Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Previous research has shown that carotenoids are precursors of C13-norisoprenoid aroma compounds in wine. C13-norisoprenoids have low threshold values in wine with the most prominent C13-norisoprenoids being β-damascanone and β-ionone which contribute honey and floral like aroma to wine. Chlorophyll and its derivates have also been detected in wine with potential to be precursors to aroma compounds. Apart from the contribution of these pigments to wine aroma and quality they are vital role players in photosynthesis and are widely found in plants and plant products. The main functions of these pigments in plants are light collection and light-protection. Research has shown that environmental conditions, climate, light exposure of bunches and soil water deficit influence the carotenoid content of grape berries. Furthermore the concentration of carotenoids and chlorophylls has also been shown to differ between cultivars. No research in this regard has been done on Merlot grape berries. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vigour and soil water content on the evolution of carotenoids and chlorophylls through ripening of grape berries from the cv. Merlot. However, when looking at methods to analyse carotenoids and chlorophylls in berry tissue, especially lyophilised tissue, there were no readily available methods. Thus, an extraction method to identify and quantify the carotenoid and chlorophyll profile of lyophilised tissue from unripe (green) to ripe (red) Merlot grape berries was needed. In this study the RPHPLC method of Taylor et al. (2006) for carotenoids and the extraction method of Mendes-Pinto et al. (2004) were adapted to analyse both carotenoids and chlorophylls in lyophilised grape tissue. The RP-HPLC method baseline separated all the carotenoids and chlorophylls and their derivatives. Recovery of standards from mock extractions was high, indicating that the extraction procedure was acceptable. However, extraction recovery tested in the matrix of the grape tissue showed less promising results due to the high acid content of grape tissue. Violaxanthin, neoxanthin and the chlorophylls were especially sensitive to low pH conditions which facilitated their degradation. The degradation products of these compounds under acidic conditions were identified as pheophytin a, b, chlorophillide a, pyropheophytin b, cisviolaxanthin, cis-neoxanthin, neochrome, mutatoxanthin and luteoxanthin. There is a possibility that some degradation products were already present in the tissue due to lyophilisation (since the water in the berry was then removed and the acid concentrated). More work is needed to investigate the effect of lyophilisation and storage on the composition of grape tissue of different maturity. The extraction method for grape berry tissue at different ripening stages should also be optimised further to effectively neutralise tissue acidity, without compromising the extraction of carotenoids significantly, in especially green berry tissue. The question as to whether cisisomers and chlorophyll degradation products are naturally present in grape berries or are formed during sampling and processing remains unanswered in the current study. This study confirmed that in general carotenoids and chlorophylls decrease on a per berry (μg/berry) and concentration (μg/g) basis from veraison to harvest. Furthermore, this study was inconclusive in showing that vigour differences have an effect on the rate of synthesis/degradation of carotenoids, chlorophyll and some other ripening parameters, namely malic acid, total glucose and fructose, total tannin and total anthocyanin, from pre-veraison (pea size) to harvest. Additionally, no significant effect of soil water content on carotenoids, chlorophylls and ripeness parameters was found in this study, most likely due the fact that high soil water capacity was found in lower soil layers which may have prevented significant differences in grapevine water status. Experimental plots selected for vigour differences based on normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, pruning mass and soil water measurements by means of a neutron probe, showed significant differences in soil water content in only the first 30 cm of the soil for the ripening seasons studied. Predawn plant water potential measurements, however, indicated that none of the experimental vines experienced severe water stress which was previously shown to effect carotenoid content of grapes. The carotenoid 5,8-epoxy--carotene was quantified for the first time in grapes and represents a significant amount of the total carotenoids present at harvest. All the carotenoids and chlorophylls except -carotene appeared to be sensitive to seasonal variation in climatic conditions. Lutein and β-carotene were found to be the most abundant carotenoids present in Merlot grape berries together with chlorophyll a for both seasons studied. The values of these carotenoids also correlated well with previous research. However, chlorophyll a was found in much larger quantities in Merlot berries compared to reported data. This is possibly because in this study the chlorophyll degradation products were included in the calculation of chlorophyll a. Multivariate analysis showed promising preliminary prediction models (with correlation values of above 0.8 for both seasons analysed) for the prediction of the concentration of ripeness parameters (glucose, fructose, malic acid, total tannins and anthocyanins) with carotenoid and chlorophyll content. This result highlights the opportunity for the development of a rapid non-destructive method to measure carotenoids and chlorophylls in berries which in turn can predict optimal ripeness. Furthermore, since carotenoids are the precursors to C13- norisoprenoid aroma compounds in wine a preview of the potential contribution of these aromas to wine might be evaluated. Further research is necessary to investigate the possibility of building and validating such models. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vorige navorsing het getoon dat karotenoïede die voorlopers is van C13-norisoprenoïed aromaverbindings in wyn. C13-norisoprenoïede het lae drempelwaardes in wyn, met β- damassenoon en β-jonoon as die prominentste C13-norisoprenoïede wat ‘n bydrae tot die heuning en blomagtige aroma van die wyn maak. Chlorofil en sy derivate is ook reeds in wyn bespeur, met die potensiaal om voorlopers van aromaverbindings te wees. Buiten die bydrae van hierdie pigmente tot wynaroma en -kwaliteit is hulle ook belangrike rolspelers in fotosintese en kom hulle wydverspreid in plante en plantprodukte voor. Die vernaamste funksies van hierdie pigmente in plante is om lig te versamel en om as beskerming teen lig op te tree. Navorsing het getoon dat omgewingstoestande, klimaat, ligblootstelling van die trosse en grondwatertekorte die karotenoïedinhoud van druiwekorrels beïnvloed. Verder is ook getoon dat die konsentrasie van karotenoïede en chlorofille tussen kultivars verskil. Geen navorsing is al in hierdie opsig op Merlot-druiwekorrels gedoen nie. Met hierdie aspek in gedagte was die doelwit van hierdie studie om die effek van groeikrag en grondwaterinhoud op die evolusie van karotenoïede en chlorofille tydens die rypwording van druiwekorrels van die cv. Merlot te evalueer. Wanneer mens egter kyk na die metodes waarvolgens die karotenoïede en chlorofille in korrelweefsel geanaliseer word, is daar geen geredelik beskikbare metodes nie. ‘n Ekstraksiemetode om die karotenoïed- en chlorofilprofiel van geliofiliseerde weefsel van onryp (groen) tot ryp (rooi) Merlot-bessies te identifiseer en kwantifiseer was dus nodig. In hierdie studie is die RP-HPLC metode van Taylor et al. (2006) vir karotenoïede en die ekstraksiemetode van Mendes-Pinto et al. (2004) aangepas om beide karotenoïede en chlorofille in geliofiliseerde druiweweefsel te analiseer. Die basislyn van die RP-HPLC metode het all karotenoïede en chlorofille en hul derivate geskei. Herwinning van die standaarde vanaf skynekstraksies was hoog, wat aandui dat die ekstraksieprosedure aanvaarbaar was. Ekstraksieherwinning wat in die matriks van die druiweweefsel getoets is, het egter minder belowende resultate getoon as gevolg van die hoë suurinhoud van die druifweefsel. Violaxantien, neoxantien en die chlorofille was veral sensitief vir toestande van lae pH, wat hulle afbreking gefasiliteer het. Die afbrekingsprodukte van hierdie verbindings onder suurtoestande is geïdentifiseer as feofitien a en b, chlorofillied a, pirofeofitien b, cis-violaxantien, cis-neoxantien, neochroom, mutatoxantien en luteoxantien. Daar is ‘n moontlikheid dat sommige afbreekprodukte reeds in die weefsel teenwoordig was as gevolg van liofilisering (aangesien die water in die korrel reeds verwyder was en die suur gekonsentreerd was). Meer werk is nodig om die effek van liofilisering en berging op die samestelling van druifweefsel van verskillende rypheid te bepaal. Die ekstraksiemetode vir druifkorrelweefsel op verskillende stadia van rypwording moet ook verder geoptimaliseer word om weefselsuurheid doeltreffend te neutraliseer, sonder om die ekstraksie van karotenoïede noemenswaardig te kompromitteer, veral in groen korrelweefsel. Die vraag of cis-isomere en chlorofil afbreekprodukte natuurlik in die druifkorrels teenwoordig is en of hulle tydens monsterneming en prosessering gevorm word, kon nie in hierdie studie beantwoord word nie. Hierdie studie het bevestig dat karotenoïede en chlorofille oor die algemeen op ‘n korrel (μg/korrel) en konsentrasie (μg/g) basis afneem vanaf deurslaan tot oes. Hierdie studie het nie daarin geslaag om te toon dat groeikragverskille vanaf voor-deurslaan (ertjiekorrelgrootte) tot oes ‘n effek het op die tempo van sintese/afbreking van karotenoïede, chlorofil en ander rypwordingsparameters nie, naamlik op appelsuur, totale glukose en fruktose, totale tannien en totale antosianien. Daar is ook in hierdie studie geen noemenswaardige effek van grondwaterinhoud op karotenoïede, chlorofille en rypheidsparameters gevind nie, heel moontlik as gevolg van die feit dat hoë grondwaterkapasiteit in die laer grondlae gevind is, wat betekenisvolle verskille in wingerdwaterstatus kon verhoed het. Eksperimentele persele wat gekies is vir groeikragverskille op grond van genormaliseerde verskil plantegroei indeks (NDVI) beelde, snoeimassa en grondwatermetings met ‘n neutronvogmeter het net in die eerste 30 cm van die grond noemenswaardige verskille in grondwaterinhoud getoon vir die rypwordingseisoene wat bestudeer is. Voor-sonopkoms plantwaterpotensiaalmetings het egter aangedui dat geen van die eksperimentele wingerdstokke ernstige waterstres ervaar het nie. Sulke stres is voorheen aangedui om ‘n effek op die karotenoïedinhoud van druiwe te hê. Die karotenoïed 5,8-epoksi--karoteen is vir die eerste keer in druiwe gekwantifiseer en verteenwoordig ‘n noemenswaardige hoeveelheid van die totale karotenoïede wat met oes teenwoordig is. Al die karotenoïede en chlorofille behalwe -karoteen blyk sensitief vir seisoenale verskille in klimaatstoestande te wees. Luteïen en β-karoteen was die volopste karotenoïede in die Merlot-druifkorrels, tesame met chlorofil a, vir beide seisoene wat bestudeer is. Die waardes van hierdie karotenoïede was ook goed gekorreleer met vorige navorsing. Chlorofil a is egter in baie groter hoeveelhede in Merlot-korrels gevind in vergelyking met dít wat in die data gerapporteer is. Die rede hiervoor is moontlik dat die chlorofil-afbreekprodukte in hierdie studie in die berekening van chlorofil a ingesluit is. Meerveranderlikeontleding het belowende voorlopige voorspellingsmodelle getoon (met korrelasiewaardes van meer as 0.8 vir beide die seisoene wat geanaliseer is) vir die voorspelling van die konsentrasie van rypheidsparameters (glukose, fruktose, appelsuur, totale tanniene en antosianiene) met karotenoïed- en chlorofilinhoud. Hierdie resultaat beklemtoon die geleentheid vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n vinnige, nie-destruktiewe metode om karotenoïede en chlorofille in korrels te meet, wat op sy beurt optimate rypheid kan voorspel. Aangesien karotenoïede die voorlopers van C13-norisoprenoïed aromaverbindings in wyn is, kan ‘n voorskou van die potensiële bydrae van hierdie aromas tot wyn moontlik verder evalueer word. Verdere navorsing is nodig om die moontlikheid van die bou en geldigheidsbepaling van sulke modelle te ondersoek.

L’utilisation répétée de la bouillie bordelaise pour la lutte contre le mildiou a entrainé une accumulation de cuivre dans les sols viticoles. Afin d’évaluer l’impact de cette pollution, les capteurs passifs sont fréquemment utilisés pour renseigner sur la biodisponibilité du cuivre et donc sur sa toxicité. Toutefois, au vu de l’ensemble des principes de diffusion qui régissent l’échantillonnage par capteur passif, plusieurs modifications, notamment sur la géométrie, ont pu être apportées et constituent l’objet de cette étude au travers du développement de nouveaux capteurs passifs : les DMG (Diffusive MilliGel). Leur synthèse par un système millifluidique leur confère une géométrie unique, constituée de billes ellipsoïdales de dimension millimétrique. Leurs paramètres physico-chimiques ont été caractérisés. Différents paramètres tels que le temps d’exposition et les méthodes d’analyses ont été optimisés. Les DMG ont été testés au cours d’applications environnementales et leur aptitude à échantillonner la fraction labile du cuivre a été mise en évidence. Une première étude dans des eaux douces a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la matière organique sur la fraction retenue par DMG, ainsi que l’aptitude de ce capteur à évaluer la toxicité du cuivre. Pour cela, un organisme modèle, Ceriodaphnia dubia, a été exposé dans les mêmes conditions au cours d’une étude écotoxicologique. La comparaison entre les DMG, les DGT et une méthode par colonne de chelex a mis en évidence les avantages qu’offre ce capteur par rapport aux autres techniques. Enfin, une série d’expériences sur les sols viticoles a révélé les aptitudes des DMG à échantillonner du cuivre dans cette matrice complexe. / Repeated use of copper in Bordeaux mixture to fight against mildew has led to an accumulation of this metal in the vineyard soils. To assess the impact of this pollution, the quantification of this element in the soil is essential and more precisely the quantification of the bioavailable fraction which give an indication of the copper toxicity. For that, the passive samplers appear as reliable and efficient tools. However, due to diffusion principles which control the uptake by passive samplers, an optimization of the geometry seems to be necessary and induced this study through the development of a new passive sampler: the DMG (Diffusive MilliGels). The synthesis by millifluidic process confers a unique geometry; DMG are composed of ellipsoidal beads of around 1 mm diameter. First of all, their physico-chemical parameters were characterized and analytical methods and the exposure time were optimized as well. DMG were then tested for an environmental application and their ability to sample the labile fraction of copper was thus demonstrated. Namely, analysis of freshwater by DMG allowed highlighting the influence of organic matter on the fraction retained by this passive sampler and their ability to evaluate the copper toxicity was confirmed. For that, a living organisms Ceriodaphnia dubia was exposed in the same condition during a comparative ecotoxicological study. Moreover, the comparison between DMG, DGT and a Chelex column method showed the advantages of our developed method particularly for in situ application. Finally, a series of experiments on vineyard soils was performed to reveal the abilities of DMG in copper sampling in this complex matrix.

American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) are susceptible to small variations in climate and microclimates and are found within a narrow latitudinal range of prime climate conditions. These AVAs are geographically determined based on the best soil, climate, precipitation and temperature combinations for specific winegrape regions. As climate change continues to alter the local weather and the greater climate region of the Western United States, winegrape growing regions in Oregon are being affected. In an effort to determine what the pattern of change is, and compare previous studies of climate change using climate indices, a comparative study based in part on prior research was conducted. Using 800 meter resolution Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate datasets, four individual climate indices were analyzed for statistical correlation with the climate data. These climate indices are: growing degree-days (GDD), the average growing season temperatures (GST), Huglin Index (HI) and the biologically effective degree-day (BEDD). Based on currently available data for this research, these climate indices were statistically analyzed during the years 2000 to 2010. A further avenue of research included a statistical analysis of the reported winegrape production, although this data was available only at an aggregated county-level. Results show that all four climate indices exhibit statistical significance, although the inclusion of the winegrape production data exhibited no statistical significance for many of the analyses, most likely due to subjective and aggregated data, few did result in significance with the climate indices. The research discussed here confirms the accuracy of the four climate indices and suggest that a longer time frame, coupled with less aggregated and subjective winegrape production data could produce interesting results in future research on the results of climate indices in winegrape growing regions.

Bunch stem necrosis (BSN) is a physiological disorder in grapes. It results in shrivelled berries with poor quality attributes such that wine produced from grapes with high BSN incidence is of compromised quality. Past research has proposed many different hypotheses to explain the disorder. Literature indicates that conditions during certain stages of development may predispose berries to BSN but results are not consistent as to which stage is the critical one or which factors have the most impact. This study was designed to resolve these points of uncertainty. Treatments that either enhanced or decreased vine vigour, or manipulated the light environment around the fruit zone were applied to field grown 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines over three seasons. Treatments included root pruning, heading back of canes by 50%, laying down a reflective mulch and two 50% shade treatments applied for three weeks either pre- or post-full bloom (FB). A strong positive correlation was found between vine vigour and the incidence of BSN. Three weeks post-FB, during both the current and previous season, was identified as the critical period within which factors predispose bunches to BSN. Plant growth regulators, including GA3, IAA and NPA, were applied to bunches on a different group of field grown vines immediately after FB. Application of GA3 during the critical period, tended to reduce the incidence of BSN, while the effects of IAA and NPA application were less clear and require further research. In a controlled environment (CE) trial, pot-grown vines were placed in CE rooms during one of three development stages. Results showed that treatments applied during the critical threeweek period after FB increased the incidence of BSN three fold compared with no change in BSN incidence for vines that were placed in the CE rooms immediately prior to FB or prior to veraison. Collective results from these studies clearly demonstrate that the period immediately following FB is the most critical time in the predisposition of bunches to BSN. It is suggested that competitive dominance of vegetative growth over the developing inflorescence and bunch for assimilates and/or nutrients may be the predisposing factor/s influencing this disorder.

En ce début de XXIe siècle, le vin et la vigne constituent une richesse importante pour bon nombre de pays. Les territoires viticoles, tout en conservant leurs qualités d'espace de production, développent des stratégies d'adaptation à la globalisation du marché et aux attentes des consommateurs toujours plus versatiles. Or en raison de conditions orographiques particulières, les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes voient leurs marges de manœuvre réduites. En effet, une grosse partie de leurs coûts de production reste bien souvent incompressible par rapport à la viticulture de plaine. Paradoxalement ces paysages viticoles, image du construit social et des équilibres environnementaux, participent à leur reconnaissance internationale. Le travail présenté ici est né en réponse à la sensibilité croissante de ces vignobles de fortes pentes. En nous appuyant sur deux territoires d'étude, en France le vignoble de la Côte Vermeille et en Italie le val di Cembra, nous questionnons les spécificités de la viticulture de fortes pentes. Notre approche met l'accent sur les possibilités offertes par des méthodes empiriques de modélisation à base d'agents pour proposer un regard renouvelé sur le rôle des interactions société-environnement dans le maintien et le développement de ces territoires sous contraintes. A travers une constellation de modèles multi-agents issus des questionnements récurrents des acteurs de la filière, et selon une démarche exploratoire et incrémentale, nous nous intéresserons ici à trois grands types de questions posées aux territoires viticoles de fortes pentes. Le premier concerne la place du marché et ses conséquences sur les dynamiques de couvert végétal à petite échelle. Le second type de questionnement explore également les dynamiques spatiales du couvert végétal, mais se place à mezzo-échelle, et propose de s'intéresser à la définition des règles socio-économiques simples qui sous-tendent les dynamiques foncières à l'échelle de quelques communes. Enfin le dernier volet de ce travail se place à grande échelle et s'intéresse à des phénomènes très descriptifs. L'ensemble de ces réflexions nous amènera ensuite à utiliser la modélisation co-construite avec les acteurs pour proposer une vision prospective globale pour les territoires de montagne et de fortes pentes. Cette approche prospective sera conduite en parallèle avec certains acteurs de la filière ce qui nous permettra de délimiter les variables structurelles propres aux systèmes de fortes pentes telles qu'elles sont ou non vécues par les acteurs. Basés sur la délimitation de ces variables, nous proposons enfin quatre scenarii prospectifs pour la viticulture en fortes pentes. / Wine and wineyards stand nowadays as a significant wealth for a number of countries. While retaining their properties as production space, vine-growing regions are developing adaptation strategies to market globalisation and to the ever more versatile consumer expectations. Yet, due to the corresponding specific orographic conditions in steep slope and mountain regions, actor's relative leeway is reducing ,. Comparatively to plain wine-growing, a large part of their production costs often remains indeed incompressible. On the other hand, these vine-growing landscape take advantage of such harsh conditions in terms of international recognition, as images of social construct and environmental equilibrium. The work presented here emerged as a response to this steep slope vineyards' sensitivity. This investigation relies on two study areas: the Côte Vermeille vineyards in France, and the val di Cembra in Italy. Our approach focuses on the opportunities granted by agent-based empirical modelling methods, in order to put forward a renewed look at the role of society-environment interactions in the sustainability and development of territories subject to constraints. Using an exploratory and incremental method, three significant issues of steep slope vine-growing regions have been addressed, thanks to a constellation of multi-agent models, derived from questioning actors of this sector. The first considers the market's impacts on the small-scale plant cover dynamics. The second issue focuses on meso-scale plant cover dynamics and questions the definition of simple socio-economic ruleset, within the frame of land property dynamics and applied to the scale of a few municipalities. The last section of this work is dedicated to some descriptive phenomena within a large scale. Thus, the sum of these reflections leads us to exploit co-designed modelling with the stakeholders in order to propose a global prospective vision for mountain and steep slope regions. This prospective approach is conducted in association with some of the players in the sector, thus allowing us to delineate the structural variables linked to steep slope vineyards' systems in agreement with their experience. Based on these delineated variables, four prospective scenarii are put forward for the steep slope vine-growing activity.

Traditional vineyard floor management in humid regions consists of mown perennial grass or mown resident vegetation in aisles. Many vineyard sites in the eastern USA have climate and soil that support excessive vine vigor and rapid growth of aisle vegetation. Frequent mowing or unmanaged aisles are not a practical option. To explore vineyard floor management options for vine vigor and weed management while maintaining soil cover, vine balance, and fruit quality in the eastern USA, seven cover crop treatments: 1) grower control mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), 2) chemically mown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 3) little barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.), 4) downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), 5) oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), 6) spring oats (Avena sativa L.), 7) chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench sp.) were established for the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in a commercial Cabernet franc vineyard, planted in 2000, in southern Illinois, on an Menfro silt loam soil. In fall 2011, oilseed radish reduced the fresh weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 46% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats increased the weight of grapevine shoots removed with summer hedging 160% compared to the grower control. In 2012, spring oats, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 82% and 73%, respectively, greater pruning weights compared to grower control mown fescue, also, spring oats, downy brome, and chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass produced 54%, 48%, and 50%, respectively, greater yields compared to the grower control in 2012. Cover crop did not affect Ravaz index in 2011 or 2012. Chemically mown sorghum-sudangrass reduced total soluble solids in grape must 7% compared to the grower control in 2012. Downy brome produced the most ground cover and greatest weed control at bloom time in 2011 and 2012, and harvest time in 2011. In 2012, oilseed radish at veraison and harvest time produced 97% and 177%, respectively, more ground cover than grower control. The persistent mulch produced by little barley and downy brome followed by burndown herbicide, Rely ® (glufosinate 1 lb ai/gal) 76 fl oz/acre in August reduced their average weed cover by a range of 99% to 89% compared to all other treatments except grower control at harvest 2012. Downy brome established in vineyard aisles had the greatest potential for maintaining weed control at bloom and harvest time, while increasing yield without decreasing vine size. However, more research is needed to develop a residue management program which encourages self-reseeding of downy brome and little barley. In a season with above average rainfall, oilseed radish reduced excessively vigorous vine growth. While all treatments studied had the potential for vineyard use, downy brome and oilseed radish had the most potential to be readily incorporated into practical vineyard aisle management systems provided they are managed to produce moderate vine size, without adverse effects to yield or fruit quality, while still maintaining effective weed control.

En contexte de changement global, les questions d’adaptation et de pérennisation des systèmes de production sont un enjeu agricole majeur. En Argentine, le 5ème producteur mondial de vins, les conditions thermiques et hydriques sont déjà proches des limites de la culture de la vigne. En tant que culture pérenne, son adaptation à court et moyen termes doit être pensée, dès à présent. La pérennisation de cette culture passe par une adaptation des pratiques culturales. L’objectif de cette thèse visait à proposer des outils de détection et de gestion des pratiques culturales des vignobles à partir d’imagessatellitaires optiques et radar. Une analyse préalable des évolutions du climat et de sa variabilité intrarégionale a mis en évidence les principales menaces et opportunités au regard du changement climatique. A l’échelle locale, le travail sur un grand nombre de parcelles aux caractéristiques hétérogènes a approfondi les connaissances sur l’interaction signal cible en fonction des pratiques culturales. Des cartographies de l’orientation des rangées de vignes, des surfaces protégées par des filets anti-grêles et des modes d’irrigation ont été réalisées afin de dresser un état des lieux du système viticole actuel. Ensuite, l’évaluation du potentiel des données satellitaires pour le suivi de la croissance de la vigne et de ses besoins en eau ont apporté des résultats prometteurs pour le développement d’outils d’aide à la décision pour les viticulteurs. / In the climate change context, the adaptation and sustainability of agricultural systems is a major challenge. In Argentina, the 5th worldwide wine producing country, the thermal and hydrical conditions are already extreme for grapevine production. This perennial crop sustainability depends on the adaptation of cultural practices. The objective of the thesis was to develop tools for helping in cultural pratices management using optical and SAR remote sensing images. First, an analysis of climate evolution and its inner regional variability hilighted the main threats and opportunities in the climate change context. At the local scale, working on a high number of heterogeneous vineyards improved the knowledge about signal and target interaction depending on cultural practices. Maps of row orientation, areas protected by anti-hail nets and irrigation systems were produced for an inventory of the actual viticultural system conditions. Then, the potential of remote sensing data for grapevine growth monitoring and irrigation requirements was evaluated and led to promising preliminary results for developping irrigation monitoring tools destinated to grapevine producers

M.Sc. (Zoology) / Viticulture is an important agricultural practice in many countries. The long term use of pesticides in vineyards has resulted in increased concentrations of such pollutants in sediments, water and other environmental compartments. Mitigation measures in agriculture, especially vineyard agriculture, are a prerequisite to the sustained integrity of the natural environment, and specifically the aquatic environment. Mitigation presents itself in the form of water bodies, riparian buffer strips, ground vegetation cover, grassed field paths, natural or artificial wetlands and modification of pesticide application rate. However, to our knowledge no studies exist which highlight the state of dams related to viticulture or the use of mitigation measures, in South Africa. The study aimed to quantify the cumulative risk posed to dams on wine farms and the effect of pesticides (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) on aquatic ecosystems while evaluating the use of mitigation measures in South African viticulture. Epilithic diatom community structure assessment and frustule abnormalities; zooplankton and macroinvertebrate community structure assessment, and characterization of mitigation measures were carried out at nine representative study sites on wine farms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Pesticide risk assessment models PRIMET and PERPEST were employed to assess the risk that pesticides pose at each site from available data. The Relative Risk Model was used to assess the risk posed to identified Risk Regions. Different risk categories were observed across the sites from PRIMET and PERPEST, ranging from no risk to high risk for specific pesticides and relative risk among the risk regions was assessed. Diatom community structure displayed spatial and temporal variability between sites as well as observable diatom frustule abnormalities due to pesticide input. Zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities displayed variability spatially as well as temporally and this was linked to the presence of pesticides confirming the predictions from PRIMET, PERPEST and the RRM.

Au travers du cas de la viticulture bordelaise, nous nous demandons dans quelle mesureles prix fonciers sont porteurs de dimensions patrimoniales. Pour répondre à cette question,nous appréhendons le patrimoine comme un ensemble construit de biens et d’institutions,historiquement et territorialement situé, vecteur de formes organisationnelles spécifiques à laviticulture bordelaise. Nous mettons en évidence que le foncier peut être appréhendé commel’un des biens par lequel se construit le patrimoine viticole, les dimensions patrimoniales dela viticulture bordelaise étant révélées par les préférences des acteurs sur le marché foncier.À partir de cette hypothèse et dans le cadre d’une analyse hédonique, nous étudions les prixdes terres viticoles non bâties, vendues entre 2002 et 2010 en Gironde. Ce travail s’appuie surune base de données géographiques multisources originale et sur les techniques d’économétriespatiale. Nous montrons que la construction des valeurs foncières sur le marché porte les tracesde l’histoire de la viticulture bordelaise et de son rapport, passé et futur, au territoire. / Through a case-study of wine-farming in Bordeaux, this thesis aims to analyse how vineyardprices reflect heritage. We define heritage as a set of properties and institutions which arehistorically and territorially located. Locally, this defines organisations specific to the Bordeauxviticulture. We show that farmland can be an asset through which the viticulture heritage isbuilt. We assume that the value of this heritage is revealed by the preferences of agents onthe farmland market. From this assumption and through a hedonic analysis, we analyse theprice of vineyards sold between 2002 and 2010 in the Gironde department in France. Thiswork is based on an original multisource geographic information systeme data and uses spatialeconometric techniques. We show that vineyard prices on the market are the reflection of thelocal viticulture and of its past and future links to the territory.

Nul autre vase en céramique n'aura mieux que le dolium rendu compte de la démesure romaine. C'est par ces mots que débute la présente synthèse qui porte sur le dolium en Gaule Narbonnaise à l'époque romaine.D'abord importée par les Grecs en Italie dans le courant du VIIIe s. av. J.-C., cette grande jarre de stockage en terre cuite va peu à peu conquérir l'ensemble de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Parce qu'il constitue un conteneur parfaitement adapté au climat chaud du pourtour méditerranéen, il devient dans le courant du IIe s. av. J.-C. le symbole de la viticulture et de l'oléiculture intensive, et ce au moins jusqu'au IIIe s. ap. J.-C.L'archéologie a longtemps délaissé ce matériel lourd et souvent informe qui jonche pourtant le sol des anciens chais et celliers à dolia des exploitations agricoles antiques. À travers le cas particulier de la Gaule Narbonnaise, le présent travail se propose de réévaluer la place qu'a pu jouer ce conteneur dans le développement économique de cette province, entre le Ier s. av. J.-C. et le IIIe s. ap. J.-C. Utilisant les méthodes de l'archéologie classique, cette étude s'inscrit aussi dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire destinée à mettre en synergie les données archéologiques, archéométriques, épigraphiques et anthropologiques.L'ensemble de la documentation rassemblée constitue une synthèse inédite des connaissances sur le thème du dolium, depuis sa fabrication jusqu'à son utilisation, qui vise à mettre en évidence les modalités du déploiement de ce formidable outil au service du développement économique impérial. / The dolium as no other pottery represents the roman excessiveness. By these words begins the present synthesis that deals with dolium in Gallia Narbonensis.First introduced by Greeks in Italy during the VIIIth s. B.C., this large jar in terracotta will gradually conquer all northwest Mediterranean. As it is perfectly adapted to warm climate of Mediterranean periphery, it became during the IIth s. B.C. the wine and oil intensive production's symbol, at least until the IIIth s. A.D.Archaeology has for a long time neglected this heavy materiel whereas it strews the floor of antics cave and cellar. Through the example of Gallia Narbonnensis, this study aims at reassessing the position of this container in the economic expansion of this province between the Ith s. B.C. and the IIIth s. A.D. Using classical archaeological method, this research includes also a multidisciplinary viewpoint intended to synergise archaeological, archaeometrical, epigraphical and anthropological data.All this documentation constitutes an unprecedented synthesis on dolium, from its manufacturing to its use. The final goal is to bring out the model of deployment of this great instrument, which is assigned to the imperial economic development.