This thesis imparts the outcomes of a seven-week long quasi-experimental study that explored whether or not L2 learners who received intensive and highly focused indirect feedback on one type of treatable error - either the third person singular -s, plural endings -s, or definite article the - eventually become more accurate in the post-test as compared to a control group that did not. The paired-samples t-test comparing the pre-test and post-test scores of both groups demonstrates that the experimental group did no better than the control group after they received indirect corrective feedback. The independent samples t-test measuring the experimental and control group's accuracy shows no significant difference between the two groups. Effect sizes calculated, however, do indicate that, had the sample sizes been bigger, both groups would have eventually become more accurate in the errors targeted, although this would not have been because of the indirect feedback.

O consumo de energia se torna cada vez mais importante para a arquitetura de processadores, onde o número de cores dentro de um mesmo chip está aumentando mas o total de energia disponível se mantém no mesmo nível ou até mesmo se reduz. Assim, técnicas para economizar energia, tais como opções de escala de frequência e desligamento automático de subsistemas, estão sendo usadas para manter a troca entre energia e desempenho. Para se obter alto desempenho, os atuais Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) integram grandes memórias cache a fim de reduzir a latência média para acesso a memória principal, através da alocação do conjunto de dados da aplicação dentro do chip. Essas memórias cache tem sido projetadas tradicionalmente para explorar a localidade temporal usando políticas de substituição inteligentes e localidade espacial buscando todos os dados da linha da cache após uma falta de dados. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram que o número de sub-blocos dentro da linha da memória cache, que são realmente usados, costuma ser baixo, sendo que, os sub-blocos que são usados recebem poucos acessos antes de se tornarem mortos (isto é, nunca mais são acessados). Além disso, muitas da linhas da memória cache permanecem ligadas por longos períodos de tempo, mesmo que os dados não sejam usados novamente ou são inválidos. Para linhas de cache modificadas, a memória cache aguarda até que a linha seja expulsa para que esta seja gravada (write-back) de volta no próximo nível de memória. Essas escritas competem com as requisições de leitura (demanda do processador e prébusca da cache), aumentando a pressão no controlador de memória. Por essas razões, a eficiência energética e o desempenho das memórias cache não são ideais. Essa tese propõe a aplicação de preditores de uso de linhas da cache para aumentar a eficiência energética das memórias cache. São propostos os mecanismos Dead Sub-Block Predictor (DSBP) e Dead Line and Early Write-Back Predictor (DEWP) para permitir economia de energia sem que haja degradação do desempenho. DSBP é usado para prever quais sub-blocos da linha da cache serão usados e quantas vezes eles serão acessados de forma a trazer para a cache apenas os sub-blocos úteis e desliga-los após eles serem acessados pelo número de vezes previsto. DEWP prevê linhas de cache mortas assim que elas recebem o último acesso, desligando essas linhas. As linhas sujas são escalonadas para sofrerem write-back após a última operação de escrita, aumentando o potencial de salvar energia, reduzindo também a pressão no controlador de memória. Ambos os mecanismos propostos também reduzem a poluição nas memórias cache, dando prioridade para a expulsão de linhas mortas, melhorando as atuais políticas de substituição. Embora cada mecanismo apresentado seja capaz de funcionar separadamente dentro do sistema, ambos os mecanismos podem também ser misturados em uma mesma hierarquia de cache. Essa implementação mista é interessante pois a granularidade de sub-bloco é preferível para níveis de cache próximos do processador, onde as linhas de memória cache são expulsas rapidamente, enquanto o último nível de cache tende a usar toda a linha antes da sua expulsão. Com o intuito de avaliar os mecanismos propostos, é apresentado o Simulator of Non- Uniform Cache Architectures (SiNUCA). Esse simulador de microarquitetura com precisão de ciclos é validado em termos de desempenho e consumo de energia através da comparação com um processador real. Os resultados de desempenho foram obtidos executando aplicações das cargas de trabalho single-threaded do conjunto SPEC-CPU2006 e aplicações multi-threaded dos conjuntos SPEC-OMP2001 e NAS-NPB. Os resultados relativos a energia foram obtidos integrando o SiNUCA com as ferramentas de modelagem Multi-core Power, Area, and Timing (McPAT) e CACTI. Quando aplicados os mecanismos em todos os níveis de memória cache, observou-se em média uma redução de 36% no consumo de energia usando o DSBP, 25% usando o DEWP e 37% quando usou-se o DSBP nos níveis L1 e L2 e o DEWP no último nível. Todas essas reduções causaram uma perda desprezível de desempenho de menos de 4% em média. / Energy consumption is becoming more important for processor architectures, where the number of cores inside the chip is increasing and the total power budget is kept at the same level or even reduced. Thus, energy saving techniques such as frequency scaling options and automatic shutdown of sub-systems are being used to maintain the trade-off between power and performance. To deliver high performance, current Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) integrate large caches in order to reduce the average memory access latency by allocating the applications’ working set on-chip. These cache memories have traditionally been designed to exploit temporal locality by using smart replacement policies, and spatial locality by fetching entire cache lines from memory on a cache miss. However, recent studies have shown that the number of sub-blocks within a line that are actually used is often low, and those sub-blocks that are used are accessed only a few times before becoming dead (that is, never accessed again). Additionally, many of the cache lines remain powered for a long period of time even if the data is not used again, or is invalid. For modified cache lines, the cache memory waits until the line is evicted to perform the write-back to next memory level. These write-backs compete with read requests (processor demand and cache prefetch), increasing the pressure on the memory controller. For these reasons, the energy efficiency and performance of cache memories are not ideal. This thesis introduces cache line usage predictors to increase the energy efficiency of cache memories. We propose the Dead Sub-Block Predictor (DSBP) and Dead Line and Early Write-Back Predictor (DEWP) mechanisms to enable energy savings without performance degradation. DSBP is used to predict which sub-blocks of a cache line will be actually accessed and how many times they will be used in order to bring into the cache only those sub-blocks that are necessary, and power them off after they are accessed the predicted number of times. DEWP predicts dead lines as soon as they receive the last access, and turns off these lines. Dirty lines are scheduled for write-back after the last write operation occurs, increasing the energy savings potential and also reducing the pressure on the memory controller. Both proposed mechanisms also reduce pollution in cache memories by prioritizing dead lines for eviction in the existing replacement policy. Although each introduced mechanism is capable of performing separately inside a system, both mechanisms can also be mixed in the same cache hierarchy. This mixed implementation is interesting because the sub-block granularity is more suitable for cache levels closer to the processor, where the cache lines are quickly evicted, while the Last- Level Cache (LLC) tends to use the whole cache line before its eviction. In order to evaluate our proposed mechanisms, we introduce the Simulator of Non- Uniform Cache Architectures (SiNUCA). This cycle-accurate microarchitecture simulator is validated in terms of performance and energy consumption by comparing it to a real processor. Our performance results were obtained executing single-threaded applications from SPEC-CPU2006 and multi-threaded applications from SPEC-OMP2001 and NASNPB benchmark suites. The energy related results were obtained by integrating SiNUCA with the Multi-core Power, Area, and Timing (McPAT) framework and the CACTI power modeling tool. When applying our mechanisms on all the cache levels, we observe on average a 36% energy reduction for DSBP, 25% energy reduction using DEWP and an average reduction of 37% in the energy consumption applying DSBP on L1 and L2 and DEWP on the LLC. All these reductions caused a negligible performance loss of less than 4% on average.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-02T18:34:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carinafolenacardoso.pdf: 12446460 bytes, checksum: 8a4861a009de278151ca3a8849e13c4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T11:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carinafolenacardoso.pdf: 12446460 bytes, checksum: 8a4861a009de278151ca3a8849e13c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T11:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carinafolenacardoso.pdf: 12446460 bytes, checksum: 8a4861a009de278151ca3a8849e13c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-20 / Juiz de Fora, localizada no sudeste de Minas Gerais, é a maior e mais populosa cidade da Zona da Mata Mineira e um dos principais centros regionais do estado. Entretanto, sua polarização não se dá somente através de sua expansão urbana horizontal. Há uma clara tendência de verticalização na cidade, que apresenta um grande percentual de seus domicílios classificados como apartamentos, cujo desenvolvimento ao longo da história foi pouco explorado nas pesquisas de âmbito local. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o desenvolvimento dos edifícios de apartamentos em Juiz de Fora, sob a ótica dos incentivos legais e da legislação urbanística de uso e ocupação do solo. Como recorte temporal, adota-se o período entre 1913 e 2013, que formaliza um século de verticalização na cidade. Como área de estudo, foi elencada a avenida Barão do Rio Branco, principal via estruturadora de Juiz de Fora e importante corredor de circulação. Mais além, a avenida é detentora de edifícios de apartamentos pertencentes a variados períodos históricos e um dos principais focos de atuação do mercado imobiliário. A definição da legislação urbanística e das leis de incentivo como elementos centrais de análise se deve ao fato destas se portarem como o conformador primário das edificações, ao qual se relacionam outras variáveis analíticas, como os estilos arquitetônicos e perfis de mercado. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter descritivo, realizada no Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente Construído da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, configura um estudo de caráter documental e bibliográfico. Como resultado, verificou-se que os edifícios de apartamentos são a materialização da influência dos agentes de mercado na redação das leis urbanísticas em prol de um maior aproveitamento do solo, sendo possível, até mesmo, relativizar a noção de legislação urbana como mecanismo de planejamento, se analisados os efeitos negativos dessa prática na cidade. A partir da formalização do mercado imobiliário, a legislação urbana passa a ser um instrumento de consolidação de uma visão progressista de cidade, imbuída de interesses específicos e articulados tanto na esfera mercadológica como na própria política. São esses interesses que determinam as leis e direcionam o crescimento vertical e horizontal de Juiz de Fora, sem qualquer estudo de viabilidade ou impacto no espaço e paisagem urbana. / Located in the southeast of Minas Gerais, Juiz de Fora is the largest and most populous city of the region known as Zona da Mata Mineira, and also, one of the main urban centers of the state. However, its polarization is not only expressed through its horizontal urban sprawl. There is a clear trend of verticalization in the city, which has a large percentage of its dwellings classified as apartments, though there is a lack of researches exploring its development. Thus, the main goal of this study is to analyze the development of apartment buildings in Juiz de Fora, from the perspective of legal incentives and urban law, specifically of land use and soil occupation. As a time frame, we adopt the period between 1913 and 2013, which formalizes one century of verticalization in the city. As a study area, we adopt the Barão do Rio Branco Avenue, the main structuring route of Juiz de Fora and its most important circulation corridor. Further, the avenue owns apartment buildings belonging to different historical periods and is also one of the greatest focus for real estate market action until nowadays. The definition of urban laws and legal incentives for verticalization as central elements of analysis is deals with their influence on the primary shape of the buildings, to whom are related other analytical variables such as architectural styles and market profiles. This is an exploratory and descriptive research, developed at the Post Graduate Program in Built Environment of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. According to the methodological procedures, this study has a documentary and bibliographic character. As results, we verified that apartment buildings are the materialization of market players influence in the drafting of urban laws in favor of increase land use possibilities, what make us relativize the notion of urban law as a planning mechanism, taking into account the negative effects of this practice in the city analyzed. As real estate market was consolidated in the city, urban law becomes an instrument for the consolidation of a progressive vision of city, imbued with specific interests, articulated both in the marketing sphere as in the policy itself. The laws and the vertical and horizontal growth of Juiz de Fora are both guide by these interests, without any study of its impact in space and urban landscape.

Knowledge of the resource usage of applications and the resource usage capacity of hardware platforms is essential when developing a system. The resource usage must not over exceed the capacity of a platform, as it could otherwise fail to meet its real-time constraints due to resource shortages. Furthermore, it is beneficial from a cost-effectiveness stand-point that a hardware platform is not under-utilised by systems software. This thesis examines two systems aspects: the hardware resource usage of applications and the resource capacity of hardware platforms, defined as the capacity of each resource included in a hardware platform. Both of these systems aspects are investigated and modelled using a black box perspective since the focus is on observing the online usage and capacity. Investigating and modelling these two approaches is a crucial step towards defining and constructing hardware and software models. We evaluate regressive and auto-regressive modelling approaches of modelling CPU, L2 cache and L3 cache usage of applications. The conclusion is that first-order autoregressive and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines show promise of being able to model resource usage. The primary limitation of both modelling approaches is their inability to model resource usage when it is highly irregular. The capacity models of CPU, L2 and L3 cache derived by exerting heavy workloads onto a test platform shows to hold against a real-life application concerning L2 and L3 cache capacity. However, the CPU usage model underestimates the test platform's capacity since the real-life application over-exceeds the theoretical maximum usage defined by the model.

The study examines influencers usage of the social media platform Instagram and how their usage can affect the receiver of their content. The purpose of this study is therefore to observe how influencers are using the platform in order to influence their followers. This study is based on the question: how are the influencers using the social media platform Instagram in order to influence their followers? With the help of the Source Credibility Model, we have been able to value influencers credibility and usage during the netnographic method approach. The original Source Credibility Model consists of three factors: expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness which helps to evaluate a source credibility. By doing this, we have been able to adapt and adjust this model to a new research area. Our analysis therefore reveals a fourth factor of this model - networking. This factor consists of two under categories: technical and social interaction. The study discovered that an influencer reaches attractivity with adjusting his or her visual content and by using functions on the social platform. The influencers collaborations and advertisement on the social platform shows on which level of expertise they achieve. Furthermore, the followers experience of the influencers content is evaluating the influencers credibility. To be able to evaluate these three factors, the influencer needs to interact with technical aspects such as social platforms and functions, but also to interact socially by giving personality and create engagement for the followers. The study also discovered a difference between male and female influencer usage of the platform, which gives their influence different impacts. This study therefore contributes the field of interest with a new model that can be used in order to examine influencer usage on different social platforms.

In recent years, sustainable thinking has been gradually recognized and accepted by more and more users, enterprises, and stakeholders. However, in daily life, there is often a gap between the value of users’ pursuit of sustainable lifestyles and their behavior habits. Also, the connection between different stakeholders is often ignored. The project started by the observation of unsustainable water usage habits of some tenants in the Växjö local housing company Växjöbostäder, and investigated the gaps in the water supply/toll system of Växjö municipality for some apartment tenants and the limitations of current solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more effective solution. The author attempts to guide and change the user’s behavior through design interventions led by digital user experience design, connect the gap between the user and the system, and provide a more sustainable choice. At the same time, as a precedent, this project’s attempt to apply sustainable behavioral interventions to the field of digital user experience products at the system level can also provide some reference for similar projects or designs that may appear in the future. The aim of this project is trying to find solutions to bridge the existing gap between the water management system and the apartment users’ water consumption behavior. The project studies the relevant theories of behavior, analyzes the causes of motivations that lead to behavioral and habits changing, the methods of digital user experience design, and the theory of building sustainable systems. Action research has been used as a methodological guide to design processes, analysis, and reflection. The final design outcome “Drops” is an application based on mobile platforms that develop sustainable water-using habits. The application associates gamification motivation mechanisms, behavioral habit interventions, community social sharing, and the process of using the application with the user’s actual behavior, promotes the formation of user sustainable behavior and inspires users to a sustainable society thinking. From a hierarchical analysis of the system, “Drops” connects different stakeholders in the municipal water supply system, facilitating communications between tenants and communities to achieve positive interactions that promote sustainable behavior.  At the end of this article, the author analyzed the project outcome from the perspective of Växjöbostäder, one of the stakeholders and a possible product distributor, elaborated on the possible advantages of the design for the company’s ecological sustainability and the possibility of the company deploying this application in the market. Also, the author also analyzed and evaluated this project from the perspective of the product itself and different stakeholders, and explained the current limitations and the possibility of future development.

Orientador: Leandro Coelho de Araujo / Resumo: A produção de efluente na ensilagem de capins tropicais é elevada, devido a alta umidade destes materiais. O efluente proporciona perdas de massa seca total e lixiviação dos nutrientes, tornando-se um potencial poluente ambiental, quando o seu acúmulo ocorre de forma concentrada no solo ou mananciais. Cada vez mais há preocupação com o manejo correto de resíduos agrícolas, e seu uso na agricultura tem sido uma forma eficiente de evitar destinações indevidas e, principalmente, acúmulos em locais específicos, além de contribuir na fertilização de lavouras, uma vez que a procura por alternativas para substituição dos fertilizantes minerais é crescente. Tendo em vista a importância da conservação ambiental, tanto como os elevados custos dos fertilizantes minerais que desestimulam a adubação de pastagens por parte dos produtores, objetivou-se verificar o potencial do efluente de silagem de capim Mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) como adubo orgânico, no estabelecimento do capim Marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu). O trabalho foi realizado em vasos de 10 dm3 sob casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – UNESP, o solo utilizado foi o NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÊNICO Órtico. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e uma testemunha. Os tratamentos corresponderam as doses de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL de efluente dm-³ de solo, mais um tratamento com adubos minerais nas quantidades de 100, 60 e 50 mg dm-3 de NPK. Os tratamentos foram a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The effluent production in tropical grass ensiling is high due to the high humidity of these materials. The effluent provides losses of total dry mass and leaching of the nutrients, becoming a potential environmental pollutant when its accumulation occurs in a concentrated way in the soil or springs. Increasingly, there is a concern about the correct management of agricultural waste and its use in agriculture has been an efficient way to avoid undue allocations and accumulations in specific places, as well as to contribute to the crops fertilization, since the search for alternatives to substitute mineral fertilizers is increasing. According to the importance of environmental conservation, as well as the high costs of mineral fertilizers that discourage the fertilization of pastures by the producers, the objective was to verify the agricultural potential of the Guinea grass effluent as organic fertilizer in the establishment of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. The work was carried out in pots of 10 dm3 under greenhouse. NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÊNICO Órtico was the soil used. The design was completely randomized with four replicates and one control. The treatments corresponded to doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL of effluent dm-3 of soil, plus a treatment with mineral fertilizers in amounts of 100, 60 and 50 mg dm-3 of NPK. The treatments were applied immediately after the uniformity cut and after 28 and 35 days of regrowth of the subsequent cycles. The number of tillers, plant height, c... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

L'implémentation à large échelle de stratégies d’atténuation des émissions dans le secteur de l'agriculture, la forêt et autres usages des sols (AFOLU) pose des questions sur leur durabilité. Par exemple, les bio-fuels de seconde génération menacent la biodiversité et la reforestation d'espaces agricoles augmente le prix de l'alimentation. De plus, ces stratégies d’atténuation des émissions dépendent fortement des conditions socio-économiques décrivant le reste du système alimentaire (libéralisation du commerce agricole, développement économique, augmentation de la population...). Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à préciser les impacts sur la biodiversité, l'alimentation et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de différentes stratégies d’atténuation à large échelle dans le secteur AFOLU au regard de différentes situations socio-économiques. Pour cela, nous utilisons la modélisation prospective qui nous permet de simuler des scénarios décrivant l'évolution de l'usage des sols à l'échelle mondiale à l'horizon 2030, 2050 et 2100. Le couplage du modèle d'usage des sols Nexus Land-Use (NLU) avec le modèle de biodiversité Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (PREDICTS) permet d’étudier l’impact de ces stratégies d’atténuation sur différentes composantes de la biodiversité. Le calcul de bilan d’azote permet quant à lui de préciser le lien entre l’intensification et sont impact environnemental.Dans la première partie du manuscrit de thèse, nous testons des scénarios d’augmentation de la production de légumineuse en Europe en évaluant les effets sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre du secteur AFOLU. Nous montrons que le principal avantage environnemental des légumineuses est de fournir des protéines comme substitut aux produits d'origine animale plutôt que de permettre une réduction de la consommation d'engrais de synthèse par une fixation accrue de l'azote par les légumineuses. La majorité de la réduction d’émission a lieu dans le secteur de production animal et hors de l'Europe. Notons également l'importance des mécanismes indirects qui mène à une réduction des émissions de N2O associées à la fertilisation azotée dans le secteur végétal. La sensibilité de ces résultats à la combinaison du scénario de changement de régime alimentaire avec un scénario de reforestation nous amène à nous intéresser dans la suite aux interactions entre stratégies d’atténuation.Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions les compromis et les synergies entre conservation de la biodiversité et maintien de la sécurité alimentaire pour différents scénarios d’atténuation. La production à large échelle de bioénergie a des effets négatifs à la fois sur différents indicateurs de biodiversité (richesse spécifique et l’indicateur d'intégrité de la biodiversité) et sur la sécurité alimentaire (prix de l’alimentation et coût de production). Bien que présentant un compromis entre protection de la biodiversité et sécurité alimentaire, les combinaisons de changement de régime alimentaire et de scénario de reforestation permettent d’améliorer la biodiversité et la sécurité alimentaire dans de nombreux cas par rapport à une situation sans atténuation des émissions.Dans la troisième partie, nous comparons différentes évolutions de l'usage des sols à l'échelle mondiale en identifiant les scénarios qui permettent de ne pas dépasser les limites de la planète au regard d'indicateurs renseignant le cycle de l’azote, l'intégrité de la biosphère, les émissions de CO2 du secteur AFOLU et la conservation des forêts. Nous montrons que malgré l’incertitude régnant autour de la détermination des limites planétaires, les scénarios environnementaux qui permettent de rester de manière robuste au sein de ces limites planétaires sont constitués majoritairement de reforestation, de changement de régime alimentaire et d’augmentation de l’efficacité de l’utilisation des intrants dans la production végétale. / The large-scale implementation of emission reduction strategies in the agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) sector raises questions about their sustainability. For example, second-generation bio-fuels threaten biodiversity and the reforestation of agricultural land increases food prices. In addition, these emission reduction strategies are highly dependent on socio-economic conditions describing the rest of the food system (agricultural trade liberalization, economic development, population growth, etc.). For example, an increase in food demand, due to population growth and economic development, can increase pressures on the food system, leading to ecosystem degradation and increased greenhouse gas emissions. In this thesis, we seek to clarify the impacts on biodiversity, food and greenhouse gas emission of large-scale mitigation strategies in the AFOLU sector under different socio-economic conditions. To do this, we used prospective modeling to simulate various global land uses in 2030, 2050 and 2100 under different scenarios. More specifically, to study the impact of different mitigation strategies on biodiversity indicators, we coupled the Nexus Land-Use (NLU) model with the Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (PREDICTS) biodiversity model. A nitrogen balance is also built to specify the link between intensification and environmental impact.In the first chapter, we assessed the impact of scenarios of increased legume production in Europe on greenhouse gas emissions in the AFOLU sector. We found that the main environmental benefit of legumes is to provide proteins as a substitute for animal products rather than enabling a lower consumption of synthetic fertilizer through the increased leguminous nitrogen fixation. Most of the emission reduction takes place in the animal production sector and outside Europe. This first chapter also highlights the importance of indirect mechanisms that lead to a reduction in N2O emissions associated with nitrogen fertilization in the plant sector. The sensitivity of these results to different reforestation scenario led me to then focus on the interactions between mitigation strategies.In the second chapter, we analyzed the trade-offs and synergies between biodiversity and food security for different combinations of mitigation scenarios. Large-scale bioenergy production had negative effects on different biodiversity indicators (species richness and biodiversity intactness index) as well as on different food security indicators (food prices and production costs). Although presenting a trade-off between biodiversity protection and food security, a combination of diet change and reforestation scenarios can improve biodiversity and food security in many cases compared to a situation without mitigation.In a third chapter, we identified global land-use scenarios that ensure to stay within planetary boundaries in terms of nitrogen cycle, biosphere integrity, non-CO2 emissions from the AFOLU sector and forest conservation. We showed that despite the uncertainty surrounding the determination of global boundaries, the most robust environmental scenarios that ensure to stay within these global boundaries are mainly composed of reforestation, dietary changes and increased efficiency in the use of inputs in crop production.

(M. A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / Ngudo ino yo sumbedza uri ho shumiswa mirero na maidioma manzhi kha u bvukulula vhuvha na nzulele ya vhafumakadzi kha maṅwalwa a Ṋetshivhuyu, M.J. na Sigogo, N.E. Ngudo yo tumbula uri kanzhi mirero na maidioma zwi shumiswa kha u tsikeledza vhafumakadzi fhethu hunzhi: mishumoni, mbinganoni, lufunoni na kha mavhusele. Tsikeledzo iyi i vha ya muhumbulo khathihi na ya ṋamani. Naho zwo ralo, ngudo yo wana uri hu na huṅwe hu si gathi hune mirero na maidioma zwa ṱuṱuwedza vhutshilo havhuḓi kha vhafumakadzi. Magumoni azwo, ngudo i themendela uri vhafumakadzi vha fanela u farwa zwavhuḓi, nge vha vha vhathu u fana na vhanna.

The aim of this thesis is to build a web application to teach students programming in Python through code puzzles that do not require them to write any code, to answer the research question How should a quiz application for introduction to Python programming be developed to be useful? The web application's utility and usability are evaluated through the learnability metric relative user efficiency. Data was collected and analyzed using Google Analytics and BigQuery. The study found that users were successfully aided with theoretical sections pertaining to the puzzles and even if programming is mainly a desktop activity there is still an interest for mobile access. Although evaluation of relative user efficiency did not serve as a sufficient learnability measure for this type of application, conclusions from the data analysis still gave insights into the utility of the web application.