In these days of international safety measures there is a small probability of outer attack, which would concern the Czech Republic. A greater risk exists from the side of terrorist attacks or natural disasters and catastrophies of a large extent. An integral part of protection of the population in the situation of threat to the state and state of war is especially a matter of concealment of people from undesirable impacts. The method and content of collective protection of people is determined by the plan of concealment, which belongs to the emergency plan of the region, perchance to outer emergency plans for zones of emergency planning as well as municipality plans. The concealment of people at the state of war in the region territory can be provided in permanent and improvized shelters. They serve for the protection of people from the effects of weapons of mass destruction, they are considerably resistant against direct hits of classic explosives as well as percussion bullets. At present no legislative regulation directs municipalities to work out concealment plans. Public awareness of the character of possible threat, prepared rescue and liquidating works and of protection of people is also insufficient. My thesis shows the present situation and the state of concealment plans at municipalities with extended field of activity in the region of South Bohemia. It compares individual means for concealment of people at municipalities with extended field of activity and their state and applicability in the state of emergency or war. At the same time it shows prospective intentions concerning the protection of people in the Czech Republic until 2013.

In Sergipe State the remaining Atlantic Forest area is estimated at about 9% of its original area. One of the vegetation areas most impacted is the springs and riparian forests of river. In this sense, some actions have been developed as a way to reverse this situation of degradation, such as public policy and forest recovery projects. One of such actions is the Preserving Springs and Municipalities Program, from which was developed the forest recovery project for the Sub-basin of Poxim river. In this context, it is paramount importance to understand how these actions have been carried out, how social participation happens and what the perception of the different social actors involved is, trying to reflect on the effectiveness that such actions have in the medium and long term. The research had as general objective to analyze the social participation in the forest recovery process in the Sub-basin of Poxim River. For this purpose, it was traced the following specific objectives: (1) understand how the historical process of forest recovery occurred in Sergipe State and the current context; (2) understand the concepts and identify the roles of institutions regarding forest recovery in Sergipe; (3) analyze how such actions are carried out and how the involvement and environmental perception of rural producers happens; (4) understand which aspects contribute or hamper the participation of rural producers in the forest recovery actions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 representatives of institutions and 11 rural producers involved in recovery actions. Such interviews were analyzed based on secondary sources, such as official documents and bibliography in the case of institutions; and based on the methodology of Collective Subject Discourse (DSC), in the case of rural producers. The results indicate three levels of participation: functional, by incentives and passivity, indicating the need to reformulate the proposal of involvement and social participation in the projects. An important topic among the demands is the need to reconcile productive points with the forest recovery. With respect to the institutional aspect, the demand for strengthening institutional arrangement, this contributes to financing, medium-and long-term planning, and creating tools that empower the forest recovery in Sergipe State. / No estado de Sergipe a área remanescente de Mata Atlântica está estimada em aproximadamente 9% de sua área original. Dentre as áreas de vegetação mais impactadas estão as nascentes e matas ciliares dos rios. Neste sentido, algumas ações vêm sendo desenvolvidas como forma de reverter esse quadro de degradação, como políticas públicas e projetos de recuperação florestal. Dentre tais ações, situa-se o Programa Preservando Nascentes e Municípios, a partir do qual foi desenvolvido o projeto de recuperação florestal da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Poxim. Nesse contexto, faz-se de suma importância compreender de que forma estas ações vem sendo realizadas, como se dá a participação social e qual a percepção dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos, buscando refletir sobre a eficácia que tais ações possuem a médio e longo prazo. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a participação social no processo de recuperação florestal na sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Poxim. Para tanto foram traçados os seguintes objetivos específicos: (1) Compreender como ocorreu o processo histórico de recuperação florestal no estado de Sergipe e qual o contexto atual; (2) Compreender as concepções e identificar as atuações das instituições referentes a recuperação florestal em Sergipe; (3) Analisar de que forma são desenvolvidas tais ações e como se dá o envolvimento e a percepção ambiental dos produtores rurais; (4) Compreender quais aspectos contribuem ou dificultam a participação dos produtores rurais nas ações de recuperação florestal. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com representantes de instituições e 11 com produtores rurais envolvidos nas ações de recuperação florestal. Tais entrevistas foram analisadas com base em fontes secundárias, como documentos oficiais e bibliografia, no caso das instituições; e com base na metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), no caso dos produtores rurais. Os resultados indicam três níveis de participação: funcional, por incentivos e passividade, o que indica a necessidade de se reformular a proposta de envolvimento e participação social nos projetos. Dentre as demandas, destaca-se a necessidade de se conciliar questões produtivas com a recuperação florestal. Com relação ao aspecto institucional, constata-se a demanda pelo fortalecimento de um arranjo institucional, que contribua para o financiamento, planejamento a médio e longo prazo, e criação de políticas públicas e instrumentos que fomentem a recuperação florestal no estado de Sergipe.

Este trabalho em Geografia Urbana enfoca a produção de ilhas de alto padrão de moradia na metrópole paulistana. Trata-se do estudo dos casos do Parque dos Príncipes e da Vila São Francisco; lugares caracterizados por significativo processo de segregação socioespacial voluntária: loteamentos destinados às frações de classe social com elevado poder aquisitivo, cercados por muros. Objetiva-se identificar os principais agentes responsáveis pela produção do espaço urbano nos lugares estudados; analisar suas atuações e entender, no espaço e no tempo, as causas da escolha da sub-região oeste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), para a implantação desse tipo de modelo habitacional. Para tanto, considerou-se o espaço como um sistema indissociável de objetos e de ações (SANTOS, 2003), o espaço urbano como fragmentado, articulado e conflituoso (CORRÊA, 2003), bem como a metrópole paulistana como sendo corporativa e fragmentada (SANTOS,1990). Como resultado final foi possível a identificação dos proprietários fundiários (Família Matarazzo e outros), dos promotores e incorporadores imobiliários (Camargo Corrêa, Gafisa, Godoi, Rodobens, Setin), do Estado e das associações de moradores (APRPP, ARPPO, ACCSF, SACSF), como principais agentes produtores da atual configuração dos lugares investigados. Todos se organizam Cada um a sua maneira, ora conflitando ora concordando entre si e corroboram para a produção da lógica da metrópole corporativa, inclusive com remoção de favelas e privatização de espaços públicos via fechamento de ruas e uso exclusivo de praças e parques. / This urban geography research focuses on the production of islands of high standard of housing in the metropolis of São Paulo. it is the study of cases of Princes Park and the village of San Francisco; places characterized by a significant process of voluntary spatial segregation; allotments, surrounded by walls, made for people with social standard and high purchasing power, surrounded by walls.The purpose is to identify the main causative agent witch is responsible for the production of the urban space at the specified places; analyze their actions and understand, at space and in time, the reasons for choosing the western sub-region of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MASP) to implement this type of housing model. For the development of this idea, we considered the space as an indivisible system of objects and actions (Santos, 2003), urban space as fragmented, articulated and confrontational (Corrêa, 2003, as well as the São Paulo metropolis corporate and fragmented (SANTOS, 1990).As the final result, it was possible the identification of landowners (Matarazzo family and other), promoters and real property developers (Camargo Corrêa, Gafisa Godoi, Rodobens Setin) the State the neighborhood association (APRPP, ARPPO, ACCSF, SACSF) as major cause of the current situation at the studied places. All are organized - Each one in your on way, sometimes conflicting, sometimes agreeing with each other - corroborate to the production of the metropolitan corporate logic, including slum clearance and the privatization of public spaces closing streets and making exclusive the use of the squares and parks.

Estuda as transformações urbanas e arquitetônicas na cidade de Paranaguá, no litoral do Paraná, durante os séculos XVIII e XIX, analisando desde a ocupação do continente, ainda no século XVII, passando pelas provisões do ouvidor Rafael Pires Pardinho nos anos de 1720, continuando com o desenvolvimento de seu porto, o impacto da economia da erva-mate, as mudanças nas edificações e em seus métodos construtivos, assim como nos códigos de posturas, na chegada da ferrovia, nas preocupações de higiene e salubridade e por fim na mudança do porto para a baía de Paranaguá. A partir da consulta a documentos primários como jornais, leis provinciais, relatórios, manuscritos, relatos de viajantes, fotografias, mapas e aquarelas, compreende como se deu o desenvolvimento da vila e depois cidade de Paranaguá. Também analisa as características de seu Centro Histórico e as leis vigentes neste local atualmente, finalizando com a proposta de um roteiro de visitas para a cidade. / This dissertation studies the urban and architectural transformations occurred in the city of Paranaguá, located on the coast of the Paranaguá state, during the 18th and 19th centuries. It analyses the occupation of the continent, starting from the 17th century, going through Ouvidor Rafael Pires Pardinho\'s provisions during the decade of 1720 and continuing with the development of its harbour, the impact of the erva-mate\'s economy, the changes in the buildings and in the methods of construction, as well as in the codes of practice, the advent of the railway, the preoccupations with hygiene and salubriousness and finally the harbour\'s move to the bay of Paranaguá. These analyses are based mainly on primary documents such as newspapers, provincial laws, reports, manuscripts, travellers\' account, photographs, maps and watercolours, understand how the development of the town and later of the city of Paranaguá occurred and subsequently, to analyse the characteristics of its historical centre and the laws that are still into effect today, offering new proposals and suggesting a visitors\' route.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jovir Vicentini Esser - parte 1.pdf: 1841137 bytes, checksum: 4dd39453f38b4d86dc2ce0ab8d9ed501 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-22 / This paper aimed to evaluate the impact of the Rural Village Program, as development public policy, in the lives of settlers, especially of the seasonal rural worker. In the context of rural development public policies, which was considered a unprecedented program in the country, Rural Villages implanted in the state of Paraná between 1995 and 2003 had as main recipient seasonal rural workers (S.R.W.), settling them in rural lots measuring an average of 5,000 m² near urban areas and in regions with a demand for temporary hand labor aiming to improve their live conditions. At first, it is shown the situation of the national agriculture issue from the point of view of some theorists, and its aggravation due to some Public Policies, such as the Rural Credit, that collaborated to the formation of a working category widely known as bóia fria (Day Laborer). It refers to the Rural Village Program, a sub-component of the 12 Month Paraná Project, emphasizing the process and implantation strategies giving emphasis to the Western Region of Paraná. According to acquired data, it was established that, although the main beneficiaries were the S.R.W., only 20% of the settled families had as landowner one of their workers. To achieve this proposed work objective a study was conduct on the case of Rural Villages in the cities of Corbélia and Anahy, where the impact of the Program in the life of the settlers was identified, specifically in the lives of the S.R.W. It was concluded that, even though the objective initially proposed of settling 60,000 families throughout the State was not reached, and some of the basic prerequisites defined by the Program were not abided, the evaluation was that if there was no significant change in economic terms, in the aspect of quality of life in loco ,through interviews with villagers, deep transformation was observed with the increasing in the families self steam and satisfaction in general, as far as having their own house and productive subsistence land. For an effective improvement on socioeconomic conditions, the Rural Villages still need income generating and technical assistance projects directed to non-qualified hand labor, such as day laborer. It is also possible, through the Rural Village experiences, to acquire larger areas by identifying those families that had shown capability in exploring agriculture, settling them in land financed by the Federal government s Rural Credit Program. / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do Programa Vila Rural, enquanto Política Pública de desenvolvimento, nas condições de vida dos assentados, especialmente dos trabalhadores rurais volantes. No contexto de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural, considerado um programa inédito no país, as Vilas Rurais implantadas no Paraná, no período entre 1995 a 2003, tinham como beneficiário meta os Trabalhadores Rurais Volantes (T.R.V.), assentando-os em lotes rurais de em média 5.000 m², próximos das áreas urbanas e em regiões com demanda de mão-de-obra temporária, com o objetivo de melhoria das condições de vida dos mesmos. Inicialmente apresenta-se a situação da questão agrária nacional, sob o ponto de vista de alguns teóricos e o seu agravamento em função de determinadas Políticas Públicas, como o crédito rural, que colaboraram para a formação de uma categoria de trabalhadores popularmente conhecida como bóia-fria . Aborda-se o Programa Vila Rural, subcomponente do Projeto Paraná 12 Meses, enfocando o processo e as estratégias de implantação, com destaque para a Região Oeste do Paraná. Pelos dados levantados verificou-se que, embora o beneficiário meta fosse o T. R. V., na região estudada apenas 20% das famílias assentadas tinham como titular do lote um desses trabalhadores. Para alcançar-se o objetivo proposto neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo de caso das Vilas Rurais dos municípios de Corbélia e Anahy, onde se identificou o impacto do Programa na vida dos assentados, especificamente na vida dos T. R. V. Assim, mesmo não atingindo a meta inicialmente proposta de assentar 60.000 famílias em todo o Estado e não obedecendo alguns requisitos básicos definidos pelo Programa, a avaliação é de que, se não houve mudança significativa em termos econômicos, no aspecto de qualidade de vida houve sensível transformação. Observou-se in loco, através de entrevistas com os vileiros, o aumento na auto-estima e satisfação das famílias de maneira geral, especialmente no tocante à casa própria e ao terreno para produção voltada à subsistência. Para uma efetiva melhoria nas condições socioeconômicas as Vilas Rurais necessitam ainda de projetos de geração de renda e assistência técnica, direcionados à mão-de-obra desqualificada como a do bóia-fria . Também é possível, pelas experiências das Vilas Rurais, com a identificação daquelas famílias que demonstraram aptidão à exploração agrícola de adquirirem áreas maiores, assentando-as em terrenos financiados pelo Programa Crédito Fundiário do Governo Federal.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AROLDODA SILVA TAVARES.pdf: 2804604 bytes, checksum: 7c473b7f8e25340b039c3c262abecda2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / This dissertation presents itself as an interdisciplinary study mainly based on the methodology proposed by the micro history. With the central issue reminiscences of astronomy Avá-Guarani and its transmission, both in formal and in informal. The object of study was the Avá-Guarani-village Tekoa Ocoy and mostly students and state servers Indigenous Teko Ñemoingo College. However, the discussions extended by the tri-border region in particular the city of Foz do Iguaçu. We seek a real subjects of approach and also an analysis of speeches issued by them and about them. We also found some buildings and uses made by such representations, both by individuals and by institutions and large projects. Aim Avá-Guarani astronomy as the fundamental cultural feature to be preserved, and transmitted redefined, becomes an identity-forming element. We note, an indigenous culture in transformation, to get in touch with other forms of knowledge, especially the school, the non-indigenous she adapts. Astronomy showed us a real subjects and its dynamic culture, existing at the border, in the broadest sense, territorial, cultural, and economic, that redefining their existence and identity every day. / Esta dissertação apresenta-se como um estudo interdisciplinar baseado, principalmente na metodologia proposta pela micro-história. Tendo como problemática central as reminiscências da astronomia Avá-Guarani e sua transmissão, tanto na educação formal quanto na informal. O objeto de estudo foi os Avá-Guarani da aldeia Tekoa Ocoy e, principalmente, os alunos e servidores do Colégio estadual Indígena Teko Ñemoingo. No entanto, as discussões se estenderam pela região da tríplice fronteira, em especial, a cidade de Foz do Iguaçu. Buscamos uma aproximação dos sujeitos reais e também uma análise dos discursos emitidos por eles e sobre eles. Também verificamos algumas construções e usos feitos por essas representações, tanto pelos indivíduos quanto pelas instituições e grandes projetos. Apontamos a astronomia Avá-Guarani como característica cultural fundamental que, ao ser preservada, ressignificada e transmitida, torna-se um elemento de formação identitária. Verificamos uma cultura indígena em transformação que, ao entrar em contato com outras formas de saber, sobretudo o escolar, o não indígena, ela se adapta. A astronomia nos revelou sujeitos reais e sua cultura dinâmica, existindo na fronteira, no mais amplo sentido, territorial, cultural, e econômico, ressignificando sua existência e identidade a cada dia.

Orientador: Arlêude Bortolozzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T11:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bespalec_PauladaSilva_M.pdf: 2247339 bytes, checksum: 9a28c54bacd5f6970f56aa40ad89d017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A organização socioespacial dos grupos caiçaras no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) está relacionada, principalmente, à forma como historicamente o litoral norte foi produzido considerando-se os ciclos econômicos mercantis, que conferiram à região períodos de inclusão e de isolamento a depender dos interesses da política econômica mundial. Fato este que foi observado até o final do século XIX com o declínio da economia cafeeira nesta região. Do início do século XX até meados da década de 1950 a configuração territorial dessa área foi marcada pelo "tradicional" modo de vida caiçara, o qual nos períodos posteriores encontrou fatores que influenciaram na transformação da sua estrutura social. Dentre eles a expansão da industrialização e urbanização; a construção da Rodovia Rio-Santos e a criação do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM - SP), incluindo o Núcleo Picinguaba em 1979. Assim sendo, este trabalho pretendeu desenvolver uma compreensão sobre a territorialidade de grupos de caiçaras no norte do litoral do estado de São Paulo - mais precisamente na Vila de Picinguaba inseridos na Zona Histórico-Cultural Antropológica estipulada pelo Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (2005/2006) - que no momento propõe a re-categorização da Vila - entendendo que essa parcela da população está mais relacionada ao contexto urbano, formando, assim, na atualidade uma nova territorialidade. A territorialidade é criada através do uso do território pelas diferentes relações sociais. No caso da Vila de Picinguaba constatou-se uma nova territorialidade decorrente de novas relações, como a urbanização acelerada, a especulação imobiliária e a inclusão da Vila numa Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral que transformaram e modificam ainda hoje o cenário e a vida dos moradores, principalmente dos caiçaras. Os principais resultados obtidos com esta pesquisa por meio do confronto das informações adquiridas na análise documental com as alcançadas na realização da parte empírica permitiu apresentar algumas sugestões de ações alternativas para a melhoria das políticas públicas urbanas referentes à Vila de Picinguaba / Abstract: The sociospatial caiçaras's groups organization north coast of state of Sao Paulo (Brazil) tell us, mostly how it was produced considering the economical and commercial cycles that allowed the region to have different phases, some of inclusion and others isolation depending on the world economical politics interests. Fact that has been observed till the final XIX century with the Coffee's economic decline. From the beginning of XX century to the middle of 1950's decade, the configuration of this territory was impregnated with caiçaras's way of life, which found in the next decades others factors that changed its original social structure like: the urbanization process and industrial expansion, the Rio - Santos road construction, the creation of State Park of Serra do Mar (PESM-SP) including Picinguaba in 1979. So, this work intended to develop a comprehension about the territoriality of caiçara's groups in the north coast of state of Sao Paulo - focusing Picinguaba's Village - inside of Historical, Cultural and Anthropological Zone which was determined by the Management Plan of Coast 's state Park (2005 -2006) and which more recently had the purpose of doing the so called re- categorization of the village (understanding that this part of population is more and more related to the urban context ) constructing a new territoriality. This is produced through the use of territory by different social relations. In the case of Picinguaba's Village was found that the new territoriality has been created by new relations such as accelerated urbanization, build's speculation and the village's insertion into the area of conservation and integral protection. All that have been changes the sights and the lives, mostly of caiçaras's groups. The most important results from this research came from an analyses that tried to cross dates collected from official documents with the ones collected with empirical research. That confrontation made possible to point out some ideas of alternatives actions to improve urban public policies related to Picinguaba's Village / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2016-09-01T20:35:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Estelamaris_Dezordi_Dissertação.pdf: 11132567 bytes, checksum: 6936656d624f85abf217deb45dea5035 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T19:32:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Estelamaris_Dezordi_Dissertação.pdf: 11132567 bytes, checksum: 6936656d624f85abf217deb45dea5035 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T19:32:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Estelamaris_Dezordi_Dissertação.pdf: 11132567 bytes, checksum: 6936656d624f85abf217deb45dea5035 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Estelamaris_Dezordi_Dissertação.pdf: 11132567 bytes, checksum: 6936656d624f85abf217deb45dea5035 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 5-05-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / Esta dissertação apresenta um registro etnográfico e a análise etnológica da fundação da Tekoa Pyaú (Nova Aldeia), sediada no distrito de Ressaca Buriti, área de confluência do Rio Ijuí Grande, no município de Santo Ângelo, situado na região Noroeste (Região das Missões) do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A abordagem da antropologia histórica, complementada pelo método etnográfico da observação participante, analisa e registra como ocorreu a luta pela terra e a formação de uma nova aldeia Mbyá. As análises estão centradas na constituição sócio-histórica da comunidade e na sua mobilidade espacial, no processo de territorialização, nas relações com agentes e órgãos do Estado e na relação dos Mbyá com a sociedade nacional envolvente. A relevância do estudo proposto está relacionada à possibilidade de produção de uma etnografia que apresenta as etapas de conversação e negociação ocorridas num período de dois anos, as quais resultaram na compra de uma fração de terras e na transferência das famílias para a instalação definitiva da nova tekoa (aldeia). / This dissertation presents an ethnographic record and ethnological analysis of the foundation of Tekoa Pyaú (the New Village), which is headquartered in Buriti Surf district, the area confluence of Rio Ijuí Grande in San Angelo district, located in the Northwest region (Region of missions) of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The approach of historical anthropology, supplemented by ethnographic method of participant observation, analyzes and registers the struggle for land and the formation of a new village Mbyá. These analyses are focused on a socio-historical development of the community and its spatial mobility in the territorial process, relations with agents and agencies of the state and the relationship of the Mbyá with the surrounding national society. The relevance of the proposed study is related to the possibility of producing an ethnography that shows the conversation steps and negotiations that have taken place over a period of two years, which resulted in the purchase of a land split and transfer of families to the final installation of the new tekoa (village).

Abstract In my research I study the characteristic features as well as changes in the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. The goal of my research is to examine how the cultural environment of parish villages has changed in time and why: the goal is to build an illustrative and analytic picture of the cultural environment of rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia, of the development of cultural environment and of it’s typical features in different times as well as background factors of the development. I examine the cultural environment of parish villages both through its components and as an entirety. I study how different factors – agglomeration structure, scale and spatial structure, way of building, building features and the relation of built areas to the landscape – have changed, what is the real value of different components and their effect both on each other and on the cultural environment as an entirety. I examine the cultural environment of rural parish villages by means of examples. I have chosen four parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia: Rantsila, Kärsämäki, Tyrnävä and Haapavesi, as examples. Basis of the cultural environment research is the concept and definition of cultural environment. The concept of cultural environment includes time dimension, layered character of environment developed in time, as well as human activity, its traces and background factors. In the examination I pay attention to the visible, perceptible environment that also reflects the factors, values and meanings effecting on the background, as well as relations between them. I examine the cultural environment as a wide and multidimensional, layered and constantly changing entirety, formed on a long time span, in which entirety different factors influence and emerge into each other. The research is qualitative. I analyze the history and development phases of the cultural environment in rural parish villages, characteristic features of the cultural environment in different times, changes in the cultural environment in the course of time, and factors lying behind them with written material, photographs and aerial photographs of different ages, and photograph pairs and photograph series formed of these, map material of different ages as well as analysis maps I created based on these, and landscape analysis I made on site in the parish villages. Source material of different ages and types complement each other and form a material that is versatile and in time multidimensional as en entirety, and that describes the cultural environment as a changing entirety. Analyzing the building plans and town plans ratified for the parish villages is a significant part of my research, not only as background factors guiding the development of cultural environment, but also as indicators of stipulations and planning instructions controlling the construction and planning, as well as of values prevailing in its time. The time of formation of fixed settlement (before year 1860), time of origin and growth of parish villages (1860–1940), post-war reconstruction period and time before setting up the first building plans (1940–1960), time of intensive growth of parish villages after setting up the first building plans (1960–1990) and the time of inequalization of parish villages (1990–2008) are distinguished as visible and variant periods of time in the development of cultural environment in rural parish villages in the Northern Ostrobothnia. As background factors, the cultural environment and the formation of its features have on the one hand been influenced by social situation and changes in it as well as conscious control, like housing politics, land consolidation measures, development of trades, legislation and planning, and on the other hand by local conditions and starting points they define, like features of location and effects of the district’s location on the development of trades and population. The most distinct turning point in the development of cultural environment is the turn of 1950’s and 1960’s. After that, on the latter half of the 20th century, visible changes in the cultural environment are the disappearance of spatial structure characteristic to the agglomeration structure and changes in housing structure, changes in the relations of built areas and cultivation areas as well disappearance of cultivation areas located in the centre areas of parish villages and their conversion into green areas, changes in the features of building stock – particularly commercial buildings –, as well as changes in road environment and street space scale. Social and industrial political changes taken place on the latter half of the 20th century are emphasized as background factors with most significant effect on the development of the cultural environment. The changes are: on the one hand the rapid growth of parish villages into municipality centres in 1960’s and 1970’s and the following increase in population, the increase and concentration of services as well as the increase in the significance of traffic and increase in traffic volume, and on the other hand the strong regional inequalization and recession and its consequences, like decreasing of services, significant decrease in new construction and neglect of environmental management in the 1990’s and 2000’s. Declining development and its effects highlight for their part the significance of changes implemented in the cultural environment of parish villages in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Scattering, incoherence and incompleteness, as well as contradictions between typical features of new and old construction visible in the cultural environment are consequences not only of plans aimed at comprehensive renewal of cultural environment drawn up during the growth, but also of stagnating of development work due to recession. / Tiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristölle ominaisia piirteitä sekä kulttuuriympäristössä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristö on aikojen kuluessa muuttunut ja miksi: tavoitteena on rakentaa havainnollinen ja analyyttinen kuva pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöstä, sen kehityksestä ja sille eri aikoina tyypillisistä ominaispiirteistä sekä kehityksen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Tarkastelen kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä sekä osatekijöidensä kautta että kokonaisuutena. Tutkin miten eri tekijät – taajamarakenne, mittakaava ja tilarakenne, rakentamistapa, rakennusten ominaispiirteet ja taajaman suhde maisemaan – ovat muuttuneet, mikä on eri osatekijöiden todellinen painoarvo ja niiden vaikutus sekä toisiinsa että kulttuuriympäristöön kokonaisuutena. Tutkin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristöä esimerkkien avulla. Esimerkkikohteiksi olen valinnut neljä pohjoispohjalaista kirkonkylää: Rantsilan, Kärsämäen, Tyrnävän ja Haapaveden. Kulttuuriympäristön tutkimuksessa pohjana on kulttuuriympäristön käsite ja sen määritelmä. Kulttuuriympäristön käsitteeseen sisältyvät ajallinen ulottuvuus, ajan myötä syntynyt kerroksellisuus sekä ihmisen toiminta, sen jättämät jäljet ja sen taustalla vaikuttavat tekijät. Tarkastelussa kiinnitän huomiota näkyvään, havaittavaan ympäristöön, joka myös heijastaa taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, arvoja ja merkityksiä ja niiden keskinäisiä suhteita. Tarkastelen kulttuuriympäristöä laajana ja moniulotteisena, pitkän ajan kuluessa muodostuneena kerroksellisena ja alati muuttuvana kokonaisuutena, jossa eri tekijät vaikuttavat ja sulautuvat toisiinsa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Analysoin maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön historiaa ja kehitysvaiheita, kulttuuriympäristölle eri aikoina ominaisia piirteitä, kulttuuriympäristössä ajan mittaan tapahtuneita muutoksia ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä kirjallisten aineistojen, eri-ikäisten valokuvien ja ilmakuvien ja niistä koostuvien kuvaparien ja kuvasarjojen, eri-ikäisten kartta-aineistojen ja niiden pohjalta laatimieni analyysikarttojen avulla sekä kirkonkylissä paikan päällä tekemieni maastoanalyysien avulla. Eri-ikäiset ja erityyppiset lähdeaineistot täydentävät toisiaan ja muodostavat kokonaisuutena monipuolisen ja ajallisesti moniulotteisen, kulttuuriympäristöä muuttuvana kokonaisuutena kuvaavan aineiston. Merkittävä osa tutkimustani on kirkonkyliin vahvistettujen rakennuskaavojen ja asemakaavojen analysointi paitsi kulttuuriympäristön kehitystä ohjaavina taustatekijöinä myös rakentamista ja kaavoitusta ohjaavien määräysten ja suunnitteluohjeiden sekä omana aikanaan vallitsevien arvojen kuvastajina. Pohjoispohjalaisten maaseutukirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä näkyvinä ja toisistaan poikkeavina ajanjaksoina erottuvat kiinteän asutuksen muodostumisen aika (ennen vuotta 1860), kirkonkylien synnyn ja kasvun aika (1860–1940), jälleenrakennuskausi ja aika ennen ensimmäisten rakennuskaavojen laatimista (1940–1960), kirkonkylien voimakkaan kasvun aika rakennuskaavojen laatimisen jälkeen (1960–1990) sekä kirkonkylien eriarvoistumisen aika (1990–2008). Kulttuuriympäristön ja sen ominaispiirteiden muodostumiseen ovat taustatekijöinä vaikuttaneet toisaalta yhteiskunnallinen tilanne ja siinä tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tietoinen ohjaus, kuten asutuspolitiikka, maanjakotoimenpiteet, elinkeinojen kehittäminen, lainsäädäntö ja kaavoitus, toisaalta paikalliset olosuhteet ja niiden määrittelemät lähtökohdat, kuten sijaintipaikan ominaispiirteet sekä paikkakunnan sijainnin vaikutukset elinkeinojen kehitykseen ja väestökehitykseen. Kulttuuriympäristön kehityksessä selkeimpänä taitekohtana erottuu 1950- ja 1960-lukujen vaihde. Sen jälkeen, 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla, tapahtuneina muutoksina kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvät taajamarakenteelle ominaisen tilarakenteen katoaminen ja asutusrakenteessa tapahtuneet muutokset, rakennettujen alueiden ja viljelysalueiden välisissä suhteissa tapahtuneet muutokset sekä kirkonkylien keskusta-alueilla sijaitsevien viljelysalueiden katoaminen ja muuttuminen viheralueiksi, rakennuskannan – erityisesti liikerakennusten – ominaispiirteiden muutokset sekä tieympäristön ja katutilan mittakaavan muutokset. Kulttuuriympäristön kehitykseen merkittävimmin vaikuttaneina taustatekijöinä korostuvat 1900-luvun jälkipuoliskolla tapahtuneet yhteiskunnalliset ja elinkeinopoliittiset muutokset: toisaalta kirkonkylien nopea kasvu kuntakeskuksiksi 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla ja sen myötä tapahtunut asukasluvun kasvu, palvelujen lisääntyminen ja keskittyminen sekä liikenteen merkityksen lisääntyminen ja liikennemäärien kasvu, ja toisaalta 1990- ja 2000-luvuilla voimakas alueellinen eriarvoistuminen sekä taantuma ja sen seuraukset, kuten palvelujen vähentyminen, uudisrakentamisen määrän huomattava vähentyminen ja ympäristön hoidon laiminlyönti. Taantuva kehitys ja sen vaikutukset korostavat osaltaan kirkonkylien kulttuuriympäristössä 1960- ja 1970-lukujen kuluessa toteutettujen muutosten merkitystä. Kulttuuriympäristössä näkyvä hajanaisuus, epäyhtenäisyys ja keskeneräisyys sekä uudelle ja vanhalle rakentamiselle tyypillisten ominaispiirteiden väliset ristiriitaisuudet ovat seurausta paitsi kasvun aikana laadituista kulttuuriympäristön kokonaisvaltaiseen uudistamiseen tähtäävistä suunnitelmista myös kehittämistyön pysähtymisestä taantuman myötä.

Ecovillages acting as experimental community models have the potential to help move society towards sustainability by developing alternative solutions for sustainable living. Their contribution is through the power of example, demonstrating successful alternative systems that can be replicated at higher scales through the broader community. However, ecovillages often struggle with long-term planning and lack a systematic approach to integrating structure, processes and actions into strategic planning. Research was conducted to examine how ecovillages could be supported in this deficiency to make them more successful as models of sustainability. An initial document review of tools and concepts currently used in the ecovillage movement uncovered a recently developed concept called the Wheel of Sustainability (WoS). The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was applied to analyse this concept and to inform the development of a new prototype tool. The research was conducted in collaboration with experts in the ecovillage field and FSSD practitioners, through interviews and a final validation survey. The result of the research led to the co-creation of an enhanced communication and strategic planning tool, the Direction Indicator for Sustainable Communities (DISC), intended for use by ecovillage communities. Further research is recommended to field-test and further refine this tool.