegt: Diese werden im ersten Kapitel zunächst ausgehend von einer Bestandsaufnahme vorliegender Arbeiten zur Beschreibung allgemein-wissenschaftlichen Wortschatzes formuliert. Im zweiten Kapitel werden sie im Rahmen eines gebrauchsbasierten Modells der Sprachbeschreibung, der Kognitiven Grammatik Langackers, sprachtheoretisch fundiert. Methodisch eingelöst findet sich diese theoretische Fundierung in den korpuslinguistischen Untersuchungen zu figurativen Verben, die Gegenstand der Kapitel drei und vier sind. Im fünften Kapitel werden die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse zu einer formbasiert-funktionalen Typologie figurativer Verben zusammengeführt. Kapitel sechs zeigt die mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz verbundenen Transfermöglichkeiten zur Erfassung und Beschreibung anderer Bereiche des allgemein-wissenschaftlichen Wortschatzes auf. Kapitel sieben ordnet den Untersuchungsgegenstand der figurativen Verben und das entwickelte Beschreibungsmodell aus fremdsprachendidaktischer Perspektive ein und skizziert einen Vorschlag zur Vermittlung allgemein-wissenschaftlichen Wortschatzes. / Verbs like ‘ausgehen von’, ‘beziehen auf’ or ‘darstellen’ that contain semantically concrete basic verbs (gehen, ziehen, stellen) form an essential part of German general academic vocabulary, i.e. vocabulary that is used across disciplines. Adopting a corpus linguistic approach, the study develops a comprehensive description of these ‚figurative verbs‘. Based on a data-driven methodology it investigates the properties of this lexis and shows that figurative verbs containing typical recurring forms like -stellen, -führen, -gehen and others are highly relevant from a quantitative point of view. On the basis of the most prominently recurring formal parts, a core inventory of verbs is collected and described with respect to the areas of meaning expressed as well as regarding aspects of polysemy. Based on the empirical study, a model for the identification and description of vocabulary is developed, that integrates the hitherto separated quantitative - inventory based and meaning oriented - unit based perspectives. Moreover, it brings together aspects regarding form and function as means of structuring the vocabulary under description. Methodically, the model builds on a combination of the corpus-driven and the corpus-based approach. The model is elaborated as follows: In Chapter 1, important aspects of description that the model should meet are identified based on a survey of existing work on general academic language. Chapter 2 provides a linguistic foundation within the framework of usage-based language description. In particular, it draws on Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, from which the concepts of linguistic unit and construal are adopted. Chapters 3 and 4 present the corpus linguistic investigations on figurative verbs. In Chapter 5, the empirical results are brought together in a form- as well as function-based typology of figurative verbs. Chapter 6 synthesizes the findings into a model and shows possibilities of application of the proposed approach to other areas of general academic vocabulary. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the results from the perspective of language pedagogy and outlines a proposal for the teaching of general academic vocabulary.

This thesis aims to investigate a digital, emerging business model, which just enjoys the highest attention in many industrial sectors. The industry 4.0 changes how original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) retain their competitiveness and offer innovative solutions to their customers. Therefore, this master thesis investigates the diverse opportunities of usage-based business models – namely Pay-per-X / Equipment-as-a-Service – from the perspective of a sensor-tech start-up. The company, which can act as a technical enabler for Pay-per-X, is located in Germany and has various markets leading machine and component manufacturers as customers. This projects’ goal is to get an in-depth understanding of the business model and how the company (with their technology) can participate in the market, which is estimated to have a size of 131.2m USD in 2025. Therefore, mainly qualitative research methods have been applied – however, quantitative sections enrich the analysis part of the thesis. Nine expert interviews were conducted, and a calculation tool was developed, which aims to easily convince OEMs of the new business models through modeling a business case, by incorporation of the most relevant parameters. Two use cases were analyzed in the fields of production machines and commercial vehicles. This is followed by a short excursus to a required Pay-per-X cloud software, where requirements were defined based on machine users’ needs. Based on these insights, a positioning strategy for the case company within this field is proposed later-on, which puts emphasis on how the firm can act as a technical enabler for Pay-per-X business models. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka en ny digital affärsmodell som just nu får stor uppmärksamhet inom många industrisektorer. Industri 4.0 förändrar hur tillverkare av originalutrustning behåller sin konkurrenskraft och erbjuder innovativa lösningar till sina kunder. Därför undersöker denna masteruppsats de olika möjligheterna med användningsbaserade affärsmodeller - nämligen Pay-per-X / Equipment-as-a-Service - ur ett startupföretag inom sensorteknik. Företaget, som kan fungera som en teknisk möjliggörare för Pay-per-X, är beläget i Tyskland och har olika marknadsledande maskin- och komponenttillverkare som kunder. Projektets mål är att få en djupgående förståelse för affärsmodellen och hur företaget (med sin teknik) kan delta på marknaden, som beräknas ha en storlek på 131,2 miljoner US-dollar år 2025. Därför har huvudsakligen kvalitativa forskningsmetoder tillämpats - men kvantitativa avsnitt berikar analysdelen av avhandlingen. Nio expertintervjuer genomfördes och ett beräkningsverktyg utvecklades, som syftar till att enkelt övertyga OEMs om de nya affärsmodellerna genom att modellera ett affärscase, genom att införliva de mest relevanta parametrarna. Två användningsfall analyserades inom områdena produktionsmaskiner och kommersiella fordon. Detta följs av en kort utflykt till en nödvändig Pay-per-X-molnmjukvara, där kraven definierades utifrån maskinanvändarnas behov. På grundval av dessa insikter föreslås senare en positioneringsstrategi för fallföretaget inom detta område, som lägger tonvikten på hur företaget kan fungera som en teknisk möjliggörare för Pay-per-X-affärsmodeller.

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Untersuchungsgegenstand der Dissertation sind sprachliche Strukturen, die aus einer Form des Verbs „machen“ und einer objektsprädikativen Adjektivphrase bestehen. Die Arbeit ist eingebettet in einen konstruktionsgrammatischen Rahmen, nach dem Sprache sich als strukturiertes Inventar von Konstruktionen (Form-Funktions-Beziehungen) beschreiben lässt. Ziele der Arbeit sind a) die korpusbasierte Ermittlung lexikalischer Kollokationen und Gebrauchstendenzen innerhalb der Zielstruktur sowie b) die systematische Beschreibung der damit verbundenen Form-Funktions-Beziehungen. Als Arbeitshypothese wurde übereinstimmend mit bisherigen Arbeiten zum selben sprachlichen Gegenstand eine kausative Bedeutung, also die Kodierung einer Ursache-Wirkung-Relation, angenommen. Da konstruktionsgrammatischen Ansätzen zufolge formale Unterschiede mit Unterschieden auf der Ebene der Funktion korrespondieren sollten, wurde empirisch untersucht, in welchen Fällen formale Unterschiede innerhalb der Zielstruktur tatsächlich systematisch zu unterschiedlichen funktionalen Interpretationen führen. Lexikalische Kollokationen innerhalb der Zielstruktur wurden statistisch anhand von Kollostruktionsanalysen („Covarying Collexeme Analysis“; vgl. Gries/Stefanowitsch, 2004) ermittelt. Zur Beschreibung der Bedeutung oder Funktion dienten Frame-semantische Beschreibungen englischer Verben aus dem FrameNet (vgl. Fillmore/Baker, 2010). Eine wesentliche Beobachtung besteht nun darin, dass entgegen der ursprünglichen Annahme keineswegs alle Vorkommen von „machen“ mit einer objektsprädikativen Adjektivphrase eine Ursache-Wirkung-Relation kodieren. Gerade die in der Kombination mit „machen“ hochfrequenten Adjektive korrelieren signifikant mit abweichenden, nicht im engeren Sinne kausativen, Interpretationen im Sinne der jeweils evozierten semantischen Frames. / This dissertation focuses on combinations of a form of the German verb “machen” with an adjective phrase which, according to a working hypothesis, is said to have a resultative reading. The work is grounded in a Construction Grammar approach, viewing language as a structured inventory of Constructions, i.e. form-function mappings. The aims are a) establishing lexical collocations and usage tendencies within these structures involving “machen” and a resultative adjective phrase, based on corpus studies, and b) describing systematically the relevant form-function mappings. As Construction Grammar approaches predict changes in function corresponding to changes in form, the formal collocations established according to aim a) are systematically analyzed with respect to their respective functional interpretations. The methods used involve a series of „Covarying Collexeme Analyses“ (cf. Gries/Stefanowitsch, 2004) to study lexical collocations within the given formal structure, and the application of frame semantic descriptions of English verbs, as found in FrameNet (cf. Fillmore/Baker, 2010), to the German structures found in the corpora. The results indicate that, contrary to the working hypothesis, a great number of “machen” plus adjective tokens does not lead to a causative or resultative interpretation. Especially the most frequent adjectives combined with “machen” exhibit a significant correlation with structures evoking different, not strictly causative, semantic frames.