Peach production in utah County is an important farm enterprise. In 1944, 342,525 bushels were produced, valued at $685,050. This was 5.5 percent of the total value of all agricultural products sold or used in the home for the year 1944. In value and acreage the peach crop leads all other fruit crops produced in Utah County. Utah County is the most important peach producing area in the state. It contained 28 percent of the total farms reporting peach orchards, 44.7 percent of all peach trees and 40.6 percent of the number of bushels harvested in the state for the year 1944. In 1938 the varieties of peach trees in utah County in order of tree number were as follows: Elberta first, J. H. Hale second and Early Elberta third. Varieties of lesser importance included Late Crawford, Heath Cling, Rochester, Greensboro and others. The peach is a perishable farm commodity, and must be marketed within a short period of time. Canning factories provide a market for a small portion of the crop, but the major part must be marketed as fresh fruit through peddling from door to door, through the fruit and vegetable department of the grooery stores, through selling at roadside stands usually operated by the producer, or through out-of-state shipments usually handled by producers' marketing associations or produce brokers operating in the area. Utah peaches in out-of-state trade go into Idaho, California, Arizona, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Iowa. In some years a few peaches get into markets in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Utah peaches are competing on these markets with peaches from central and northern California, Colorado, Idaho, Arkansas, Illinois, and Indiana. On the local markets utah peaches find competition with peaches from Idaho, California, and Colorado. With this competition of peaches for markets, it is very necessary that producers keep fully abreast with all new methods and practices and be able to tell where their business can be made more efficient and profitable.

I designed a suite of studies in coordination with Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (UDWR) to evaluate waterfowl use of the GSL in winter and ecological aspects associated with GSL use. These studies provided insight into key information gaps previously identified by UDWR regarding management of GSL resources. Population surveys indicated total duck abundance was low when GSL surface elevations were low and wetland resources diminished because of persistent drought in the system. Also, ducks appear to use hypersaline parts of GSL more when freshwater habitats are limited from either drought or ice conditions. Common goldeneye, northern shoveler, and green-winged teal exhibited the most use of hypersaline areas. Dietary evaluations indicated all three species feed on hypersaline invertebrates from GSL to meet energetic and nutritional needs in winter. Brine shrimp cysts were important foods for northern shoveler and green-winged teal. Fat levels of ducks are important determinants of survival and fitness. Fat reserves of goldeneye were generally lower in the winter when both GSL and wetland habitat resources were lower. Results suggest brine fly larvae productivity, freshwater habitat availability, and temperature and wind speed likely play a more prominent role in goldeneye fat reserves than osmoregulation. Also, common goldeneye and northern shoveler using the GSL apparently accumulated biologically concerning amounts of mercury and selenium during winter. However, further research is needed to evaluate the effect of these elements on GSL ducks.

Since 1900 the ringneck pheasant Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin has assumed major importance in the United states as an upland game bird. This is particularly evident in utah where, in 1951, 76,000 hunters bagged an estimated one quarter million pheasants (8). It is axiomatic that pheasant habitat in Utah is largely confined to land under irrigation. In Utah, this comprises onlY 2.2 percent of the total land area. These areas, essentially bottomlands along stream courses, are intensively farmed and generally assessed a high valuation per acre. Associated with intensive farming are population centers and resultant concentrations of hunters. As hunter density increased in Utah, game management problems followed. Landowners were confronted by serious problems of trespass and damage to property. As in other states, landowners posted property with no Trespass signs. in doing so, they substantially reduced the pheasant habitat available to hunters.

The purpose of this study was to determine if cross-country is a desirable sport for the Utah High School Activities Association to include as an interscholastic sport. In order to determine practices, standards, and regulations of a desirable cross-country program, reasons for not including cross-country, and what the status of c ross-country is in Utah, questionnaires were sent to the states having a state sanctioned cross-country program , the states that do not have a state sanctioned cross-country program, and the track coaches in Utah. From the data received , the following conclusions were made: (a) cross-country is a growing sport, across the nation and in Utah, (b) the cross-country program which is being conducted in the high schools of Utah at the present time is following some of the examples set by the states having an approved program, (c) there are certain standards and regulations which are being followed by the states across the nation that should be incorporated into Utah's program if administered by the Utah High School Activities Association, and (d) the Utah High School Activities Association should approve cross-country as an interscholastic sport.

The study was conducted to develop a process by which teachers and counselors could initiate implement and evaluate career guidance activities in regular junior high school classrooms. The problem. Junior high school teachers in Utah were not participating with counselors in providing career guidance activities for students. Purpose. To conduct a pilot program in career guidance in which teachers and counselors at the junior high school level could create student activities which are applicable in the classroom from a pre-designed career guidance model. Objectives. 1. To develop career guidance behavioral objectives and learning activities applicable to teaching in the classroom at the junior high school level. 2. To evaluate the activities in a pilot project to determine if they reach the criterion set by the behavioral objectives. 3. To publish the developed bheavioral objectives and learning activities as a guide for further program development in junior high schools throughout the State of Utah. 4. To develop a contractual process for the purpose of involving counselors and teachers in career guidance activity development. Sample. The sample involved approximately 800 boys and girls, ages 13-15, at T. H. Bell Junior High School. The staff involved included the principal, one supervisor, two counselors and 16 teachers, five ninth grade, five eight grade, and six seventh grade teachers as determined by their homeroom assignment. Data. The data gathered were the written and evaluated activities developed by each teacher. Observational design. Contracts were written on each of the 56 pre-developed behavioral objectives. The contract stipulated the behavioral objective, time limitations for completion and the criterion level. The teacher, with the assistance of a supervisor or principal, developed activities which met the established criterion. Upon completion, these materials were compiled by a supervisor and final evaluation for correctness and completeness was determined. Upon completion, the teacher received a pre-arranged financial remuneration. the completed activities were placed in book form to correspond with the behavioral objectives. This placed the teacher developed activities within the total curriculum model at the junior high school level. Summary. Career guidance activities were written, and tested to determine if they reached criterion level specified by behavioral objectives, and these were then used in junior high school classes. the result of the process was to expand the career guidance offering at one junior high school from two counselors interacting with the students to a large portion of the faculty interacting with students relative to their future career choices. It appears that the process developed in this study has merit as it pertains to career guidance activities integrated into regular classrooms. The career guidance model with the developed activities were distributed to junior high schools throughout the state for the purpose of serving as an example of expanding career guidance activities into the regular classroom.

Near Logan, Utah, the Fish Haven Formation is a thick-bedded, dark-gray dolostone. The Laketown Formation, which rests on the Fish Haven, is a less resistant, medium-gray dolostone. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary has been placed locally at the top of the Fish Haven by stratigraphers, and in the lower Laketown Formation by paleontologists. Four sections of the Fish Haven and Laketown dolostones were measured near Logan, Utah. The samples from these four sections were examined using petrography, insoluble residue analyses, x- ray diffraction, quantitative and qualitative x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis. Petrography appears to be the best lab technique for distinguishing the two dolostones. This technique shows the grain size decreases in going from the Fish Haven Formation to the Laketown Formation. This decrease in grain size is also seen in the field. All other laboratory techniques show that the two dolostones are very similar and cannot, in general, be distinguished. To summarize, the percent insoluble residue and the percent of quartz and illite found in each formation are independent of formational boundaries. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis all show that the two formations are geochemically similar. A comparison of dolostones shows that they may, in general, be divided into two categories of pure and impure. The Fe2O3 content of pure dolostones may be less than the Fe2O3 content of impure dolostones. Other than the change in Fe2O3 content dolostones tend to be the same geochemically. This suggests that the process of dolomitization tends to obliterate any differences which may have originally existed and make all dolostones essentially uniform in composition.

The population of Americans over age 65 is expected to increase from a reported 12 percent in 1988 to 22 percent by the year 2030. Nutrition screening and intervention can help combat the rising need for health care and other services among the elderly by preventing or delaying disability and dependency. This study was designed to determine the degree of nutritional risk present within the elderly population in rural and urban areas in the state of Utah by conducting an initial nutrition screening using the Determine Your Nutritional Health checklist developed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative. Congregate meal sites were stratified according to urbanization and fifteen centers were selected from both rural and urban counties. Congregate meal participants present at the site completed a Determine Your Nutritional Health checklist and survey asking additional demographic data including age, sex, marital status, living situation, frequency of participation in congregate meals, and if they had previously used the checklist. A total of 838 valid surveys was collected from 29 congregate meal sites throughout the state of Utah. Fifty-seven percent of participants scored in the "good nutritional health" category, 27.7 percent were at moderate nutrition risk, and 15.4 percent scored in the high nutrition risk category. Nutrition risk category was significantly associated with gender, marital status, and cohabitation status. Women, unmarrieds, and individuals living alone scored more frequently in a higher nutrition risk category. Results of this study reflect influences on nutrition risk found in a sample of congregate meal participants in the state of Utah. These results can help the state of Utah identify the common risk factors within this segment of its population, i.e. gender, marital status, cohabitation status, acute/chronic disease, eating alone, and polypharmacy, to plan education and/or intervention for individuals who are at risk.

Cigarette smoke contains sufficient carbon monoxide to induce maternal and fetal hypoxia. Hypoxia is a known teratogen, and consequently maternal smoking has been the focus of many studies on adverse birth outcomes, including cleft lip and palate. Current literature of epidemiological studies on smoking and clefts suggests a modest but statistically significant increase in risk of clefting associated with maternal smoking. A biological condition that may also contribute to hypoxia is anemia. Data from the Utah Child and Family Health Study was used to assess the effects of hypoxia-inducing conditions, maternal smoking, anemia, and their interaction, on the risk of having a child with a cleft. Smoking during the first trimester and hemoglobin levels ofless than 12.0 g/dL were the defined risk exposures and logistic regression modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with increased risk of clefting; however, anemia did not appear to be associated with clefting in this population, and there was also no apparent additional increase in risk for those mothers who both smoked and were anemic. Prospects for future studies include using populations that have higher rates of anemia and smoking to gain more statistical power, and using more sensitive measures of red blood cell health other than hemoglobin. From a public health perspective, evidence from this study would suggest that efforts to promote smoking cessation in women of child-bearing years is of considerable importance.

Diet of cougars (Felis concolor) was studied from December 1978 to August 1981, on a 4500 km2 study area near Escalante, Utah. Prey eaten was determined from analysis of 112 animals consumed as prey, and from 239 cougar scats. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were the major prey item, comprising 81% of biomass consumed. Lagomorphs, large rodents, and smaller predators were also important components. Cattle comprised Motion-sensitive radio-transmitters were placed on 15 cougars, from 3 months to 7-9 years of age. Three parameters of the radio signal were used to determine activity levels during 6843 1-minute sampling periods: number of changes in pulse rate, predominant pulse mode, and signal integrity, based on 308 minutes of "known" acti vity. Cougars showed distinct crepuscular (sunrise, sunset ± 2 hrs) activity peaks (P Estimates of energetic costs of basal metabolism, and of activity, growth, and reproduction were used in a predictive model of energy cost of free-existence. Information on dietary composition, live weight and energy content of prey animals, and assimilation efficiencies were used to provide estimates of the frequency at which deer were killed (deer/day) and consumed (kg/day). Single adults were estimated to kill 1 deer per 8-16 days. Females with 3 large cubs would kill 1 deer as often as every 2-3 days. A known population of 8 adult cougars was predicted to consume 417 deer per year.

Biomass of roots in the top 6 inches of soil profile was measured . This weight was then used in a stepwise multiple regression to test correlations between root biomass and above ground merisurational parameters. Total biomass of all roots was 9822 ± 2810 pounds per acre oven dry. Spruce roots weighed 4417 ± 997 pounds per acre; of this spruce roots less than 0.125 inch diameter weighed 2023 ± 347 pounds per acre and biomass of spruce roots greater than 0.125 inch diameter was 2394 ± 8S3 pounds per acre. Total fir roots weighed Sl56 ± 2687 pounds per acre; of this roots less than 0.125 inch totaled 869 ± 181 pounds per acre and biomass of fir roots greater than 0.125 inch diameter was 4287 ± 2653 pounds per acre. Low r2 (0.11 to 0 .17) values were found and the parameters which showed the greatest predictive value were (dbh)2, dbh, basal area, (basal area)2, and height. The sampling design involved the pairing of trees over 4 inches diameter. Point density expressed as basal area was not useful in relating to root biomass with this sampling design.