隨著全球電信自由化的趨勢，行動通訊市場的蓬勃發展在各國皆然。 我國交通部目前也積極規劃第三代行動通訊執照的釋出，意味著新技術與新的行動服務的誕生。第三代行動通訊主要結合機動性(Mobility)與網際網路 (Internet)，以創造高速資料無線傳輸 (high-speed data)環境，從而打破行動通訊使用上之侷限性。由於第三代行動通訊將持續出現更多不同的經營模式，本研究推導預料電信產業結構將可能重整，消費大眾的通訊使用習慣也有重大改變，行銷策略中的的服務與定價模式將成為行動系統業者成敗間非常重要的議題。 本研究以國內行動通訊系統業者與世界兩大行動通訊系統業者－日本NTT DoCoMo與Vodafone 作為研究對象，採文獻探討、個案資料蒐集與訪談為研究方法，探討行動通訊產業裡實務做法與國際化趨勢下，業者間合作模式之關連性。由文獻探討第二代行動通訊的發展，歸納出業者常採用的模式，包括新產品「滲透性定價法」、「捆綁式定價」。在第三代行動通訊的封包網路特性下，QoS機制進而影響、發展出更多樣的定價模式。新技術的出現，為第三代行動通訊誕生的重要關鍵詞，包括IPv6，對應出Mobile IP；串流的技術與MP4媒體的播放技術；WAP2.0將成為3G的新規範；GPS的技術與定位服務的關聯；語音辨識的技術與Voice Portal的發展；而藍芽更是終端發展的關鍵詞因素等等。 本研究之研究架構將影響第三代行動通訊服務形貌之關鍵詞因素定義為相關電信產業的新技術的出現與市場刺激對無線數據傳輸、多媒體服務需求的影響。業者會因本身條件的限制，如財力、技術能力、技術與市場經驗的取得、人才與企業多電信相關事業體間共同價值單元的共享等因素考量下，選擇多角化、垂直整合或進一步與其他企業合作等對自己最有利的策略模式。此外，根據本身的優勢或既成的事實，優先發展對自己比較有競爭力的客戶群。在服務設計與定價模式方面，則以爭取留住有價顧客為前提。 最後若要繼續保有經營上領先優勢，業者必須在服務上有所差異化，以CRM 機制提高服務品質，以符合顧客滿意的高附加價值服務。研究結果與結論包括： 1.在搶先時機以期快速滲透市場、取得領先地位、技術與專業分工、經濟規模、競爭力的考量下，行動通訊業者得採策略聯盟或其他合作方式，選擇國際或國內的主要結盟夥伴。對於目前競爭態勢落後的業者，則以發展關鍵詞少數地位，仍可在策略聯盟之時找到好的談判位置。內容與應用服務供應商的角色也愈形重要。 2.網路效應朝向「網內有網」與「網外有網」的趨勢發展。「網內有網」的現象為同地理區內相異品牌間的系統業者，以差異化定位自己網路服務的特色下，往「網內網」的定價與新服務包裝設計的趨勢，藉此以增加網路凝聚力與網路效應效果。「網外有網」的現象則是不同標準的網路競爭之結果。 3.第三代行動通訊的服務仍以語音為主，但數據服務為獲利的來源。除了數據服務會刺激語音市場的成長，同時ARPU的增加主要來自多樣化的數據加值服務、行動商務與Wireless Internet的新模式，以行動娛樂（Mobile Internet）的應用服務最被看好。系統業者以大型整合者(Large Bundler)角色經營行動系統網路，收益模式來自「客戶權」的經營，朝「系統經營權」與「加值服務的經營權」發展。成功的系統業者將主導各式新的行動服務的推出，刺激新需求，擴大市場。 4.在定價模式方面，由於全球WAP推出的失利與日本NTT DoCoMo成功經驗的兩個迥異結果下，全球系統業者的定價模式會朝「學習曲線定價法」，以平價模式(flat rate) 讓消費市場接受新服務，業者經營上以規模經濟尋求成本與客戶數的平衡。 同時在價格調整上仍跟隨領導品牌的價格，以逐漸下降(decline)的價格曲線配合新服務的推出。為能達到服務網路最佳利用率，以及服務內容不同，頻寬利用率不同的緣故，QoS 定價會是第三代行動通訊服務型態的新的定價模式。本研究也提出朝使用族群的偏好，搭售不同服務內容，再交叉配合使用者對不同服務方案的需求彈性，以配合「網內網」的凝聚。 5.最早採用行動通訊服務的使用者(Early adaptor)往往是對網路服務需求最膺切、使用量大且忠誠度最高的用戶，業者需早日建構CRM機制，發展以顧客為中心的工作流程，以留住有價顧客。CRM的範圍包括能整合前台與後台的企業運作機制，如客戶資料庫、客服中心、網站，動態互動的隨選平台服務終端客戶。行動通訊網路價值的提升，在於顧客ARPU的增加，同時CRM 須考慮到整合 Wireless Portal 的功能發揮，以建立單一的窗口面對消費者。建立品牌、整合具有關鍵詞性的服務、幫助使用者降低搜尋成本以及品管成本，且運用一對一行銷的技術來維持顧客關係並開發新的產品服務，使服務差異化，達套牢顧客的最終目的。 　6.第三代行動通訊的服務業者的成功關鍵詞因素在於扮演好的中介者機制，配合QoS的機制、不同方案的定價包裝以及網管技術來發揮頻寬的利用率，提升營運效率與更佳的顧客服務。新進業者會以語音服務為主，配套以數據、影像服務，行銷重點在爭取門號數；既有業者，可憑藉既有網路優勢，包裝網路外部性的行銷組合，行銷重點在發展加值服務，並以品牌擴大網路效應。掌握Access的業者比較有機會提供整合的語音多媒體通訊服務，顧客資料的擁有，與顧客在整合的平台上建立關係、各種管理的機制的發揮為業者價值所在。

This research investigated the effect of frequency of language use on the production of consonant gradation by non-dominant speakers of Finnish in the immigrant community of Sointula, BC. Three types of frequency – word-frequency, suffix-frequency, and stem-frequency – were tested. It also investigated whether quantitative or qualitative gradation is more successful in producing gradation than the other and, finally, whether immigrant generation can explain the variation between participants. A translation task was administered to the six participants across three generations. Based on the framework of exemplar-driven cognitive grammar (Bybee 2001; Pierrehumbert 2001), the frequency-effects were assumed to be contingent upon the mode of lexical access; frequent complex words, presumably accessed as wholes thanks to frequent usage, would not exhibit as many gradation errors as infrequent words, which would be accessed via their composite parts due to infrequency. The anticipated frequency-effects were not found. Both frequent and infrequent words manifested some gradation loss as an analogical change. This suggests that all words are infrequent. While Bybee’s model assumes high-volume language use over time in dominant language contexts, lack of volume appears to suppress the differential behavior between frequent and infrequent words in Sointula. However, correct gradation was predictable based on suffix-use, which in turn was determined partly by semantics of suffixes; those Finnish suffixes that are semantically mappable to equivalent morphemes in English were better preserved than GEN object-markers, which do not have corresponding morpheme in English. With the atrophy of the GEN object-marker also gradation becomes redundant. This may arise from the tendency to mark syntactic constituency with word-order alone in English-influenced Finnish. Thus, semantics of suffixes proves to be a better predictor of gradation than frequency. Gradation loss increased with each generation born abroad; by G3, it has all but disappeared. Consonant gradation is not preserved through the generations. Qualitative gradation disappears before quantitative gradation. The above findings are sensible in a context of reduced language-functionality. Against expectation, little evidence for storing sub-word morphemes and decomposed access was found. Instead, the data suggests that most stored lexical items are whole words and that gradation is associated with whole complex forms.

Les recherches sur l'apprentissage informel de l'anglais en ligne (AIAL) étudient la manière dont des locuteurs non natifs de l’anglais participent aux activités de loisir sur Internet en langue étrangère et les implications que ces interactions peuvent avoir pour le développement de la langue étrangère. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner l’envergure de ces pratiques et d’analyser le développement langagier des apprenants en termes de complexité, précision, aisance à communiquer et chunks. 953 étudiants français et allemands ont renseigné un questionnaire d’environ 60 questions sur leurs pratiques informelles en ligne en anglais. Les résultats montrent des habitudes similaires entres les deux cohortes, une préférence pour les activités de compréhension plutôt que de production, des taux bas d’apprentissage explicite et des raisons de participer liées au contenu des activités plutôt qu’à la langue. Ensuite deux études de cas ont été réalisées sur 10 mois. Des données orales et écrites ont été analysées. Les résultats indiquent que chaque apprenant possède son propre profil AIAL et que les trajectoires de développement sont individuelles et non linéaires. / Preliminary research regarding the online informal learning of English has shown that L2 development can result from participation in informal activities online. The goal of this dissertation is to examine the range of these online practices and to analyse university students’ long-term L2 development through their participation in such activities.953 French and German university students responded to a questionnaire containing approximately 60 questions regarding their online informal activities in English. Results from this survey show many similar practices between the two cohorts, a preference for comprehension over production and interaction activities, low rates of active (explicit) learning and content-associated rather than language-associated reasons for participating. Case studies were subsequently carried out. Oral and written data were collected over 10 months and analysed for complexity, accuracy and fluency measures as well as the use of language chunks. Results show that each language user interacts with the activities in his/her own unique style and that the different L2 measures evolve non-linearly and in relation to one another.

Les modèles de la perception du langage écrit et du langage oral mettent au premier plan l’importance du lexique mental. En effet, parmi les nombreux indices hiérarchisés et guidant la segmentation du flux continu de parole chez l’adulte et l’enfant, les indices lexicaux ont une place prépondérante. Tout au long de ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux spécificités du stockage des séquences multimots dans le lexique mental et à l’hypothèse d’une mémorisation de ces séquences en une seule unité.Ce travail se divise en deux parties, chacune composée d’une série d’expériences. La première partie interroge en premier lieu les indices impliqués dans les effets facilitateurs de la reconnaissance des noms au sein du groupe nominal. Pour cela, sont mis en perspective l’effet du genre grammatical porté par les déterminants et l’effet de fréquence de co-occurrence des séquences déterminant-nom sur le traitement du nom. C’est ensuite l’effet de la cohésion des séquences multimots sur leur reconnaissance qui est examiné.La seconde partie aborde l’influence de la variabilité interne des combinaisons déterminant-nom dans l’acquisition de la structure du groupe nominal chez l’enfant de deux ans à deux ans et demi. Au travers d’une étude longitudinale, nous opposons deux grandes conceptions de l’acquisition du langage chez le jeune enfant: la Grammaire Universelle et les approches Basées sur l’Usage. / The mental lexicon is usually assumed as the main foundation of written and spoken-language perception. Numerous and hierarchically-organized cues drive speech segmentation in adults and infants but lexical cues appear as overriding. Throughout this work, we question multiword-sequence storage idiosyncrasy and multiword-sequence memorizing as one unit in the mental lexicon.This work splits into two parts, each composed of a set of experiments. The first one assesses the cues involved in recognition facilitation of nouns in noun phrases. For that purpose, we disentangled grammatical-gender effects and co-occurrence frequency effects on the processing of determiner-noun sequences. Then, we tested the cohesiveness effect on three-word sequences’ recognition.The second set of experiments is about the influence of determiner-noun sequences’ internal variability in noun-phrase’s structure aquisition in 2 to 2,5 year-old children. In a three-month longitudinal study, we contrast two main conceptions of first-language acquisition: Universal Grammar and Usage-Based approaches.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuciaCOL_DISSERT.pdf: 2407860 bytes, checksum: 1974836925bfb675a7a46c5b5871e2f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / This work investigates the phenomenon of transitivity in the conversation. We examined the behavior of complements in Brazilian Portuguese speech, and then compared the results with previous researches in the English language by Thompson and Hopper (2001) and in the Spanish language by V?zques (2004). In Brazil, there are no researches that treat this phenomenon in the discursive conversation, for that reason it justifies and reveals the importance of this research that aims to answer questions related to the transitivity of ordinary conversations. Thus, we describe, explain and analize the transitivity based on concrete linguistic data, provided by native speakers of Portuguese language, specifically, spontaneous talk of people from Natal-RN. We have used as theoretical assumptions the Functional Linguistics usage-based (LFCU), which gathers academics of North-American Functional Linguistics, inspired by Chafe (1979), Hopper and Thompson (1980), Thompson and Hopper (2001), Giv?n (2001), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2009, 2011), among others, as well as Cognitive Linguistics, presented by Langacker (1987), Taylor (1995), Tomasello (1998) and Goldberg(1995), among others. This data consists in conversations extracted from the corpus Banco Conversacional de Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA). The results obtained from this work confirm the assertions defined by prior conducted studies on the transitivity in the conversation. The research showed that these three idioms, Spanish, Portuguese and English, despite the differences, they present a uniform behavior regarding their transitivity in the conversation. We intend, by this work, to contribute, in some way, to the comprehension of the focused linguistic phenomenon, likewise to build a finer scenario around of the transitivity in the Brasilian Portuguese / Este trabalho investiga o fen?meno da transitividade na conversa??o. Examinamos como os predicados transitivos se comportam no discurso do portugu?s brasileiro e, em seguida, comparamos os resultados com as pesquisas realizadas na l?ngua inglesa por Thompson e Hopper (2001) e na l?ngua espanhola por V?zques (2004). No Brasil, n?o h? pesquisas que contemplem esse fen?meno na conversa??o, o que justifica e revela a necessidade desta pesquisa, direcionada a elucidar quest?es que envolvem a transitividade em conversas espont?neas do dia a dia. Isso posto, descrevemos, explicamos e analisamos a transitividade com base em dados lingu?sticos concretos, produzidos por falantes da l?ngua portuguesa, especificamente, na fala espont?nea dos natalenses. Utilizamos os pressupostos te?ricos da Lingu?stica funcional Centrada no Uso (LFCU), que re?ne estudiosos da Lingu?stica funcional Norte-americana, inspirada em Chafe (1979), Hopper e Thompson (1980), Thompson e Hopper (2001), Giv?n (2001), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2009, 2011) entre outros, bem como da Lingu?stica Cognitiva, representada por Langacker (1987), Taylor (1995), Tomasello (1998) e Goldberg (1995), entre outros. O material de an?lise ? constitu?do por conversas extra?das do corpus Banco Conversacional de Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 2011). Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho confirmam as asser??es defendidas pelos estudos anteriores sobre a transitividade na conversa??o. A pesquisa mostrou que as tr?s l?nguas, o espanhol, o portugu?s e o ingl?s, embora diferentes, apresentam um comportamento semelhante quanto ? transitividade na conversa??o. Esperamos, atrav?s deste trabalho, ter contribu?do de algum modo para a compreens?o do fen?meno lingu?stico pesquisado, bem como para a constitui??o de um quadro mais refinado acerca do fen?meno da transitividade no portugu?s contempor?neo

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-12-07T17:03:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-12-10T10:28:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-10T10:28:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / We conceive language as a conceptual network of constructions, related by inheritance of form and meaning, and grammar ruled by syntactic-semantic patterns that instantiate in the uses of cognitive representations shared by speakers. Linguistic change, in this sense, is inherent to the functioning of the language, occurring in a gradient and radial manner and inseparable from the contexts of communication use. In this thesis, we study the grammatical construction que só, which acts as an intensifier in the assessments that the speakers make during the interaction. This grammatical construction is a focusing construct instantiated in the uses from the chunking of a focus marker (que) and a focusing adverb (só). Their different uses crystallize in the language three subschemas with contexts of different shape and direction: the focal subschema, the focal-intensifying subschema and the intensifying subschema. Our general objective is to characterize these subschemas, also evidencing their linkages to the more abstract schemes of the focus and to the scheme of intensification in Brasilian Portuguese. To do this study, we seek theoretical support in Cognitive Linguistics, from authors such as LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 1980; LANGACKER, 1987; TAYLOR, 1995; FILLMORE, 1982; FILLMORE, KAY and O'CONNOR, 1988; FAUCONNIER, 1994; 1997; among others. We also sought guidance in the Constructional Grammar, considering LANGACKER, 2009; GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; CROFT, 2001; CROFT and CRUISE, 2004; BYBEE, 2010; 2015; among others. And we still seek theoretical methodological support in Usage Based Linguistics from the works of DIEWALD, 2002; TRAUGOTT and DASHER, 2005; TRAUGOTT, 2008; MARTELOTTA, 2011; TRAUGOTT and TROUSDALE, 2012; 2013; DIESSEL, 2015; OLIVEIRA and ROSÁRIO, 2015; JUNIOR and ALONSO, 2016; CASSEB-GALVÃO, 2017; among others. Through synchronic analysis of data from different corpora (Corpus de Português, data collection on the web, Que Só, from Liedo Maranhão), we understand that the focusing construct que só starts in the comparative focusing subschema with a reference and emphasis function, within the scheme of the focusing constructs in PB. Some uses in this subschema present semantic ambiguity, forming a prefabricated grammatical construct with adverbial intensifying value. In a more abstract level of the uses of the focalization appears the intensifying focus subschema, belonging to the PB intensification scheme. The focusing constructs que só function in PB as a trigger for cognitive representations of measures of magnitude, with gradients in the abstraction of the senses crystallized by contexts of use. / Concebemos a língua como uma rede conceptual de construções, relacionadas por heranças de forma e sentido, sendoe a gramática regida por padrões sintático-semânticos que instanciam nos usos representações cognitivas compartilhadas pelos falantes. A mudança linguística, neste sentido, é inerente ao funcionamento da língua, ocorrendo de forma gradiente e radial e indissociável dos contextos de uso da comunicação. Nesta tese, estudamos a construção gramatical que só, a qual funciona como um intensificador nas avaliações que os falantes fazem durante a interação. Esta construção gramatical é uma construção focalizadora instanciada nos usos a partir do chunking de um marcador de foco (que) e um advérbio focalizador (só). Seus diferentes usos cristalizam na língua três subesquemas com contextos de forma e sentido diferentes: o subesquema focalizador, o subesquema focalizador-intensificador e o subesquema intensificador. Nosso objetivo geral é caracterizar esses subesquemas, evidenciando também suas vinculações aos esquemas mais abstratos da focalização e ao esquema da intensificação no PB. Para fazer esse estudo, buscamos respaldo teórico na Linguística Cognitiva, a partir de autores como (LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980; LANGACKER, 1987; ); TAYLOR, 1995;); FILLMORE, 1982;); FILLMORE, KAY e O’CONNOR, 1988;); FAUCONNIER, 1994; 1997; dentre outros). Também buscamos orientação na Gramática das Construções, considerando ( LANGACKER, 2009; ); GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; ); CROFT, 2001; CROFT e CRUISE, 2004; BYBEE, 2010; 2015; dentre outros). E ainda buscamos suporte teórico metodológico na Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso a partir dos trabalhos de DIEWALD, 2002; TRAUGOTT e DASHER, 2005; TRAUGOTT, 2008; MARTELOTTA, 2011; TRAUGOTT e TrausdaleTROUSDALE, 2012; 2013; DIESSEL, 2015; OLIVEIRA e ROSÁRIO, 2015; JUNIOR e ALONSO, 2016; CASSEB-GALVÃO, 2017; dentre outros). Por meio de análise sincrônica de dados de diferentes coórpora (Corpus de Português; coleta de dados na web; livro Que Só, de Liedo Maranhão), entendemos que a construção focalizadora que só se inicia no subesquema focalizador comparativo, com função referencial e de ênfase, dentro do esquema das construções focalizadoras no PB. Alguns usos nesse subesquema apresentam ambiguidade semântica, formando uma construção gramatical pré-fabricada com valor adverbial intensificador. Num nível mais abstrato dos usos da focalização surge o subesquema focalizador intensificador, pertencente ao esquema da intensificação do PB. As construções focalizadoras que só funcionam no PB como um gatilho para representações cognitivas de medidas de grandeza, com gradiência na abstratização dos sentidos cristalizados pelos contextos de uso.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T18:05:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michele Denise da Silva -2017.pdf: 2022591 bytes, checksum: 2a81b6996bd9a2573b62dde86be0d763 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T12:51:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michele Denise da Silva -2017.pdf: 2022591 bytes, checksum: 2a81b6996bd9a2573b62dde86be0d763 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T12:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michele Denise da Silva -2017.pdf: 2022591 bytes, checksum: 2a81b6996bd9a2573b62dde86be0d763 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / This research is founded on the project “Rede de estudos da língua portuguesa ao redor do mundo”, headquartered at the Faculty of Letters of the Federal University of Goiás, and has as one of its objectives to provide subsidies for the promotion and teaching of Brazilian Portuguese from Results of analyzes of real uses of that language. In this context, we describe and analyze the pairing "um belo dia", from the theoretical perspective of LFCU, more specifically, the Construction Grammar. The central hypothesis is that the microconstruction "um belo dia" undergoes a process of change: from a more concrete use, active in the organization of the predication, until a more abstract use, functioning at the textual level, aiding in the macro-organization of the narrative. From this perspective it is understood that the language consists of cognitive, sociointeractional and cultural processes, and language is seen as a complex adaptive system with a fluid frame. Studies in the LFCU analyze and try to clarify the grammatical phenomena of the usage of the language and have as one of its theoretical contributions the theory of Constructions Grammar, which defines the grammatical constitution as a conceptual network, a system of cognitively interconnected entities (LANGACKER, 2008, TOMASELLO, 2010, TRAUGOTT, TROUDALE,2013) and language as a network of relationships that is organized in the use (TROUGOTT and TROUSDALE, 2013, CROFT, 2001, GOLDBERG, 2006). Suported on this theoretical conception, we present the results of the research that involves the uses of the microconstruction "um belo dia" ("a beautiful day") from a panchronic perspective. The corpora chosen for the research are o Corpus do grupo Discurso e Gramática (D&G), e o Corpus Fala Goiana. More specifically, the aim is to analyze the form and function of "a beautiful day", from the syntactic, morphological, phonological, semantic, pragmatic and speech-functional properties (CROFT, 2001) of this microconstruction, assuming that the uses detected in the corpora present different degrees of abstraction, indicating a construccionalizacion. The analyzes confirmed the hypothesis that the microconstruction "um belo dia" in its more abstracted use acts at the textual level, aiding in the macro-organization of the narrative, influencing the reception of the reader and its involvement in the discursive plot. / Esta pesquisa está vinculada ao projeto “Rede de estudos da língua portuguesa ao redor do mundo”, sediado na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Goiás, e tem como um de seus objetivos fornecer subsídios para a promoção e o ensino do português brasileiro a partir de resultados de análises de usos reais dessa língua. Nesse contexto, descrevemos e analisamos o pareamento “um belo dia”, a partir da perspectiva teórica da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso (LFCU), mais especificamente, da Gramática de Construções. A hipótese central é a de que a microconstrução “um belo dia” passa por um processo de mudança: de um uso mais concreto, atuante na organização da predicação, para um uso mais abstrato, funcionando no nível textual, auxiliando na macroorganização da narrativa. Na perspectiva da LFCU, entende-se que a linguagem é formada por processos cognitivos, sociointeracionais e culturais, e a língua é vista como um sistema adaptativo complexo, com uma estrutura fluida. Estudos na LFCU analisam e tentam esclarecer os fenômenos gramaticais da língua em uso e têm como um de seus aportes teóricos a teoria da Gramática de Construções, que define a constituição gramatical como uma rede conceitual, um sistema de entidades interconectadas cognitivamente (LANGACKER, 2008, TOMASELLO, 2010, TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2013) e a língua como uma rede de relações que se organiza no uso (TROUGOTT e TROUSDALE, 2013, CROFT, 2001, GOLDBERG, 2006). Ancorados nessa concepção teórica, apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa que envolve os usos da microconstrução “um belo dia” em uma perspectiva pancrônica. Os corpora eleitos para a pesquisa são o Corpus do Português, o Corpus do grupo Discurso e Gramática (D&G), e o Corpus Fala Goiana. Mais especificamente, tem-se como objetivo analisar o pareamento forma e função de “um belo dia”, a partir das propriedades sintática, morfológica, fonológica, semântica, pragmática e discurso-funcional (CROFT, 2001) dessa microconstrução, tendo como pressuposto que os usos detectados nos corpora apresentam diferentes graus de abstratização, indiciando uma construcionalização. As análises confirmaram a hipótese de que a microconstrução “um belo dia” em seu uso mais abstratizado atua no nível textual, auxiliando na macro-organização da narrativa, influenciando na recepção do leitor e no seu envolvimento na trama discursiva.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T10:58:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Célia Márcia Gonçalves Nunes Lôbo - 2017.pdf: 1974208 bytes, checksum: 08af02b446c385cf21a470b174911757 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T10:59:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Célia Márcia Gonçalves Nunes Lôbo - 2017.pdf: 1974208 bytes, checksum: 08af02b446c385cf21a470b174911757 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T10:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Célia Márcia Gonçalves Nunes Lôbo - 2017.pdf: 1974208 bytes, checksum: 08af02b446c385cf21a470b174911757 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis aims to analyze, through a panchronic study, the uses of “pois não” in the perspective of the Grammar of Constructions in order to allocate it in a hierarchical constructional network and verify the source context of this microconstruction so recurrent in the Brazilian speech. A theoretical reference is made by Tomasello (2003), Croft and Cruse (2004), Langacker (2013), among others, with regard to cognitive language issues; Croft (2001), Goldberg (2006, 2013), Traugott (2008a), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2012) and Traugott and Trousdale (2013) for understanding general principles on constructional approaches; and Traugott and Trousdale (2013) and Diewald (2006a) to define the parameters of analysis. It is observed how occurred the process of change that resulted in the different uses of “pois não”, based on the analysis of Brazilian Portuguese spoken and written in the period of implementation of Brazilian Portuguese, which extends from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century (cf. MATTOS e SILVA, 2008). The oral and written contemporary language data are part of the Corpus of Portuguese (DAVIES and FERREIRA, 2006). It is relevant, in writing data, “pois não” used in dialogical sequences. The assumption is that the text with a more interactive character, due to its functional, structural and informational aspects, has a strong likelihood of being compared to the face-to-face conversation and, therefore, it is an excellent example of the language in use (PRETI, 2004). The initial parameters of analysis are based on the symbolic structure model of a Radical Construction Grammar proposed by Croft (2001); in the characteristics of construction dimensions (size, phonological specificity, concept), schematicity, productivity and compositionality factors, as proposed and understood by Traugott and Trousdale (2013); and in the mechanisms of (inter)subjectivity worked out by Traugott (2010). The postulates of the Functional Discursive Grammar, proposed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), especially those related to the interpersonal level, serve as an auxiliary theoretical contribution. The research shows that the microconstruction “pois não” manifests in the interpersonal level of the language the function of discursive marker. The results of the analyzes demonstrated the occurrence of more abstract constructs (less compositional) as from the 19th century. The process of implementation of these uses is related to the intersubjective mechanism, since the speaker when using “pois não” is attentive to the pragmatic attitudes and needs of the interlocutor. Through these findings, there was a need to resort to a theory that recognizes the interpersonal level as a level of grammar, so the Functional Discursive Grammar is used as complementary theory. Based on the description by Hengevald and Mackenzie (2008) on the interpersonal level, the semantic-pragmatic functions of “pois não” are distinguished in more intersubjectives contexts. Through the analysis of the contexts of change, as proposed by Diewald (2006a), it was verified that the microconstruction under study is the result of a grammatical constructionalization. Syntactic-semantic changes run along a path that starts from an atypical context in which the construction “pois” evidences loss of categorial property and ceases to act as a conjunction. Soon after, the change passes through the critical context in which “pois” loses its conclusive function and assumes discursive-pragmatic function. Finally, it reaches the isolated context, a phase marked by the loss of the semantic function of the negation of the construction “não” and the process of a chunking between the constructions “pois” and “não”, resulting in microconstruction “pois não” with innovative use which integrates a new node in the network of discursive markers, revealing a process of expansion. / Esta Tese visa analisar, mediante um estudo pancrônico, os usos de “pois não” na perspectiva da Gramática de Construções a fim de alocá-los em uma rede construcional hierárquica e verificar qual o contexto típico (fonte) dessa microconstrução tão recorrente na fala brasileira. Toma-se como referencial teórico Tomasello (2003), Croft e Cruse (2004), Langacker (2013), entre outros, no que se refere às questões cognitivas da linguagem; Croft (2001), Goldberg (2006, 2013), Traugott (2008a), Bybee (2010), Traugott (2012) e Traugott e Trousdale (2013) para o entendimento de princípios gerais sobre abordagens construcionais; e Traugott e Trousdale (2013) e Diewald (2006a) para definir os parâmetros de análise. Observa-se como ocorreu o processo de mudança que resultou nos diferentes usos de “pois não”, a partir da análise de dados do português brasileiro falado e escrito no período de implementação do Português Brasileiro, que se estende do século XIX ao século XXI (cf. MATTOS e SILVA, 2008). Os dados de língua oral e escrita contemporânea integram o Corpus do Português (DAVIES e FERREIRA, 2006). São relevantes, em dados da escrita, usos de “pois não” em sequências dialogais. O pressuposto é o de que o texto com caráter mais interativo, por seus aspectos funcionais, estruturais e informacionais, apresenta uma forte carga de verossimilhança em relação à conversação face a face e, por isso, é um excelente exemplar da língua em uso (PRETI, 2004). Os parâmetros iniciais de análise estão baseados: no modelo de estrutura simbólica de uma Gramática de Construção Radical, proposto por Croft (2001); nas características de dimensões da construção (tamanho, especificidade fonológica, conceito), nos fatores de esquematicidade, produtividade e composicionalidade, tais como propostos e entendidos por Traugott e Trousdale (2013); e nos mecanismos de (inter)subjetividade trabalhados por Traugott (2010). Os postulados da Gramática Discursivo Funcional, propostos por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), especialmente aqueles relacionados ao nível interpessoal, servem de aporte teórico auxiliar. A pesquisa mostra que a microconstrução “pois não” manifesta no nível interpessoal da língua a função de marcador discursivo. Os resultados das análises demonstraram a ocorrência de construtos mais abstratizados (menos composicionais) a partir do século XIX. O processo de implementação desses usos está relacionado ao mecanismo de intersubjetificação, pois o locutor ao usar “pois não” atenta-se às atitudes e necessidades pragmáticas do interlocutor. Mediante tais constatações, houve uma necessidade de recorrer a uma teoria que reconhece o nível interpessoal como um nível de gramática, por isso utiliza-se a Gramática Discursivo funcional como teoria complementar. Com base na descrição feita por Hengevald e Mackenzie (2008) sobre o nível interpessoal, distingue-se detalhadamente as funções semântico-pragmáticas de “pois não” em contextos mais intersubjetivos. Mediante a análise dos contextos de mudança, conforme proposto por Diewald (2006a), constatou-se que a microconstrução em estudo é resultado de uma construcionalização gramatical. As alterações sintático-semânticas percorrem um trajeto que parte de um contexto atípico em que a construção “pois” evidencia perda de propriedade categorial e deixa de atuar como conjunção. Logo após, a mudança passa pelo contexto crítico no qual “pois” perde sua função conclusiva e assume função discursivo-pragmática. Por fim, atinge o contexto isolado, fase marcada pela perda da função semântica de negação da construção “não” e do processo de chunking entre as construções “pois” e “não”, resultando na microconstrução “pois não” com uso inovador a qual integra um novo nó na rede dos marcadores discursivos, revelando um processo de expansão.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-30T17:44:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Milena Torres de Aguiar.pdf: 1266758 bytes, checksum: daad4f316304632c6467ebeadbf5f5c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-30T18:01:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Milena Torres de Aguiar.pdf: 1266758 bytes, checksum: daad4f316304632c6467ebeadbf5f5c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Milena Torres de Aguiar.pdf: 1266758 bytes, checksum: daad4f316304632c6467ebeadbf5f5c7 (MD5) / Baseados na Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, estudamos a construção SNLoc atributiva em uso no português contemporâneo, que resulta da forte integração de suas subpartes – SN e pronome adverbial locativo. Numa perspectiva pancrônica, tomamos como base o Corpus do Português, para a análise das sincronias do século XIV ao XIX, e o Corpus Discurso & Gramática, para investigarmos os usos do século XX. Através desses corpora, realizamos um estudo prioritariamente qualitativo, mas também quantitativo, dos usos de SNLoc, e com esse levantamento, comprovamos a hipótese de que SNLoc atributiva é um membro marginal da classe dos nomes do português, resultante de construcionalização lexical. A mudança linguística de que resulta tal esquema se inicia em contextos atípicos, nos usos dêiticos mais referenciais, como os dêiticos físicos (“quando eu tinha três anos... eu caí... aí tá até a cicatriz aqui...”) e os dêiticos catafóricos (“eu pretendo fazer um outro curso aí na universidade”). Através de usos como os dêiticos anafóricos (“tem uma passagem assim maneira da cozinha pra sala... com um balcãozinho... que a gente vai fazer um bar ali”) e os dêiticos virtuais (“deixa o açúcar ficar moreno... aí bota o óleo... aí vai... bota a galinha... aí deixa a galinha lá...”), que configuram contextos críticos, sequências linguísticas em que surgem ambiguidades de sentido e forma, chega-se à construção SNLoc atributiva, em um contexto de isolamento. São casos como: “daí começaram a correr ... a correr ... a correr e o homem atrás dele ... daí depois ... ele pegou uma moça lá toda doida ...” Nessa construção há a cliticização do locativo, que se entrincheira ao SN, formando um novo esquema construcional da língua, no nível do léxico. Assim, o locativo unido ao SN assume um sentido de imprecisão e indefinição, distinto de seu sentido original, e juntos constituem a construção híbrida SNLoc atributiva, um novo par forma e sentido, um esquema de tipo endocêntrico, complexo, produtivo e parcialmente composicional, resultado de construcionalização lexical. A macroconstrução SNLoc atributiva, que tem uso recorrente no português contemporâneo, através de construtos de microconstruções, motivados por contextos semântico-pragmáticos específicos, tem produtividade maior na modalidade falada, em registros mais informais e em sequências de fundo narrativo. / Based on Usage-Based Linguistics, we study the SNLoc attributive construction in use in contemporary Portuguese, resulting from the strong integration of its subparts - SN and locative adverbial pronoun. In a panchronic perspective, it is taken as basis the Corpus of Portuguese, for the analysis of synchronicities of the fourteenth century to the nineteenth, and the Corpus Discurso & Gramática, to investigate the uses of the twentieth century. Through these corpora, we carried out a primarily qualitative, but also quantitative study of SNLoc uses, and with this survey, we confirmed the hypothesis that SNLoc attributive is a marginal member of the class of Portuguese names, resulting from lexical constructionalization. The linguistic change that results such scheme starts in untypical contexts, in deictic uses more references, such as physical deictic (“when I was three years old ... I fell ... so there is even the scar here...”) and cataphoric deictic (“I plan to do another course there at the university”). Through uses as anaphoric deictic (“there is a nice passageway from the kitchen to the living room ... with a small balcony ... that we will make a bar there”) and virtual deictic (“let the sugar turns brown ... then put the oil ... so on ... put the chicken ... then let the chicken there...”), which constitute critical contexts, linguistic sequences that arise ambiguities of meaning and form, it reaches to the SNLoc attributive construction, in an isolating context. There are cases like: “then started running ... running ... running and the man behind him ... then ... then he took a girl there totally crazy ... " In this contruction there is the cliticization of the locative, which entrenches to the SN, forming a new constructional scheme in the language, in the lexical level. Thus, the locative joint to the SN assumes a meaning of vagueness and uncertainty, distinct from its original meaning, and together constitute the hybrid SNLoc attributive construction, a new pair form and meaning, a endocentric type scheme, a complex, productive and partially compositional scheme, the result of lexical constructionalization. The SNLoc attributive macroconstruction, having recurrent use in contemporary Portuguese through constructs of microconstructions, motivated by semantic-pragmatic specific contexts, has increased productivity in spoken form, in more informal records and background narrative sequences.

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