L'objectif de cette étude était de mesurer l'effet de l'usage des antipsychotiques atypiques sur l'apparition du diabète de type 2, de la dyslipidémie, et de l'hypertension artérielle chez les québécois âgés de 65 ans ou plus. Trois études cas-témoin imbriquées dans une cohorte ont été menées. Les informations sur les patients provenaient de données administrées par la Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec. Une exposition prolongée à n'importe quel traitement antipsychotique a été significativement associée au risque de développer un diabète de type 2. De plus, les utilisateurs d'olanzapine et de quétiapine ont démontré un risque plus élevé de développer une dyslipidémie comparativement aux utilisateurs d'antipsychotiques typiques. Finalement, les utilisateurs passés de n'importe quel type d'antipsychotique ont eu un risque moindre de développer de l'hypertension artérielle par rapport aux gens qui utilisaient des antipsychotiques au moment de la survenue de l'hypertension artérielle. Les paramètres métaboliques des aînés qui prennent des antipsychotiques devraient donc être surveillés étroitement.

Le test en trois étapes est né d'une volonté de protection minimale et transfrontière des auteurs, en réaction à l'accord qui a été fait aux États, par la Convention de Berne, de la faculté de prendre des exceptions au droit d'auteur. Étudier le test en trois étapes à la lumière des traditions juridiques en la matière, opposant les États dits de droit civil, auteur-centrés, et les États dits de common law, société-centrés, permet de saisir les contours de ce mécanisme international complexe. Son adoption, et les termes de celle-ci, ont en effet été dictés par une nécessité de compromis entre les traditions juridiques. Sa réception, aussi hétérogène que les traditions juridiques, s'est faite de façon particulièrement antagoniste, opposant les régimes nord-américains, silencieux, au régime européen, mettant en œuvre le test plutôt deux fois qu'une et ne manquant pas de déclencher ainsi de nombreuses oppositions doctrinales. Celles-ci, dans un premier temps centrées sur le destinataire du test, se sont finalement cristallisées autour de l'interprétation du test. Ce dernier, érigé en condition supplémentaire du bénéfice des exceptions au sein de l'Union européenne, a déclenché les foudres d'une partie de la doctrine, y voyant moult dangers. Il a alors fait l'objet de nombreuses propositions de réinterprétation, une partie d'entre elles voyant en lui un moyen d'instaurer une exception ouverte dans le régime européen, et donc de mâtiner celui-ci de traditions de common law. Pourtant, une interprétation raisonnable du test, préservant son esprit et son effet utile, ainsi que les différentes traditions juridiques, est plus que souhaitable. Enfin, son objectif de protection minimale des auteurs ne pourra, quoi qu'il en soit, être atteint que par une application du test par tous les États parties aux textes le consacrant.

Le double doublage francophone donne lieu à deux doublages différents pour un même film américain : un doublage français et un doublage québécois. Issue de la législation des deux aires géographiques, cette pratique donne l'occasion inégalable d'analyser les deux doublages produits d'un point de vue sociolinguistique. Au Québec, la langue du doublage est souvent nommée « français international », mais en vérité, il n'existe pas de source décrivant officiellement les normes prescriptives ou objectives de ce français, qui est davantage une idéologie (Sanders, 1996, p. 113) qui découle des représentations que les doubleurs ont de la langue française. Il a déjà été démontré que la langue du doublage québécois est particulière en raison du désir des doubleurs d'employer un français à la fois ancré au Québec et délocalisé, qui sont deux objectifs difficilement conciliables (Reinke et Ostiguy, 2012, Reinke et al.,2017 et 2019). En effet, il semble avoir dans le doublage québécois peu de traits de la variété québécoise, et ce, même si plusieurs de ces traits sont aujourd'hui acceptés en variété soutenue. Afin de connaître quel type de norme est suivi par les doubleurs, endogène ou exogène, l'étude du e variable est pertinente, principalement à cause de sa variation diatopique (Côté, 2012, p. 260) et diaphasique (Lucci, 1978, p. 46). Afin de nous éclairer sur les normes objectives suivies par les doubleurs, nous analyserons les usages des doubleurs quant à cette variable linguistique dans un corpus de transcriptions de 11 films et séries télévisées. La réalisation du e variable sera analysée selon la provenance géographique du doublage, la formalité de la situation de communication et le genre cinématographique. / The French language "double dubbing" phenomen on gives rise to two different dubbing tracks for the same American movie: a French dubbed version from France and one from Québec. As a result of legislation in the two geographical regions, this practice provides an unparalleled opportunity to study the two dubbings from a sociolinguistic point of view. In Québec, the language of dubbing is often called "international French", but in reality, there exists no source officially describing the prescriptive or objective norms of this particular French, which is more of an ideology (Sanders, 1996: 113) originating from the dubber's representations of the French language. It has already been shown that the language of the Quebec dubbing is peculiar, due to the dubbers' desire to use a language both rooted in Québec and delocalized, which are two objectives that are difficult to reconcile (Reinke et Ostiguy, 2012, Reinke et al., 2017 et 2019). Indeed, Québec's dubbing seems to offer few features typical of Québec's French, even if several of these traits are now accepted in formal speech. In order to elucidate what type of norm is followed by the dubbers, endogenous orexogenous, the study of variable e is relevant, mainly because of its diatopic (Côté, 2012,p.260) and diaphasic variation (Lucci, 1978, p. 46). In order to shed light on the objective norms followed by dubbers, we will study how they use the variable e in a corpus composed of the transcriptions of 11 films and television series. The usage of the variable e will be analyzed according to geographical origin of the dubbing, register and film genre.

Master of Science / Department of Architecture / David Seamon / This thesis uses behavioral mapping to analyze two contrasting spaces in Kansas State University’s Hale Library. One of the spaces is meant for computer use; and the other for general library use, including study-group work. The conceptual approach chosen to describe and analyze these two library spaces is the behavior-setting theory developed by psychologist Roger Barker, who defines behavior settings as independent units of space, with temporal and spatial boundaries, that have “great coercive power over the behaviors that occur within them” (Barker, 1968, p. 17). The behavioral observations for the two Hale Library spaces were analyzed and compared with findings from other studies of library usage and behaviors. In the first chapter of the thesis, I introduce my study topic and discuss recent developments in libraries. In the second chapter, I provide a broad overview of library history and library use. I also overview behavior-setting theory and present examples of research on behavior settings and libraries. In the third chapter, I discuss research methods for this thesis, starting with how library spaces can be described as behavior settings. I then discuss specific methodological procedures involved in the behavioral study of activities in the two library spaces. In the fourth chapter, I discuss the two spaces studied in Hale Library, first, describing their physical features and then discussing their behavior-setting attributes. In the fifth chapter, I present my behavioral observations and compare and contrast the two Hale Library spaces in terms of user behaviors and as behavior settings. In the sixth and final chapter of this thesis, I compare my research results with other library research and offer my speculative ideas on the future of the academic library. The overarching theme of this thesis is evaluating how recent digital technologies have affected libraries, and how traditional library spaces and spaces designated for digital technology can be integrated in future libraries.

The study investigates the interface between the variables - language attitude and language use in a development context, and attempts to determine the contribution of language to Rwanda's post-conflict development, reconstruction and reconciliation. It examines the language attitudes and language use patterns of 53 students from Rwanda's public universities focusing on how students, who are all Rwandan citizens, view the role of Kinyarwanda, French, English and Kiswahili languages in twelve core areas of post-conflict development. Although post-conflict development is socio-economic, previous historical and political factors affecting Rwanda's violent past play a role as new forms of linguistic categorization - Anglophone and Francophone - emerge which may be used to camouflage previous ethnic categorizations that have had disastrous effects in Rwanda. Further, social categorizations laden with salient features of linguistic identity may influence the implementation of the post-conflict development programmes, and also affect the pace and pattern of reconciliation in Rwanda. Conclusions are based on eclectic sources: quantitative, qualitative, historical and participatory, with patterns of analysis established from secondary and historical data. The study is also grounded in the Communication Accommodation Theory that rests on issues of divergence and convergence during interaction where emerging language identities dovetail with language attitudes and language use, resulting in an interface that influences the implementation of Rwanda's post-conflict development programmes. Additionally, it is argued that the African languages such as Kinyarwanda and Kiswahili, should be considered as vehicles for Rwanda's post-conflict development, although Kinyarwanda, the home language, has in the past really not served an intranational unifying function. On the other hand, Kiswahili, unlike Kinyarwanda, has no divisive myths and identities that would inhibit post-conflict development; it is an important language in the East and Central African region where post-conflict Rwanda will play a positive and active role, and would be a language to be positively developed. / African Languages / D.Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

This study investigates error fossilisation in the written English of Xhosa - speaking students. It is hypothesised that there is no statistically significant difference in the language errors of two groups of Grade 10 and Grade 12 students. Two randomly selected groups of 30 Grade 10 and 30 Grade 12 students in a rural senior secondary school in the Eastern Cape province were required to write two essays, of which the first two hundred words of each essay were marked. A frequency count of errors was done and comparisons were made. The findings indicate that the Grade 12s consistently made fewer errors. However, the difference is only statistically significant in the case of prepositions and concord, and is insignificant in tenses, pronouns and articles. The findings also show evidence of fossilisation given the persistence of some of the errors. Certain features in the student's language were not eradicated by the additional two years exposure to English. / English Studies / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / While any vehicle that is typically part of a flight test campaign is heavily instrumented to validate its performance, long term vehicle health monitoring is performed by a significantly reduced number of sensors due to a number of issues including cost, weight and maintainability. The development and deployment of smart sensor buses has reached a time in which they can be integrated into a larger data acquisition system environment. The benefits of these types of buses include a significant reduction in the amount of wiring and overall system complexity by placing the appropriate signal conditioners close to their respective sensors and providing data back over a common bus, that also provides a single power source. The use of a smart-sensor data collection bus, such as IntelliBus™1 or IEEE-1451, along with the continued miniaturization of signal conditioning devices, leads to the interesting possibility of permanently embedding data collection capabilities within a vehicle after the initial flight test effort has completed, providing long-term health-monitoring and diagnostic functionality that is not available today. This paper will discuss the system considerations and the benefits of a smart sensor based system and how pieces can be transitioned from flight qualification to long-term vehicle health monitoring in production vehicles.

In evolution alternative genetic trajectories can potentially lead to similar phenotypic outcomes. However, certain trajectories are preferred over others. These preferences bias the genomes of living organisms and the underlying processes can be observed in ongoing evolution. We have studied a variety of biases that can be found in bacterial chromosomes and determined the selective causes and functional consequences for the cell. We have quantified codon usage bias in highly expressed genes and shown that it is selected to optimise translational speed. We further demonstrated that the resulting differences in decoding speed can be used to regulate gene expression, and that the use of ‘non-optimal’ codons can be detrimental to reading frame maintenance. Biased gene location on the chromosome favours recombination between genes within gene families and leads to co-evolution. We have shown that such recombinational events can protect these gene families from inactivation by mobile genetic elements, and that chromosome organization can be selectively maintained because inversions can lead to the formation of unstable hybrid operons. We have used the development of antibiotic resistance to study how different bacterial lifestyles influence evolutionary trajectories. For this we used two distinct pairs of antibiotics and disease-causing bacteria, namely (i) Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is treated with rifampicin and (ii) Escherichia coli that is treated with ciprofloxacin. We have shown that in the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resistance mutations are selected for high-level resistance. Fitness is initially less important, and over time fitness costs can be ameliorated by compensatory mutations. The need for rapid growth causes the selection of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli not only to be selected on the basis of high-level resistance but also on high fitness. Compensatory evolution is therefore not required and is not observed. Taken together, our results show that the evolution of a phenotype is the product of multiple steps and that many factors influence which trajectory is the most likely to occur and be most beneficial. Over time, selection will favour this particular trajectory and lead to biased evolution, affecting genome sequence and organization.

Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study aims to investigate the speech act of complimenting in Zulu. It is divided into five chapters, which are arranged as follows: Chapter one provides special details regarding the aim of this study, the method that has been followed, and the organizational structure of the study. Chapter two focuses on both speech act and politeness theories. The central notion relates to (a) the acts of locution, (b) illocution and (c) perlocution. These elements of speech acts entail the notion that utterances that are produced by participants in a conversation comprises of (a) the actual sounds and words uttered, and those words and sounds (b) are intended towards the fulfillment of the force or intention behind them and (c) the effect of that force is intended to the hearer. Although there are other related elements, this notion is prominent in this chapter. Chapter three examines the speech acts of complimenting in Zulu along with their responses. This examination is informed by various ideas from the respective researchers. For an effective and successful investigation of speech acts, a guideline which serves as a base follows a method of ethnography of communication. Almost all these researchers are putting emphasis on this view. The elements of the responses, the principles, their nature, structure and appearance in general conversations with specific reference to complimenting, are other key properties examined in this chapter. Chapter four focuses on the functions of compliments. For example, almost all the researchers in the field are in agreement that compliments serve to revitalize, establish or create or encourage solidarity. Although there are other functions relating to this speech act, such as replacing other conversational formulas, e.g. greetings, softening criticism, the function of solidarity is perceived to be central. Another area which receives attention is the structural qualities of the compliment, along with syntactic and lexical features. This analysis explores the syntactic categories that relate to this work, together with the formulaic nature of this speech act. Chapter five is the last chapter of this study. It represents the conclusion in which the main findings in the study are summarized.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the defining characteristics of the genre-theory analytically for isiXhosa. The five chosen genre texts in isiXhosa, extracted from five Bona magazine, deal with social problems. Firstly the study investigates the theory of genre-based approach. The genre-based approach forms the framework for the analysis of the isiXhosa texts. The ethnography of writing posited in the theory of text construction of Grabe and Kaplan (1996) is explored. This theory is accepted as an underlying framework for teaching writing in isiXhosa in Curriculum 2005. The ethnography of writing entails addressing the following questions: who writes, what, to whom, for what purpose, why and how. Secondly, the write parameter, which is extensively examined, deals with the six learning outcomes such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, thinking and reasoning, language structure, in relation to the assessment standards, as a realisation of communicative purpose. The text-linguistic characteristics of the genre approach involving Grabe and Kaplan's model of writing are explored in the five isiXhosa magazine texts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die onderskeidende kenmerke van die genre-teorie analities vir isiXhosa. Die vyf genre-tekste van die BONA tydskrif wat gekies word, handeloor sosiale probleme. Die studie ondersoek eerstens die teorie van die genre-gebaseerde benadering. Die genre-gebaseerde benadering vorm die raamwerk vir die analise van die isiXhosa tekste. Die etnografie van skryf soos gepostuleer in die teorie van tekskonstruksie van Grabe en Kaplan (1996) word ondersoek. Hierdie teorie word aanvaar as onderliggende raamwerk in die onderrig van skryfvaardighede in Kurrikulum 2005. Die etnografie van skryf, behels die ondersoek van die vrae: wie skryf wat aan wie, vir watter doel, wanneer, waarom, en hoe. Tweedens, die skryf parameter, wat uitgebreid ondersoek word met verwysing na die Xhosa tekste, hou ook verband met die leeruitkomste van luister, lees, praat, denkvaardighede en taalstruktuur, met betrekking tot die assesseringsstandaarde, as 'n realisering van kommunikatiewe doelstelling. Die tekslinguisitiese eienskappe word ondersoek soos gepostuleer deur Grabe en Kaplan t.o.v. die vyf Xhosa tydskrifartikels. / ISICATSHULWA Lo msebenzi uphonononga ukwakhiwa kwe thiyori yegenre ngokuhlalutyiweyo. Itekisi zegenre ezintlanu zijonga iingxaki zasekuhlaleni yaye zicatshulwe kumabali amahlanu encwadi ekuthiwa yiBona. Okokuqala lo msebenzi uphanda ithiyori ebanzi ngendlela ethi igenre ijongwe ngayo. Le yimvelaphi yohlobo Iwetekisi yolwimi IwesiXhosa. Indlela yokubhala amagama ivela kwithiyori ka Grabe no Kaplan (1996). Le thiyori yamkelekile njengesiseko sokufundisa ukubhala. Iquka indlela yokubhala enale mibuzo: ngubani obhalayo, ebhala ntoni, ebhalela bani, siyintoni isizathu, ngoba kutheni, ebhala njani. Imigaqo okanye imimiselo yokubhala iyavavanywa yaye iza kujongana neziphumo zokufunda ezithandathu ezizezi: ukumamela, ukuthetha, ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala, ukucinga nokuqiqa, ukwakhiwa kolwimi nokusetyenziswa, nendlela yokuhlola njengenjongo yokudlulisa umba lowo. Ezi mpawu zolwimi Iwetekisi yokusetyenziswa kwegenre zizakujongwa banzi kusetyenziswa Ie ndlela yokubhala ka Grabe no Kaplan. Iziphumo zemfundo eyile: ukufunda nokubona, ukubhala, ukucinga nokuqiqa ziza kunikwa uqwalaselo olulodwa. Okokugqibela abafundi bebanga lesixhenxe baza kuba nakho ukukubona ukuvisisana nokudibana kokubhala ukucinga ukuqiqa kunye nemiqathango yokuhlolwa.