Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1984. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-117).

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-221).

Overfishing is not an exclusive topic of big fishing industry. Overfishing by small-scale fishers is also happening. The Territorial Use of Rights – TURFs was implemented in Chile to protect the Chilean abalone from overfishing. Through the implementation of the TURFs Chilean abalone are no longer threatened by overfishing. The challenge to protect the resource thus seems to be solved. However, while some problems are solved others persist or new ones arise. The thesis explores the discourses of the Chilean social actors in regard to the development and challenges of the TURFs. The empirical data is formed by a group of interviews, where social issues such as TURFs accomplishments, resource availability, diversification, tenure issues, access to the coast, lack of infrastructure, competition for the space and future expectations, are milestones arising from the empirical material. These issues are analysed through the lens of fishers and stakeholder‟s perception. The paper confirms what other studies such as Cereceda and Czischke 2001, Gallardo 2008, Gallardo and Friman 2012, González et al. 2006, and Meltzoff et al. 2002 have found. Fishers organised nationally through confederations, regional federations and local associations have become active social actors in the artisanal fisheries arena. Similarly, it is also corroborated that through good leadership some fishing organisations are diversifying related and no-related fishing activities to secure better living conditions, thus, constantly evolving, encapsulating more and more benthic fishers‟ social and economic needs. The study concludes that the fishers, even though the difficulties and challenges encountered (heterogeneity of the richness of the seabed and different land issues) during the co-management of some TURFs and due to the fact that they are working in the same designated and exclusive place, they have developed a collective sense of permanent attachment and sense of „property‟ or tenure to the water body where the TURFs are located. Due to their development, the TURFs seem to be more than temporary, raising the question of the land tenure and associated infrastructure development where fishers place their activities, especially in rural areas where settlements do not exist.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-280).

Le problème foncier a été une question fondamentale tout au long de l’histoire chinoise. À la différence des systèmes juridiques occidentaux, la propriété privée foncière n’est jamais considérée ni comme un droit subjectif naturel, ni comme un droit absolu. À cela s’ajoute la contradiction entre l’économie de marché et l’idéologie socialiste. Le droit d’usage du terrain fut créé dans un contexte visant à favoriser le développement économique sans pour autant rompre avec l’idéologie socialiste. Ainsi, le droit d’usage du terrain et la propriété publique du terrain interagissent de façon inédite. Le droit d’usage du terrain se développe au rythme des besoins économiques. A la suite de l’amendement de la Constitution en 2004 qui consacre la protection de la propriété privée, la loi sur les droits réels de 2007 reconnaît explicitement la nature réelle du droit d’usage du terrain et protège également la propriété privée et la propriété publique. Il faut garder à l’esprit que la consécration juridique de cette nouvelle figure du droit foncier chinois soulève de nombreuses questions, tant sur un plan juridique que politique. Quelles sont les conséquences de la finance foncière du gouvernement ? Ne faut-il pas dresser le constat d’une ineffectivité de la protection du droit d’usage du terrain face à l’État ? Comment répondre aux insatisfactions des expropriés ? Toutes ces interrogations nous conduisent à penser que le droit d’usage est loin d’être un droit sacré ; il appelle une nouvelle réforme de grande ampleur : à notre sens, en effet, une réforme politique d’ensemble paraît à la fois nécessaire et inévitable. / The issue of ownership has been a fundamental question throughout Chinese history. Different from what has been established by western legal systems, the private ownership has never been considered as a subjective natural right , not an absolute right. In addition, there exists a contradiction between the market economy and the socialism. The land use right was created under the circumstances aiming to encourage economic development without breaking with the socialist ideology. Therefore, the land use right and the public ownership interact with each other in a very original way. The land use right develops along with the economic demands. In order to extend the protection to private ownership, the Chinese Constitution is amended in 2004. Accordingly, the Property Law of 2007 explicitly recognizes the very nature of the land use right, and offers equal protection to both private ownership and public ownership. It is important to keep in mind that the recognition of such new element in Chinese Property Law raises many legal questions as well as political ones. What are the consequences of governmental land finance? Is there a need to address the issue of ineffectiveness in the protection of land use right against the State? How to respond to the dissatisfaction of the private person whose property is expropriated? All these questions lead us to the conclusion that the land use right is still far from a sac red right. It requests a further extensive reform. In our view, a comprehensive political reform is both necessary and unavoidable.

公有土地撥用制度，由於以往相關法規對於撥用「所有權」或「使用權」不明確，因此，各級政府機關之間往往產生有償無償問題爭議，以致影響公有土地撥用作業。本研究從財產權觀點探討撥用問題，進行理論上剖析與實務上的探討。 　　本研究之重要結論與建議如下： 　　一、結論 　　（一）公有土地撥用之相關法規對於財產權界定不明確，為產生撥用之有償無償爭議的主要原因。 　　（二）公有土地撥用之有償與否，對土地使用配置的效率有一定程度影響，而撥用之有償無償爭議，易造成公有土地撥用的無效率。 　　（三）公有土地撥用應區分「所有權」與「使用權」的撥用，以所有權移轉者，以有償方式撥用，以使財產權界定更明確。 　　二、建議 　　（一）於不同層級政府（如臺北市政府與臺北縣政府）或同一層級不同地方政府（如臺北市與臺灣省政府）間撥用公有土地，以撥所有權為主，採取有償方式。於同一層級政府間撥用公有土地，則以撥用使用權方式進行。 　　（二）區分所有權與使用權之撥用，並分別賦予不同名稱。同一層級政府間撥使用權，宜稱為「移轉使用」，不同層級政府或同一層級不同地方政府間撥所有權，才稱為「撥用」，以避免二者混淆。 / Concerning the land appropriation system in Taiwan, because relevant past laws and regulations concerning appropriation "ownership" and "use rights" were not clear, problems and disputes concerning whether or not compensation would be awarded often arose between government agencies at various levels, sometimes affecting the implementation of the public land appropriations. This study researches the appropriation question from the viewpoint of property rights, making both a theoretical analysis and an' investigation of actual practice. 　　The important conclusions and suggestions of this study are as follows: 　　1. Conclusions: 　　A. Laws and regulations concerning public land appropriations are unclear as to property right distinctions and are a principal cause for disputes concerning whether or not to award compensation for appropriations. 　　B. Whether or not compensation is given for public land appropriations has a definite level of impact on the efficiency of arrangements for land use. Therefore disputes concerning whether or not to give compensation for appropriations are apt to lead to inefficient public land appropriations. 　　C. Public land appropriations should clearly distinguish the appropriation of "ownership" and "use rights." In order to clearly distinguish property rights, compensation should be given for appropriations when ownership is transferred. 　　II. Suggestions 　　A. When public land appropriations are made between different government levels and segments (such as the Taipei Municipal Government and the Taipei County Government) or between different government levels in the same segment (such as the Taipei Municipal Government and the Taiwan Provincial Government), appropriation of property rights should be generally made. and should employ the method of giving compensation. When public land appropriations are made within a single level and segment of government, appropriation of use rights should be made. 　　B. Distinction should be made between the appropriation of property rights and use rights, and they should also be given different names. In order to avoid confusion of the two, use right appropriations made within a single segment and level of government should be appropriately termed "transfer of use right," and only property right appropriations made between different segments and levels of government or within the same segment but between different levels of government should be termed "appropriations."

雖著國內生產成本提高，1980年代起許多臺商製造業者紛紛前往中國投資設廠。然而製造業設廠必須使用土地，且由於土地的特性，使得業者在前往中國投資時，必須在當地取得土地，方能建廠進行生產。然而在中國的土地公有制度下，將可能使業者於經營過程中遭遇土地方面的問題。 製造業在跨界投資設廠時，往往在當地長時間經營，而早期當中國相關制度尚在建立時便進入投資的臺商，在中國的土地公有制度下，將可能在經營過程中遭遇土地方面的問題。製造業取得土地設廠後，其生產活動大多為長時間的經營，加上土地的不可移動性與建物定著性，因此投入生產後縱使遭逢變化，也未必能夠立刻遷往他處；此狀況在臺商以中小企業為主、彼此協做生產的產業型態下，可能更為明顯。根據相關研究，臺商在中國遭遇的糾紛中，土地問題占大多數，可見此一環節對製造業者的重要性。 本研究主要利用訪談的方式，試圖以廠商的角度來探討土地制度變遷所造成的影響，並釐清與歸納出臺商在中國投資環境與政策變化快速的情況下，「土地」對製造業者所帶來的問題與因應方式。 訪談對象以廣東東莞的臺商業者為主，包含大型製造業集團與中小企業的負責人或財務資產管理部門主管。由於東莞是臺商最早前往投資的重要聚集地，且當地以集體土地為主的產權型態，經過二十多年的發展，各鄉鎮集體已形成很強的自主性，制度變化的過程中牽動著與既有、環繞著集體產權體制的相關利益，以及國家機器與集體組織間的角力關係。面對這樣複雜的土地制度環境，東莞卻仍聚集大量的臺商，值得深入探究其因。 本研究歸納訪談結果後，認為在臺商前往中國投資過程中，特別是對東莞地區的製造業者而言，中國特殊的土地產權制度、以及快速變化的規範，皆是影響經營發展與策略的重要因素。本研究認為，由於中國的土地制度可說是具備「國有化」與「開發許可制」的特色，政府幾乎控制了土地產權與發展權的釋出管道，因此取得土地權證與否，將會是投資的重要考量。同時也因為土地不可移動與建物定著的特性，一旦取得土地使用上的保障、興建廠房後，業者在面對土地或其他經營上的問題時，可能傾向以更積極的態度克服。在中國注重「政商關係」的環境下，業者更往往透過協會組織的幫助，大型集團甚至可憑一幾之力，與政府進行溝通協商以保障在當地的產業發展。 / In 1980’s, the rise of production costs prompted Taiwanese enterprises to move to China, most of them are manufacture. The investment of manufacturing firms have to use land to build factories, and they can only acquire land at local, rather than bring it from Taiwan. However, because of land right institution in China was not set up completely when the “open door policy” began, foreign manufacturers could face some problems related to land under public ownership in years that followed. Especially for Taiwanese manufacturing investment, that are mostly small- or medium-sized independent manufacturing firms and cooperate with other firms, to form a production chain. In this research, we discuss the influences of transition of land right institution from manufactures’ view, through the interviews with a number of Taiwanese manufacturing firms in China. Most of the interviewees were Taiwanese manufacturing firms in Dongguan, Guangdong. It is a city that Taiwanese firms tended to cluster in the early years. With development for over 20 years, each township in Dongguan enjoys a high degree of autonomy on leading the direction of development. However, most of land in Dongguan are collective-owned, and a lot of profit would be involved during the transition of land right institution or ownership. Even so, there are still plenty of Taiwanese firms investing in Dongguan up to the present day. We conclude that the special land ownership institution in China and swiftly transformed environment are responsible for the changing operation strategies. Both characters of “state-owned” and “planning permission” are embedded in Chinese land institution, and the rights of ownership and development are tightly controlled and can only be granted by government. In consequence, land use right has become an important concern over investment. Moreover, a firm already granted with land use right tends to be much active, or seek help from “Taiwanese business association”, to solve the problems it has faced during operation.

The diploma thesis is focused on Czech legislative of public use of forest, landscape and public greenery. Everyone has right to enter the forest and to pass the landscape and public greenery except estates that are excluded from public use. The public use is legal limit of property law. The owner's of estates duty is to tolerate public use, i. e. to allow enter his estates. The owner of forest can allow some activities in forest which are prohibited by law. Forest enclosures are examples of specific use of forest. The entrance in forest enclosure can be restricted. Different legal regime is in protected areas. The entrance in given area can be restricted to tourist trails or completely excluded due to nature conservation. Some activities are allowed only with permission of nature conservation body or based on general measure. The Czech legislative does not have the legal tool in cases of owner hampers users in use of studied subjects of public use.

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Rapid growth of cities has become a trend in most countries, this is caused by urbanisation wherein people move from the rural areas to the urban areas in search of employment. It goes without saying that such population needs housing. However, it is unusual to find land for housing in an already crowded place. Therefore, to curb this shortage in housing, countries like South Africa have resorted to adoption of fragmented property holding in and around the cities. Thus, in an attempt to curtail housing shortages in the urban area as well as land shortage, communal property schemes were adopted together with their governing legislation namely, Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986, Share Blocks Act 59 of 1980 and Property Time-sharing Control Act 75 of 1983 to name a few. Likewise, Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho is also experiencing rapid growth in population. Hence, with the introduction of Lesotho’s Sectional Titles Bill 2013 came a ray of hope that the land and housing shortage in Maseru would be addressed. With this in mind, this suggested that the Government of Lesotho together with all concerned stakeholders thought it necessary to address this problem through the 2013 Bill which, for the most part follows the South African Sectional Titles Act of 1986. It is for this reason that this study was embarked on to show other forms of property holding akin to sectional titles as well as their regulation, which can all be used to eliminate housing shortages in Lesotho. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015