This thesis deals with Czech and Italian punctuation. The aim is to compare the rules of the punctuation usage in the Czech language with the rules in the Italian language. In the first, theoretical, part there are firstly introduced the sources on which the whole work is based. Then the very notion of punctuation is explained from the both Czech and Italian perspective. Next, there is defined which particular punctuation marks are going to be further examined. The following chapters provide a list of rules of the punctuation usage in Czech and Italian with an emphasis on the similarities and the differences between the two languages. The work also tries to offer a comprehensive look at both languages. In conclusion, there is a practical part to verify the acquired knowledge. It is a series of exercises with a key of the correct answers.

The topic of this thesis is usage of tablets during the lessons, physics in particular, in second grade of elementary school. In theoretical part, the work describes technological principles of devices and their technological security during the service in schools. Part of the work is questionnaire for students and teachers and the evaluation of the results of it. In physical part, the thesis is dealing with individual options on how to introduce and use tables during the lessons from general ways to special apps for physics. There are few exhibitional lessons at the end of the thesis that should inspire teachers to use tables during their lessons. One of the lessons was tested in real life and was compared to usual one. The thesis also contains the results of this comparison.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-14T19:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disse MP. Silvia Helena L. Rodrigues. 2015.pdf: 548263 bytes, checksum: 6d3ed80388e26635a912e50c92938c23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-18T12:22:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disse MP. Silvia Helena L. Rodrigues. 2015.pdf: 548263 bytes, checksum: 6d3ed80388e26635a912e50c92938c23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T12:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disse MP. Silvia Helena L. Rodrigues. 2015.pdf: 548263 bytes, checksum: 6d3ed80388e26635a912e50c92938c23 (MD5) / As coagulopatias hereditárias são doenças hemorrágicas decorrentes da deficiência quantitativa/qualitativa de um ou mais fatores de coagulação sanguínea, sendo as hemofilias as mais importantes e frequentes. Os pacientes com hemofilia podem desenvolver anticorpos (inibidores) contra o fator deficiente, o que constitui em um desafio terapêutico. O tratamento das crises hemorrágicas em pacientes com inibidor é realizado com agentes bypassing. Este estudo é importante para se ampliar o conhecimento em base epidemiológica dos pacientes que utilizaram agentes bypassing possibilitando o aprimoramento da assistência prestada. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de utilização dos agentes bypassing distribuídos pelo Ministério da Saúde durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, com base nos dados dos pacientes cadastrados no sistema Hemovida Web Coagulopatias, que utilizaram agentes bypassing nestes anos. Resultados: o perfil de utilização dos agentes bypassing é representado pelos pacientes na faixa etária até 29 anos (69,5%), ensino fundamental incompleto (23,8%), sexo masculino (83,8%), raça branca (43,6%), residentes na região sudeste (48,9%), com Hemofilia A (63%), forma grave da hemofilia (71%), presença de inibidor positiva (56,9%) e inibidor de altos títulos (60,5%). Embora tenha sido evidenciada a utilização off-label (2,8%) para o tratamento de coagulopatias não descritas na bula destes medicamentos. Considerações: Embora tenha sido evidenciado a utilização off-label, o perfil delineado está de acordo com os achados da literatura sobre os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de inibidores, principal indicação de uso de agentes bypassing, e com as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde.

This thesis is aiming on designing of project documentation within the extent of the building Act. This documentation describes the building of family house with external and internal wheelchair access and operational arrangements related to these needs. One of the goals is also familiarization with the building Act as well as with Decree on general technical requirements for the construction. Wheelchair accessibility is wide and complicated subject, where are the requirements for the construction strictly given, therefore the Decree 398/2009 Sb. about the general technical requirements establishing the use of barrier-free buildings has become the starting basis. The building must comply with technical and architectural demands to allow the disabled persons normal usage of the construction.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T13:59:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3655935 bytes, checksum: c32c80be0b5d66b04eb2ca7b1e59f308 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T13:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3655935 bytes, checksum: c32c80be0b5d66b04eb2ca7b1e59f308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation points out how the appearances of the neologisms in a language, by lexicalization, can contribute to enrichment and updating of the lexicon of the same language. Therefore, it looked for: (i) expose the main concepts about lexicon, neologism and lexicalization, based on the Usage-Based Linguistics (UBL), (ii) it presents 13 lexical items selected from the digital corpus and (iii) present the real relevance of the lexicalization for the formation of new words, for to understand how this affects/changes the multi-system. The corpus used was the one of the Project AC/DC: corpo Corpus Brasileiro, which has about one billion words employed in the most varied use contexts. For the fundamentation of the dissertation, some scholars were consulted, among them we highlight: Martelotta (2011), Gonçalves (2011), Contiero and Ferraz (2014), Correia and Almeida (2012), Carvalho (2009a), Biderman (1981), Câmara Jr. (2011), Pontes-Ribeiro (2007), Castilho (2003a; 2003b; 2008), Cunha (2011), Mendes and Seabra (2006), Ferraz (2006; 2007) and Fortunato (2008). The methodology consists in three stages: a) select of lexical elements samples in the corpus, b) extraction of this samples and compilations of them in tables and c) analyses of collected data. The results revealed that some of the 13 lexicalized words/neologisms, possibly, appeared to fulfill an existing space of linguistic signs in the multi-system, others acquired new meanings when used in new contexts of use and many others are in process of disappearance. The frequency of use was determining in the change of meaning. / Esta dissertação aponta como o surgimento dos neologismos em uma língua, pela lexicalização, pode contribuir para o enriquecimento e atualização do léxico desta mesma língua. Deste modo, buscou-se: (i) expor os principais conceitos sobre léxico, neologismo e lexicalização, com base na Linguística Centrada no Uso (LCU), (ii) apresentar 13 itens lexicais selecionados a partir do corpus digital e (iii) discutir a relevância da lexicalização para a formação de novas palavras, para entender como isso afeta/altera o multissistema. O corpus utilizado foi o Projeto AC/DC: corpo Corpus Brasileiro, que contém cerca de um bilhão de palavras empregadas nos mais variados contextos de uso. Para a fundamentação da dissertação, alguns estudiosos foram consultados, entre os quais se destacam: Martelotta (2011), Gonçalves (2011), Contiero e Ferraz (2014), Correia e Almeida (2012), Carvalho (2009a), Biderman (1978; 1981), Câmara Jr. (2011), Pontes-Ribeiro (2007), Castilho (2003a; 2003b; 2008), Cunha (2011), Mendes e Seabra (2006), Ferraz (2006; 2007) e Fortunato (2008). A metodologia consistiu em três etapas: a) coleta de amostras de itens lexicais no corpus, b) extração dessas amostras e compilação em tabelas e c) análise dos dados coletados. Os resultados revelaram que alguns dos 13 neologismos/palavras lexicalizadas, possivelmente, surgiram para preencher um vazio de signos linguísticos no multissistema, outros adquiriram novos sentidos ao serem empregados em novos contextos de uso e outros tantos estão em processo de desaparecimento. A frequência de uso foi determinante para a mudança no sentido.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1323622 bytes, checksum: bf727ea845ae0b1fe9dce2877452937d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work consists of a discourse-pragmatic analysis through the use of modal adverbs with suffix ly, corpora that are materialized in the group Speech and Grammar, and that, in some way, represent the effects of meaning produced by language users in their enunciation. As the modality is likely to occur through some linguistic elements, the choice was made by adverbs because these elements present various linguistic behaviors: morphological, syntactic and semantic level. Thus, as the phenomenon of modality is, somehow, performed through pragmatic and discursive factors, we believe it is also important to analyze this category through these factors that recurrently represent the modality.So, knowing that in the enunciation, the sender shows some marks that allow the reader / listener infer certain attitudes in the communicative event, this research analyzes, a hypothetical-deductive notion that meaning effects are represented from sentences that are using adverbs modalizers ended in ly. To do so, we observe these linguistic elements through texts extracted from corpora (D & G) and thus through the phenomenon of prototypicality to conclude that the adverbs modalizers ended in ly are frequente and allows us to assume that their occurrence is continuous on distinct communicative interactions. Then, we observe what type of modality the language user uses frequently: deontic, evaluative and epistemic, and after that, we discuss their implications for the communication process. / Este trabalho consiste em uma análise discursivo-pragmática através do uso de advérbios modalizadores com sufixo- mente que estão materializados nos corpora do grupo Discurso e Gramática (D&G) e que, de alguma forma, representam os efeitos de sentido produzidos pelos usuários da língua em face do que enunciam. Como a modalização é passível de ocorrência através de alguns elementos linguísticos, a escolha pelos advérbios se deu pelo fato destes elementos apresentarem comportamentos linguísticos diversos seja no plano morfológico, semântico ou sintático. Sendo assim, como o fenômeno da modalização, de alguma forma, se efetiva também através de fatores pragmáticos e discursivos, acreditamos que seja importante analisar esta categoria através destes fatores que se representam recorrentemente na modalização. Assim, sabendo que na enunciação o emissor deixa marcas que permitem ao leitor/ouvinte depreender determinadas atitudes no evento comunicativo, esta pesquisa analisa, numa noção hipotético-dedutiva, os efeitos de sentido que se representam a partir de sentenças que se constituem através de advérbios modalizadores em mente. Para tanto, observamos estes elementos linguísticos através de textos extraídos dos corpora (D&G) e, assim, através do fenômeno da prototipicidade, chegamos à conclusão do advérbio modalizador em mente mais frequente e que nos permite pressupor que a sua ocorrência seja contínua em interações comunicativas diversas. Em seguida, observamos qual tipologia da modalização o usuário da língua utiliza com proeminência- modalizador epistêmico, deôntico ou avaliativo- e, após isto, discutimos quais as suas implicações para o processo da comunicação.

O consumo de energia se torna cada vez mais importante para a arquitetura de processadores, onde o número de cores dentro de um mesmo chip está aumentando mas o total de energia disponível se mantém no mesmo nível ou até mesmo se reduz. Assim, técnicas para economizar energia, tais como opções de escala de frequência e desligamento automático de subsistemas, estão sendo usadas para manter a troca entre energia e desempenho. Para se obter alto desempenho, os atuais Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) integram grandes memórias cache a fim de reduzir a latência média para acesso a memória principal, através da alocação do conjunto de dados da aplicação dentro do chip. Essas memórias cache tem sido projetadas tradicionalmente para explorar a localidade temporal usando políticas de substituição inteligentes e localidade espacial buscando todos os dados da linha da cache após uma falta de dados. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram que o número de sub-blocos dentro da linha da memória cache, que são realmente usados, costuma ser baixo, sendo que, os sub-blocos que são usados recebem poucos acessos antes de se tornarem mortos (isto é, nunca mais são acessados). Além disso, muitas da linhas da memória cache permanecem ligadas por longos períodos de tempo, mesmo que os dados não sejam usados novamente ou são inválidos. Para linhas de cache modificadas, a memória cache aguarda até que a linha seja expulsa para que esta seja gravada (write-back) de volta no próximo nível de memória. Essas escritas competem com as requisições de leitura (demanda do processador e prébusca da cache), aumentando a pressão no controlador de memória. Por essas razões, a eficiência energética e o desempenho das memórias cache não são ideais. Essa tese propõe a aplicação de preditores de uso de linhas da cache para aumentar a eficiência energética das memórias cache. São propostos os mecanismos Dead Sub-Block Predictor (DSBP) e Dead Line and Early Write-Back Predictor (DEWP) para permitir economia de energia sem que haja degradação do desempenho. DSBP é usado para prever quais sub-blocos da linha da cache serão usados e quantas vezes eles serão acessados de forma a trazer para a cache apenas os sub-blocos úteis e desliga-los após eles serem acessados pelo número de vezes previsto. DEWP prevê linhas de cache mortas assim que elas recebem o último acesso, desligando essas linhas. As linhas sujas são escalonadas para sofrerem write-back após a última operação de escrita, aumentando o potencial de salvar energia, reduzindo também a pressão no controlador de memória. Ambos os mecanismos propostos também reduzem a poluição nas memórias cache, dando prioridade para a expulsão de linhas mortas, melhorando as atuais políticas de substituição. Embora cada mecanismo apresentado seja capaz de funcionar separadamente dentro do sistema, ambos os mecanismos podem também ser misturados em uma mesma hierarquia de cache. Essa implementação mista é interessante pois a granularidade de sub-bloco é preferível para níveis de cache próximos do processador, onde as linhas de memória cache são expulsas rapidamente, enquanto o último nível de cache tende a usar toda a linha antes da sua expulsão. Com o intuito de avaliar os mecanismos propostos, é apresentado o Simulator of Non- Uniform Cache Architectures (SiNUCA). Esse simulador de microarquitetura com precisão de ciclos é validado em termos de desempenho e consumo de energia através da comparação com um processador real. Os resultados de desempenho foram obtidos executando aplicações das cargas de trabalho single-threaded do conjunto SPEC-CPU2006 e aplicações multi-threaded dos conjuntos SPEC-OMP2001 e NAS-NPB. Os resultados relativos a energia foram obtidos integrando o SiNUCA com as ferramentas de modelagem Multi-core Power, Area, and Timing (McPAT) e CACTI. Quando aplicados os mecanismos em todos os níveis de memória cache, observou-se em média uma redução de 36% no consumo de energia usando o DSBP, 25% usando o DEWP e 37% quando usou-se o DSBP nos níveis L1 e L2 e o DEWP no último nível. Todas essas reduções causaram uma perda desprezível de desempenho de menos de 4% em média. / Energy consumption is becoming more important for processor architectures, where the number of cores inside the chip is increasing and the total power budget is kept at the same level or even reduced. Thus, energy saving techniques such as frequency scaling options and automatic shutdown of sub-systems are being used to maintain the trade-off between power and performance. To deliver high performance, current Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) integrate large caches in order to reduce the average memory access latency by allocating the applications’ working set on-chip. These cache memories have traditionally been designed to exploit temporal locality by using smart replacement policies, and spatial locality by fetching entire cache lines from memory on a cache miss. However, recent studies have shown that the number of sub-blocks within a line that are actually used is often low, and those sub-blocks that are used are accessed only a few times before becoming dead (that is, never accessed again). Additionally, many of the cache lines remain powered for a long period of time even if the data is not used again, or is invalid. For modified cache lines, the cache memory waits until the line is evicted to perform the write-back to next memory level. These write-backs compete with read requests (processor demand and cache prefetch), increasing the pressure on the memory controller. For these reasons, the energy efficiency and performance of cache memories are not ideal. This thesis introduces cache line usage predictors to increase the energy efficiency of cache memories. We propose the Dead Sub-Block Predictor (DSBP) and Dead Line and Early Write-Back Predictor (DEWP) mechanisms to enable energy savings without performance degradation. DSBP is used to predict which sub-blocks of a cache line will be actually accessed and how many times they will be used in order to bring into the cache only those sub-blocks that are necessary, and power them off after they are accessed the predicted number of times. DEWP predicts dead lines as soon as they receive the last access, and turns off these lines. Dirty lines are scheduled for write-back after the last write operation occurs, increasing the energy savings potential and also reducing the pressure on the memory controller. Both proposed mechanisms also reduce pollution in cache memories by prioritizing dead lines for eviction in the existing replacement policy. Although each introduced mechanism is capable of performing separately inside a system, both mechanisms can also be mixed in the same cache hierarchy. This mixed implementation is interesting because the sub-block granularity is more suitable for cache levels closer to the processor, where the cache lines are quickly evicted, while the Last- Level Cache (LLC) tends to use the whole cache line before its eviction. In order to evaluate our proposed mechanisms, we introduce the Simulator of Non- Uniform Cache Architectures (SiNUCA). This cycle-accurate microarchitecture simulator is validated in terms of performance and energy consumption by comparing it to a real processor. Our performance results were obtained executing single-threaded applications from SPEC-CPU2006 and multi-threaded applications from SPEC-OMP2001 and NASNPB benchmark suites. The energy related results were obtained by integrating SiNUCA with the Multi-core Power, Area, and Timing (McPAT) framework and the CACTI power modeling tool. When applying our mechanisms on all the cache levels, we observe on average a 36% energy reduction for DSBP, 25% energy reduction using DEWP and an average reduction of 37% in the energy consumption applying DSBP on L1 and L2 and DEWP on the LLC. All these reductions caused a negligible performance loss of less than 4% on average.

abstract: Continuous monitoring of sensor data from smart phones to identify human activities and gestures, puts a heavy load on the smart phone's power consumption. In this research study, the non-Euclidean geometry of the rich sensor data obtained from the user's smart phone is utilized to perform compressive analysis and efficient classification of human activities by employing machine learning techniques. We are interested in the generalization of classical tools for signal approximation to newer spaces, such as rotation data, which is best studied in a non-Euclidean setting, and its application to activity analysis. Attributing to the non-linear nature of the rotation data space, which involve a heavy overload on the smart phone's processor and memory as opposed to feature extraction on the Euclidean space, indexing and compaction of the acquired sensor data is performed prior to feature extraction, to reduce CPU overhead and thereby increase the lifetime of the battery with a little loss in recognition accuracy of the activities. The sensor data represented as unit quaternions, is a more intrinsic representation of the orientation of smart phone compared to Euler angles (which suffers from Gimbal lock problem) or the computationally intensive rotation matrices. Classification algorithms are employed to classify these manifold sequences in the non-Euclidean space. By performing customized indexing (using K-means algorithm) of the evolved manifold sequences before feature extraction, considerable energy savings is achieved in terms of smart phone's battery life. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2014

En adoptant un point de vue utilitariste du consommateur sur certains produits orientés service, nous avons d'abord contribué à la proposition d’un modèle de contextes d’usage que se doit de couvrir au mieux un produit. Le modèle conduit à une meilleure intégration des analyses de marketing et d’ingénierie de la conception amenant à une optimisation d'un produit paramétré plus orientée vers les besoins du marché ou à un meilleur étagement d'une famille de produits. Nous proposons une série d'indices qui révèlent l'adéquation entre les usages couverts par un produit de dimensions données ou une famille de produits donnée avec un espace d'usages cible qu’il s’agit de couvrir dans sa totalité ou en partie mais d'une manière suffisamment dominante par rapport à la concurrence. En premier lieu, l'indice de couverture d’usage (UCI) pour un produit unique est introduit par la cartographie du produit relativement à un ensemble d’utilisateurs représentatifs définis par des usages attendus. Sur cette base, l'UCI pour une famille de produits est construite pour évaluer la composition de la famille et la redondance des produits qui la composent. Les avantages par rapport à la traditionnelle estimation de la demande en marketing sont de réduire la complexité de l'enquête et de l'analyse des données et de pouvoir estimer le niveau de compétitivité d’une offre innovante sans nécessiter de retour d’expérience du marché. Nous expérimentons nos propositions sur un problème de reconception d’une famille de scies sauteuses. L'approche proposée permet d'évaluer l'adaptabilité, pour une famille de produits de tailles croissantes, à divers scénarios dans le contexte d'usage d'un marché cible. Les concepteurs peuvent s'appuyer sur les résultats pour éliminer les produits redondants au sein d'une famille. Des configurations de produits de tailles croissantes peuvent aussi être rapidement simulées et comparées de manière à aboutir à une famille minimale de produits idéalement étagée. / Adopting a utilitarian viewpoint of consumers on some service-oriented goods, we have first contributed to the proposal of a usage contexts model that a product should cover at most. The model leads to a higher integration of design engineering and marketing analyses which results in a more market-oriented optimization of a parameterized product or a better sampling of a product family. We propose a series of usage coverage indices that reveal the adequacy of a dimensioned product or a given product family to a targeted usage space to cover in its whole or for a part but sufficiently in a dominant way compared to competing products. First, the Usage Coverage Index (UCI) for single product is introduced by mapping the given product with a set of representative users defined by expected usages. On that basis, the UCI for a product family is constructed to evaluate the composition and redundancy of the family. The advantage compared to traditional demand estimation in marketing research is to reduce the complexity of survey and data analysis and to assess the competitiveness level of an innovative service offer without needing any return of experience from the market. We experiment our proposals on a jigsaw product family redesign problem. The proposed analysis approach helps to evaluate the adaptability, for a given scale-based product family, to diverse usage context scenarios in a target market. Designers can rely on the results to filter out redundant products within a family. Scale-based configurations of the products can also be rapidly simulated and compared to find out an appropriate sampled series of products.

Cette thèse relève de la didactique de l’anglais. Il s’agit d’une étude exploratoire des représentations et attitudes de 170 lycéens, relative à l’introduction et l’utilisation du baladeur MP3 en cours d’anglais. Notre démarche d’investigation a reposé sur une approche systémique de la situation d’apprentissage. Afin de mettre au jour l’attitude des apprenants, nous avons utilisé des questionnaires. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence l’absence d’unanimité dans l’acceptation du baladeur MP3 en cours d’anglais. Une utilisation régulière du baladeur MP3 dans la vie quotidienne ne prédispose pas à son appropriation dans un contexte scolaire. Le baladeur MP3 n’est pas un objet réel – c’est un artefact qui se reconstruit selon les usages. Notre étude a également montré que les représentations de l’objet technologique chez les apprenants dépendaient de leurs représentations des autres éléments de la situation d’apprentissage. / This PhD thesis concerns the learning/teaching of the English language. It consists in an exploratory study of 170 high school students’ beliefs and attitudes as regards the introduction and use of an MP3 player in English classes. Our investigation was based on a systemic approach of the learning context. In order to expose the learners’ attitude, we used questionnaires. Our results highlighted the absence of consensus in the acceptation of the MP3 player in English classes. A frequent use of the MP3 player in the daily life does not involve its appropriation in a school context. The MP3 player is not a real object – it is an artefact that is reconstructed according to the uses. Our study also showed that the learners’ beliefs of the technological object depended on their beliefs of the other elements belonging to the learning context.