Den här uppsatsen är en responshistorisk undersökning av Karin Wards skulptur Ikaros syster och dess möte med sin publik. Syftet är att förstå de starka reaktioner skulpturen väckte. De huvudsakliga frågeställningarna lyder: Hur kan de handgripliga förändringarna av verkets utseende tolkas? Vilka förväntningar på den offentliga konsten uttrycktes i debatten och bevakningen i massmedia? Undersökningen visar att responsen var häftig och omfattande: en intensiv debatt bröt ut i lokalpressen, och under åren 1978–80 hade verket en framskjuten plats i det lokala offentliga samtalet. Många irriterade sig på verket och dömde ut det som fult eller pornografiskt medan andra försvarade verket på estetiska och principiella grunder. Debatten bottnade i stort sett i två konkurrerande idéer om den offentliga konstens uppgift; Skulle ett offentligt verk behaga alla genom att gestalta ett objektivt eller konventionellt skönhetsideal, eller skulle den offentliga konsten tillåtas vara heterogen och därigenom behaga heterogena preferenser och stödja konstnärernas fria skapande? Skulpturens utseende förändrades flera gånger under den perioden, bland annat sprängdes ett hål i verket – en skada konstnären reparerade genom att omgestalta verket. Sådana handgripligheter kan tolkas som fysiska uttryck för åsikter som återfinns i den offentliga debatten om verket. Samtidigt förändrade de i sin tur verkets uttryck och betydelse.

This thesis explores the attitudes of Swedish university library staff towards marginalia in library books. The study aimed to investigate their experiences and opinions on the topic and any existing routines and guidelines regarding marginalia. Additionally, the study aimed to compare its findings to previous literature, which had made negative assumptions about how librarians feel about marginalia. Despite these assumptions, there has been no research to support them. The study used a mixed-method approach and collected data through a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. Based on the results, it was found that library staff regularly come across marginalia in library books. While most staff members hold a negative view towards marginalia, there are varying opinions that differ from what previous literature suggests. Those with negative attitudes believe that marginalia ruins the book as an object and hinders future readers from reading autonomously. However, there are also positive attitudes towards marginalia, with some believing that it is a sign of the book being used and that the reader has benefited in some way. Overall, those with both negative and positive views understand marginalia as a byproduct of reading and studying and as a study technique. Current routines and guidelines do not provide much information about handling books with marginalia, with only a few mentioning it. Some library staff believe that explicit guidelines are necessary, while others consider marginalia an inevitable part of libraries and therefore do not require guidelines.

MEd (Educational Management) / Department of Educational Management / In South Africa, violence continues to undermine the functioning of schools. Literature has revealed that the subject of school violence is quite varied and covers a wide variety of related areas from sociology to educational psychology; these examine psychological factors such as peer pressure, stress, cognition, emotional development and their relation to school violence. The study was aimed at investigating the effects of school violence in South African rural schools in Mpumalanga Province. The study used mixed methods approach employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. For the quantitative part of the study, the study adopted simple random sampling to select the learners. A 'purposive sample' was used to select the principals and educators for the qualitative part of the study. A sample of 423 learners from the 9 secondary schools in the circuit was selected for the quantitative part of the study. A purposive sample of 9 principals and 18 educators was also be deemed appropriate for the qualitative part of the study. IBM SPSS version 23 was used to analyse quantitative data. Frequency tables were generated (univariate analysis), and the Chi-square test was used to calculate significant differences in the effects and coping strategies between male and female victims of school-based violence. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and used to support and complement the quantitative data. Principals and educators in schools with high prevalence of school-based violence was prioritised. It was expected that the effects of school-based violence in the study area were described. Causes of violence, its effects and ways to improve coping strategies in the respective schools are also anticipated to be comprehensively covered as expected outcomes. / NRF

La dégradation ou la destruction volontaire de biens symboliques est un phénomène omniprésent dans l'histoire humaine. Souvent, les œuvres ont été endommagées parce qu’elles incarnaient des divinités, des représentants du pouvoir, un imaginaire spirituel ou social. Avec l’avènement des musées et la transformation du statut des œuvres qu’ils conservent, ce phénomène adopte de nouvelles formes.Les atteintes portées intentionnellement à l’intégrité d’œuvres d’art, lorsqu’elles se produisent dans des musées, sont porteuses d’enjeux spécifiques, que cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser. Aujourd’hui, elles sont généralement désignées par le terme de vandalisme, qui véhicule des représentations qu’il s’agit d’interroger. Cette recherche, prenant appui sur l’analyse d’un corpus de cas de vandalisme perpétrés entre 1970 et 2014 sur des œuvres exposées dans des musées d’art, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, s’attache, dans une perspective sociologique, à examiner les ressorts de ces actes, mais aussi les diverses réactions qu’ils suscitent. Celles-ci peuvent être saisies dans leur variabilité ; la confrontation de discours et de points de vue recueillis au cours d’entretiens avec divers acteurs concernés par le phénomène contribue à porter au jour des dispositions contrastées à l’égard des œuvres d’art. L’analyse de la réception sociale de ces actions constitue une voie d’accès privilégiée pour appréhender certains mécanismes de disqualification, y compris au sein du champ artistique. Certains de ces gestes sont en effet réalisés dans une optique de création ou de dialogue artistique : ils font ici l’objet d’une attention particulière en raison de ce qu’ils peuvent mettre en lumière du fonctionnement du milieu de l’art. / Willful degradation or destruction of symbolic goods is omnipresent in Human history. Most of the times, works were damaged because they embodied deities, symbols of power, spiritual or social constructs. With the advent of museums and the transformation of the status of the works they preserve, this phenomenon shaped into new forms.Deliberate attacks on the integrity of works of art, when they occur in museums, carry specific issues that this thesis aims to analyze. Today, they are generally referred to as vandalism, which conveys representations that are to be questioned. This research, based on the analysis of a body of cases of vandalism perpetrated between 1970 and 2014 on works exhibited in art museums in Europe and North America, focuses, from a sociological perspective, on examining the causes of these acts as well as the various reactions they generate. The confrontation of discourses and points of view gathered during interviews with various actors concerned by this topic reveals diverse dispositions towards works of art. The analysis of the social reception of these actions constitutes a privileged approach to specific processes of disqualification, including some within the artistic field. Parts of these gestures are meant to initiate an artistic dialogue or even to create; therefore, they will be looked upon with particular attention as they can highlight some of the mechanisms of the artistic scene.

Trata-se de investigação sobre o design no processo de produção e uso de mobiliário escolar em redes de ensino público no Brasil, com foco em São Paulo, a partir do problema da geração de sucata. Foram levantados os órgãos executivos e respectivos modelos implantados, conceitos e circunstâncias. Resultados de análise evidenciaram o surgimento e agravamento da influência do vandalismo sobre o mobiliário escolar, entre 1990-2005. Análise do fenômeno indica a importância da participação do usuário-educando no processo geral, tendo como instrumento social e ambiental o design em produção comunitária-escolar. / This work is a historical approach on production and usage process of school furniture in the public education system in Brazil, focusing São Paulo, from the problem of generation and destiny of scrap of this very product. The obtained results present the history of the responsible executive organs, concepts, circumstances and a implanted models. Chiefly, evidence the raise and worsening of the influence of vandalism on the school furniture, between 1990 and 2005, whose analysis of its meaning indicates the importance of the participation of user-student in the usage and production process, having as social and environmental tool the design in shool communitary production.

<p>This essay concerns graffiti, and in particular graffiti removal regarded as iconoclasm.</p><p>Graffiti is described as a visual symbol laden with both negative and positive values, and sometimes as a meaningful expression in the urban public space. One problem with graffiti as a field of study is the diversity of both the meaning of the term as well as the diversity of the phenomenon itself. Therefore I have defined the term graffiti as follows: words and images painted on public walls by a person usually in an unauthorised manner. Specific examples of graffiti and related phenomena are presented. Within the Swedish anti-graffiti discourse the pejorative term klotter (scribbling) is used to describe what I above define as graffiti. A short analysis of this discourse is followed by case studies of specific examples of graffiti removal that can be regarded as iconoclasm.</p>

This essay concerns graffiti, and in particular graffiti removal regarded as iconoclasm. Graffiti is described as a visual symbol laden with both negative and positive values, and sometimes as a meaningful expression in the urban public space. One problem with graffiti as a field of study is the diversity of both the meaning of the term as well as the diversity of the phenomenon itself. Therefore I have defined the term graffiti as follows: words and images painted on public walls by a person usually in an unauthorised manner. Specific examples of graffiti and related phenomena are presented. Within the Swedish anti-graffiti discourse the pejorative term klotter (scribbling) is used to describe what I above define as graffiti. A short analysis of this discourse is followed by case studies of specific examples of graffiti removal that can be regarded as iconoclasm.

Héritière des graines semées depuis la Révolution, la monarchie de Juillet élabore les bases d'une politique patrimoniale dans un contexte de renouveau urbain. Les villes entament un processus de transformation de leur armature pour répondre aux nécessités de salubrité publique et s'adapter aux changements socio-économiques. Dans ce contexte, de nouvelles formes de vandalisme apparaissent. Entre conservation des monuments et salubrité publique, différents acteurs doivent faire consensus. Bien que critiqué, le réemploi apparaît comme la meilleure alternative. Il s'agit de concilier les monuments de l'ancienne France avec les impératifs de la France moderne. De la dénonciation du« beau percé», apparaît la défense d'une physionomie de la ville, avec la notion de paysage urbain. Objet de fierté locale, l'édifice ancien est constitutif d'un capital culturel économique. Paysages et monuments constituent les principaux attraits et atouts d'une ville. Le régime fonde trois organes dédiés aux monuments historiques et favorise l'essor des sociétés savantes. Ces acteurs, dénommés les hussards des monuments historiques, remettent en cause les pratiques de l' Ancien Régime. Face à un vandalisme multiforme, ils élaborent de nouvelles modalités de gestion des édifices prenant en compte plusieurs paramètres, comme l'intégrité. À travers leurs discours, ils invitent à une réflexion nouvelle sur la place et le rôle du monument historique dans un espace urbain qui se régénère en profondeur. Pour atteindre leurs objectifs, des outils de vulgarisation de l'archéologie sont mis en place et diffusés pour former la nouvelle génération et contribuer à une prise de conscience. / Heiress of seeds sowed since the French Revolution, the July Monarchy develops the bases of a cultural heritage policy in a context of urban revival. Cities begin a transformation process of their framework to answer the necessities of the public health and adapt itself to the socioeconomic changes. In this context, new forms of vandalism appear. Between preservation of monuments and public health-, various actors have to reach a consensus. Although criticized, the re-use appears as the best alternative. It is a question of reconciling the monuments of Ancient France with the imperatives of modern France. Of this denunciation of "beau percé", the defense of a face of the city, with the notion of urban landscape appears. Object of a local pride, the building constitutes an economic cultural capital. Landscapes and monuments constitute one of the main attractions and assets of a city. The government establishes three entities dedicated to historic monuments and favors the development of the learned societies. These actors, called "hussars of historic monuments", involve to the practices of Ancien Regime. In the face of a multi-form vandalism, they develop new modalities of management of buildings by taking into account several parameters, of which the integrity. Through their speeches, they invite in a new reflection on the place and the role of the historical monument in an urban space which regenerates in depth. To reach their goals, tools of popularization of the archaeology are set up and spread to train the new generation and contribute to an awareness.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Why do students produce marks on school walls, tables and cabinets? Were these purely violent demonstrations related to free riot and vandalism against the educational institution? The purpose of this study is to seek answers to these questions by finding alternative interpretations to common sense for the interventions done by goers of school public spaces. To do so, we performed ethnographic fieldwork with bias at the State Institute of Education Tiaraju, located in Sao Sepe / RS, where subsidies were extracted to demonstrate what kind of relationship the students have with the school environment, how these invisible links are externalized and materialized and for what reasons the school can be considered a local heritage. / Por que os alunos produzem marcas nas paredes, muros, mesas e armários da escola? Seriam estas manifestações puramente violentas, relacionadas à revolta gratuita e vandalismo contra a instituição de ensino? A proposta deste trabalho é buscar respostas para estes questionamentos, encontrando interpretações alternativas ao senso comum para as intervenções feitas por frequentadores de espaços públicos escolares. Para tanto, realizou-se trabalho de campo com viés etnográfico no Instituto Estadual de Educação Tiaraju, localizado no município de São Sepé/RS, de onde se extraiu subsídios para demonstrar que tipo de relação os estudantes constroem com o espaço escolar, como estes vínculos invisíveis são exteriorizados e materializados e por quais motivos a escola pode ser considerada um patrimônio local.

Trata-se de investigação sobre o design no processo de produção e uso de mobiliário escolar em redes de ensino público no Brasil, com foco em São Paulo, a partir do problema da geração de sucata. Foram levantados os órgãos executivos e respectivos modelos implantados, conceitos e circunstâncias. Resultados de análise evidenciaram o surgimento e agravamento da influência do vandalismo sobre o mobiliário escolar, entre 1990-2005. Análise do fenômeno indica a importância da participação do usuário-educando no processo geral, tendo como instrumento social e ambiental o design em produção comunitária-escolar. / This work is a historical approach on production and usage process of school furniture in the public education system in Brazil, focusing São Paulo, from the problem of generation and destiny of scrap of this very product. The obtained results present the history of the responsible executive organs, concepts, circumstances and a implanted models. Chiefly, evidence the raise and worsening of the influence of vandalism on the school furniture, between 1990 and 2005, whose analysis of its meaning indicates the importance of the participation of user-student in the usage and production process, having as social and environmental tool the design in shool communitary production.