Η συμμετοχή της γενετικής, έναντι της περιβαλλοντικής επίδρασης στη συμπεριφορά αποτελεί θεμελιώδες ερώτημα για τις νευροεπιστήμες και αποτελεί πεδίο έντονου ερευνητικού ενδιαφέροντος. Η σεξουαλικότητα είναι μια σύνθετη αλληλεπίδραση πολλαπλών παραγόντων, συμπεριλαμβανομένων ανατομικών, φυσιολογικών, ψυχολογικών, αναπτυξιακών, πολιτιστικών και σχεσιακών παραγόντων. Παρά την υψηλή συχνότητα εμφάνισης της γυναικείας σεξουαλικής δυσλειτουργίας, λιγότερη έμφαση έχει δοθεί στη μελέτη της από την επιστημονική κοινότητα. Το βιολογικό και ψυχολογικό υπόβαθρό της παραμένει ένα υποσχόμενο πεδίο έρευνας καθώς οι διαθέσιμες θεραπείες είναι πολύ λιγότερες συγκριτικά με την ανδρική σεξουαλική δυσλειτουργία. Η σεξουαλική λειτουργία των γυναικών έχει μελετηθεί κατά καιρούς στο σύνδρομο των πολυκυστικών ωοθηκών, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ερωτηματολόγια σεξουαλικής δραστηριότητας και επίπεδα φυλετικών ορμονών αλλά όχι τους γενετικούς πολυμορφισμούς που μπορεί να εμπλέκονται και να δημιουργούν συγκεκριμένο βιολογικό υπόβαθρο. Η αλληλεπίδραση ορμονών, νευροδιαβιβαστών και περιβαλλοντικών παραγόντων είναι ευρέως αποδεκτή στη διαμόρφωση του υποστρώματος της γυναικείας σεξουαλικότητας αλλά οι τρόποι παραμένουν ακόμα ασαφείς. Για το λόγο αυτό, ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η συσχέτιση των πολυμορφισμών του ανδρογονικού υποδοχέα και του υποδοχέα της βαζοπρεσίνης με τη γυναικεία σεξουαλικότητα στις γυναίκες με σύνδρομο πολυκυστικών ωοθηκών. Η επίδραση των ανδρογόνων στη γυναικεία σεξουαλικότητα αποτελεί πεδίο έντονου ερευνητικού ενδιαφέροντος καθώς οι μηχανισμοί αλληλεπίδρασης είναι ιδιαίτερα πολύπλοκοι. Τα ανδρογόνα ασκούν τη δράση τους μέσω πρόσδεσης και ενεργοποίησης των ανδρογονικών υποδοχέων. Το γονίδιο του υποδοχέα των ανδρογόνων αποτελείται από δύο μοτίβα πολυμορφικών επαναλήψεων CAG & GGN που κωδικοποιούν ποικίλου μήκους πολυγλουταμινικών και πολυγλυκινικών περιοχών αντίστοιχα. Έχει επίσης φανεί ότι το αυξημένο μήκος της CAG επαναληπτικής αλληλουχίας πιθανόν να σχετίζεται με μειωμένη δραστικότητα του AR και ως εκ τούτου και με διαταραχές που σχετίζονται με μειωμένη δράση ανδρογόνων Διάφορα νευροπεπτίδια όπως η βαζοπρεσίνη, η αδενοκορτικοτροπίνη, η ωκυτοκίνη κ.α. επιδρούν στην ενήλικο σεξουαλική συμπεριφορά διαφόρων οργανισμών. Η βαζοπρεσίνη και ο υποδοχέας της αποτέλεσαν αντικείμενο μελέτης για την ερμηνεία της ανθρώπινης κοινωνικής και σεξουαλικής συμπεριφοράς. Οι πολυμορφισμοι του AVPR έχουν επίσης σχετιστεί με αλτρουισμό, με μονογαμία και ανάπτυξη σχέσεων δεσμού, γνώση μουσικής και χορού που αντανακλούν αρχέγονες κοινωνικές αλληλεπιδράσεις όπως ιεροτελεστικές κινήσεις και επικοινωνία μέσω ήχων. Το γονίδιο του υποδοχέα της βαζοπρεσίνης διαθέτει τέσσερα μικροδορυφορικά μοτίβα. Ακολουθώντας τις μελέτες στον αρουραίο του αγρού (vole), η προσοχή έχει κυρίως επικεντρωθεί στις μικροδορυφoρικές επαναλήψεις στην περιοχή του υποκινητή. Πρόκειται για τις RS1 {(GATA)14} και RS3 {(CT)4-TT-(CT)8-(GT)24}, που είναι εξαιρετικά πολυμορφικές. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση της συσχέτισης της πολυμορφικής CAG περιοχής του ανδρογονικού υποδοχέα και του RS1 πολυμορφισμού του υποδοχέα της βαζοπρεσίνης με την γυναικεία σεξουαλική συμπεριφορά στο σύνδρομο των πολυκυστικών ωοθηκών. Για το λόγο αυτό η παρούσα μελέτη συμπεριέλαβε 40 γυναίκες με σύνδρομο πολυκυστικών ωοθηκών και 94 υγιείς γυναίκες, στις οποίες διενεργήθηκαν ορμονικοί προσδιορισμοί, ψυχομετρικά τεστ για αξιολόγηση της σεξουαλικής λειτουργίας τους και διερεύνηση της συσχέτισης με τα γονοτυπικά τους χαρακτηριστικά (αριθμός επαναλήψεων των πολυμορφικών μοτίβων στα αλληλόμορφά τους). Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας έδειξαν ότι στην κατηγορία των γυναικών με PCOS η ενεργότητα του υποδοχέα συσχετίστηκε με μειωμένα επίπεδα oιστρογόνων και με αυξημένη ικανοποίηση, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει ότι σε καθεστώς περίσσειας ανδρογονικού ερεθίσματος η γυναικεία σεξουαλικότητα επάγεται. Επίσης στην ίδια ομάδα γυναικών φάνηκε συσχέτιση μεταξύ των υψηλών επιπέδων FSH και των υψηλών αριθμών επαναλήψεων του RS1 πολυμορφισμού, υποδεικνύοντας έναν κεντρικό ρόλο του AVPR στη ρύθμιση της ωοθυλακιορρηξίας των γυναικών με σύνδρομο πολυκυστικών ωοθηκών. / The contribution of genetic versus environmental influence in behavioral analysis is a fundamental question for neuroscience and it is also an area of strong research interest, Sexuality is distinguished by a complex interaction between anatomic, physiologic, psychological, developmental, relational and cultural factors. Despite the high frequency of sexuality disorders in women, scientists have not placed emphasis on this. The biological and psychological background of women’s sexuality disorder still remains a promising field of research, since the available therapies are fewer than those that are used in male sexual dysfunction. Female sexuality has been studied frequently in women with PCOS and has been based on questionnaires of female’s sexual functionality and serum levels of sex steroid hormones. These studies didn’t take account of the genetic polymorphisms which can be involved in a specific biological background. The interaction of hormones, neurotransmitters and environmental factors is widely accepted in the composition of female’s sexual function but the ways that this interaction happens are still unclear. Thus, the aim of our study was to consider the possible association between the genetic polymorphism of androgen receptor gene and vasopressin receptor gene and female sexuality in women with PCOS. The influence of androgens in female sexuality is a field of intense interest in the scientific community, but the ways this interaction occurs are very complicated. Androgens bind and activate androgen receptors.The androgen receptor gene consists of eight exons and encodes a protein with 919 amino acid residues. Exon 1 of the gene consists of two polymorphic repeat (CAG and GGN) motifs, encoding variable lengths of polyglutamine and polyglycine stretches, respectively. Also, it has been proposed that that the increased length of the CAG repeat should associate with decreased AR activity and hence the disorders related to the reduced androgen actions. Many neuropeptides such as vasopressin, oxytocin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) etc, affect sexual behavior in many species. Vasopressin and it’s receptor has been well studied in order to interpret human social and sexual behavior. The genetic polymorphisms of the vasopressin receptor gene has been also associated with altruism, monogamy, pair bonding, musical and dancing ability. The latter reflects primitive social interactions such as ritual movements and vocalization. Vasopressin receptor gene is distinguished by three microsatellites in the 5’ flanking region and a fourth in the single intron. Following the vole studies, attention has been primarily focused on two microsatellites in the promoter region, RS1 {{GATA)14} and RS3 {(CT)4-TT-(CT)8-(GT)24}, which are highly polymorphic. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between the polymorphic CAG region of androgen receptor gene and RS1 polymorphism of vasopressin receptor gene with sexual behavior in women with PCOS. Thus, our study included 40 women with PCOS and 94 healthy women. We performed hormonal analysis, psychometric tests to evaluate their sexual functionality and looked into the association with their genetic characteristics (the number of repeats of polymorphic motifs in their alleles). Our results showed that androgen receptor’s activity is associated with low estrogen levels and high sexual satisfaction in women with PCOS. This indicates that in a state of androgen excess, female sexuality is induced. In the same group of women, we noted an association between high levels of FSH and a high number of repeats of RS1 polymorphism. This suggests a central role of vasopressin receptor in the regulation of ovulation in women with PCOS.

Early-life experience has profound effects on the individual’s neurobiology and behaviour later in life. The rodent animal experimental model maternal separation (MS) was used to study this more in detail. The MS model involves short and prolonged postnatal separations simulating an emotionally safe and stressful environment, respectively. The aims of the thesis were to examine the impact of individual MS on ethanol consumption and on brain dopamine and serotonin systems in adult male rats. Furthermore, the influence of separation conditions on the short- and long-term consequences of MS on several neurotransmitter systems was examined. Rat pups were assigned to either litter-wise MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15l or MS360l) or individual MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15i or MS360i). Control rats were subjected to conventional animal facility rearing (AFR). Ethanol intake was assessed in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. Neuropeptides were analyzed with radioimmunoassay, monoamines and metabolites with electrochemical detection and gene expression with qPCR. Using the MSi paradigm, minor effects on voluntary ethanol consumption were observed. However, the monoaminergic responses elicited by ethanol were dependent on the early-life environment. Furthermore, short- and long-term consequences of MS on serotonin, opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems were studied. Multiple neurobiological measurements in one and the same rat offered a unique possibility to examine the effects of duration (MS15 versus MS360) and condition (l versus i) of MS. Time-, region-, sex- and transmitter-specific effects were observed. More pronounced differences were seen in serotonin measures and oxytocin in young rats. In adults these differences in basal levels were normalized. Opioid peptides differed in stress-related brain areas in young rats and in limbic areas in adults. Rats subjected to the MS15l environment that relates to natural conditions generally exhibited a different neurobiological profile than other groups. AFR rats, i.e. conventional control rats, were more similar to the putative most stressful condition MS360. Taken together, the networks examined in the present thesis are important for the establishment of normal social behaviour and derangements in these systems may result in neurobiological changes leading to the susceptibility for psychopathological conditions later in life.

Septic shock is a major cause of deaths resulting from uncontrolled inflammation and circulatory failure. Recent studies suggest that the vascular isoform of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels is an important contributor to septic susceptibility. To understand the molecular mechanisms for channel regulation during sepsis, we performed studies in isolated endothelium-denuded mesenteric rings. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced vascular relaxation and hyporeactivity to phenylephrine. The LPS-treated aortic smooth muscle cells displayed hyperpolarization and augmentation of KATP channel activity. Both were due to an up-regulation of Kir6.1 and SUR2B surface expression. The up-regulation relied on transcriptional and translational mechanisms, in which nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB) and Protein kinase A (PKA) played a critical role. Oxidative stress occurs during sepsis and may act as another regulatory mechanism affecting KATP channel activity and vascular contractility. We found that micromolar concentrations of H2O2 impaired the pinacidil-induced vasodilation. The effect attributed to the suppression of KATP channel activity, which can be fully produced by reactivity oxidants. Unlike the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel, the Kir6.2/SUR2B channel was insensitive to 1mM H2O2, indicating that the modulation sites are located in Kir6.1. Site-directed mutational analysis showed that three cysteine residues located in N-terminus and the core region of Kir6.1 were likely to mediate the redox-dependent channel modulation. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a vasoconstrictor that is successfully applied to manage sepsis. However, the downstream target of AVP is uncertain. Our studies show that AVP-induced vasoconstriction depended on V1a receptor, Protein kinase C (PKC) and KATP channel. Additionally, AVP decreased Kir6.1/SUR2B channel activity through V1a receptor. The inhibitory effect was caused by a suppression of the channel open state probability. The channel inhibition was mediated by phosphorylation of the channel protein by PKC. The widespread involvement of the vascular KATP channel in vascular responses to endotoxemia strongly suggests that the temporospatial control of channel activity may constitute an important intervention to vascular tone, blood pressure and organ-tissue perfusion in septic shock. Such a control appears feasible by targeting several modulatory mechanisms of intracellular signaling, Kir6.1/SUR2B expression, redox state and channel protein phosphorylation as demonstrated in this dissertation.

As relações sociais são construídas e mantidas a partir da interação entre os indivíduos. A ocitocina (OT), vasopressina (AVP), estrogênios (EST) e dopamina (DOPA), bem como seus respectivos receptores estão envolvidos na modulação do comportamento sexual de fêmeas. Estruturas do sistema nervoso central (SNC), tais como o bulbo olfatório (BO), o hipotálamo (HPT), o córtex pré-frontal (CPF) e o hipocampo (HPC) exercem importantes funções relacionadas à motivação sexual, reconhecimento de odores, memória e respostas emocionais. Em camundongos fêmeas, a OT é essencial para o comportamento de lordose e para estabelecer a preferência pelo parceiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o impacto do nocauteamento no gene da OT (OTKO) no comportamento sexual de camundongos fêmeas, na síntese hipotalâmica de AVP e na expressão gênica dos receptores de OT (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alfa (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) e DOPARD2 no BO, HPT, CPF e HPC. Foram utilizados 11 camundongos fêmeas (C57BL/6J) para o grupo controle (WT) e o mesmo número para o grupo OTKO. A detecção do transgene no genoma foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e os animais foram classificados como: WT (OT+/+), heterozigoto (OT+/-) e OTKO (OT-/-). O teste do comportamento sexual da fêmea foi realizado na noite do proestro e os parâmetros comportamentais avaliados foram: frequência, duração e latência de lordose, além da frequência de montas, bem como as posturas não receptivas e a locomoção. A coleta das estruturas encefálicas (BO, HPT, CPF e HPC) aconteceu na manhã seguinte do teste comportamental. Os cDNAs foram sintetizados por transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). A expressão gênica de cada receptor foi calculada a partir da fórmula 2-ΔΔCt. Os dados do registro comportamental e da expressão gênica foram expressos pela média, erro padrão da média (±EPM), analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e o nível de significância aceito foi de p<0,05. Nossos resultados mostraram aumento significativo da latência e diminuição significativa da frequência e da duração do comportamento de lordose em fêmeas OTKO. Em relação às posturas não receptivas, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da latência e aumento significativo da frequência e da duração destas posturas. No que concerne à expressão gênica dos diferentes receptores, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do OTR apenas no HPC em relação ao grupo WT. Verificamos que o grupo OTKO apresentou diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do AVPR1a apenas no HPT, mas aumento da expressão no HPC quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Também, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do ERα e ERβ apenas no CPF quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na expressão gênica do DOPARD2 em nenhuma das estruturas estudadas quando comparados os dois grupos estudados. No que diz respeito ao nocauteamento no gene da OT, nossos resultados mostraram que este não promove diferença significativa na síntese de RNAm de AVP no HPT do grupo OTKO quando ao grupo WT. Nossos principais achados nos permitem inferir que a ausência da OT dentro do SNC, bem como a importante alteração da expressão dos genes estudados (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα e ERβ) principalmente no CPF estão relacionados com a diminuição do comportamento sexual observada nas fêmeas OTKO. / Social relations are built and maintained from the interaction between individuals. Oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP), estrogens (EST), dopamine (DOPA) and their receptors are involved in the modulation of sexual behavior in females. Structures of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the olfactory bulb (OB), hypothalamus (HPT), medial amygdale, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) have important functions related to sexual motivation, odor recognition, memory, and emotional responses. In mice, OT is essential for lordosis behavior and to establish the female preference for her partner. The experimental model using knockout animals for OT allows evaluating the physiological and behavioral changes generated from this genetic manipulation. This study aimed to analyze the impact of OT gene knockout (OTKO) in sexual behavior of female mice, in the synthesis hypothalamic of AVP and gene expression of OT receptors (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alpha (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) and DOPARD2 in OB, HPT, PFC and HPC. We used 11 female mice (C57BL/6J) for the control group (WT) and the same number for the OTKO group. Detection of the transgene in the genome was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the animals were classified as: WT (OT+/+), heterozygous (+/-OT) and OTKO (OT-/-). The female sexual behavior test was performed on the evening of proestrus and these behavioral parameters were evaluated: frequency, duration and latency lordosis, frequency of mounts, as well as non-receptive positions and locomotion. The collection of brain structures (OB, HPT, PFC and HPC) happened the next morning the behavioral test. The CDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The gene expression of each receptor was calculated from the 2-ΔΔCt formula. Data from the behavioral record and gene expression were expressed as mean, standard error of the mean (±SEM) and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. In all cases, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results showed significant increase in latency and decrease in the frequency and duration of lordosis behavior in OTKO females. For non-receptive postures, OTKO females were significantly reduced latency and increased frequency and duration of these postures. Regarding the gene expression of different receptors, OTKO females showed significant decrease in OTR gene expression only in the HPC compared to WT group. We found that the OTKO group showed a significant decrease in gene expression of AVPR1a only in HPT, but increased expression in HPC as compared to WT group. Also, OTKO females showed significant decrease in gene expression of ERα and ERβ only the PFC when compared to the WT group. There were no significant differences in gene expression DOPARD2 in any of the studied structures when comparing the two groups. Regarding knockout in OT gene, our results showed that this does not promote significant difference in AVP mRNA synthesis in HPT of OTKO group when the WT group. Our main findings allow us to infer that the absence of OT within the CNS, as well as a significant changes in expression of the genes studied (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα and ERβ) mainly in the PFC are related to decreased sexual behavior observed in OTKO females.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-06-01T12:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2264156 bytes, checksum: 5b49c1e05e29597d5088269704f06468 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T12:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2264156 bytes, checksum: 5b49c1e05e29597d5088269704f06468 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The central Ang II (ANG II) induces neuroendocrine, behavioral and cardiovascular responses. Knowing that AT1 and AT2 receptors for ANG II are located in neurons and glial cells in the lamina terminalis (LT), our hypothesis is that neuroendocrine, behavioral and cardiorespiratory responses induced by central ANG II are mediated by glia of lamina terminalis. Our aim was to evaluate the participation of the glia of lamina terminalis in the release of plasma vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), water and sodium (1.5%) intake and cardiorespiratory responses induced by ANG II into lateral ventricle (LV). We used Wistar rats [(260-280g) Ceua/Cbiotec 133/2015]. We perform microinjections of ANG II diluted in sterile saline solution (0.9% saline) with final concentration of 25 ou 50 ng/0.5 μl and of Fluorocitrate [(FCt) inhibitor of glial activity] with final concentration of 21 ou 41 μg/0.5 μl or sterile saline 0.9% (500nl) into VL of the unanesthetized rats. Plasma was collected for analysis of AVP and OT concentration by radioimmunoassay. The analysis of the water and sodium (1.5%) intake were done after adaptation of animals to the metabolic cage. In another group of animals, the femoral artery was catheterizedfor the records of baseline blood pressure (BP, mmHg) and heart rate (HR, bpm). For the record the respiratory rate (cpm) the animals were placed in a plethysmographic chamber. The results showed that ANG II into VL promoted an increase in the AVP [2.3 ± 0.4 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 pg/ml, p=0.039 (n=6)] and OT [3.9 ± 0.8 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 pg/ml, p=0.025 (n=6)] compared to the control saline (0.9%). FCt into VL increased plasma OT (2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 pg/ml, p=0.024 (n=6)], but did not change the plasma AVP (0.99 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 pg/ml, p=0.78 (n=6)]. Prior microinjection of FCt attenuated ANG II-induced AVP (1.3 ± 0.2 vs 2.3 ± 0.4 pg/ml, p=0.05 (n=6)], but no OT (2.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 pg/ml, p=0.31 (n=5-6).] The plasma release ANG II increased the cumulative water (5.3 ± 1.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0,4 ml/4 h, p=0.02 (n=4-6)] and sodium (1.5 %) intake [16 ± 1.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 ml/4 h, p=0.0001 (n=5-6)]. The FCt did not change the cumulative water [1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.4 ml/4 h, p=0.79 (n=5-6)], but decreased sodium (1.5 %) intake [0.83 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 ml/4 h, p=0.04 (n=6)]. Prior microinjection of FCt decrease the sodium intake [2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 16 ± 1.1 ml/4 h, p=0.0001 (n=5-7)], but did not change the water intake induced by ANG II [8 ± 2.4 vs. 5.3 ± 1.6 ml/4 h, p=0.44 (n=4-7)]. ANG II into VL promoted increase in baseline MAP [137.8 ± 4.9 vs. 115.1 ± 3.5 mmHg, p=0.002 (n=7)]. The pressor response promoted by ANG II was significantly reduced after 5 minutes by prior microinjection of FCt [Δ12.6 ± 2.1 vs. Δ22.6 ± 1.9 mmHg, p=0.004 (n=7)]. Did not change by ANG II [311.7 ± 37.9 vs. 352.4 ± 15 bpm, p=0.10 (n=7)] or FCt [310.4 ± 16.7 vs. 341.3 ± 14 bpm, p=0.18 (n=7)] in HR (bpm) baseline. The ANG II did not changes in respiratory rate (FR) [109.6 ± 5.9 vs. 105.9 ± 4.6 cpm, p=0.63 (n=6)], tidal volume (VC) [8.6 ± 0.7 vs. 7.8 ± 0.7 mL.Kg-1, p=0.43 (n=6)] or expiratory volume in the first minute (VM) [950.7 ± 98.2 vs. 873.5 ± 86.7 mL.Kg-1.min-1, p=0.57 (n=6)]. The microinjection of FCt promoted significant decrease in basal FR [77.7 ± 3.8 vs. 105.9 ± 4.6 cpm, p=0.002 (n=6)], but did not change in VC [9.7 ± 0.6 vs. 7.8 ± 0.7 mL.Kg-1, p=0.66 (n=6)] and VC [827.2 ± 57.3 vs. 873.5 ± 86.7 mL.Kg- 1.min-1, p=0.66 (n=6)]. Our results suggest that the hypothalamic glial cells: 1) participate of plasma OT release and sodium intake; 2) modulate ANG II-induced AVP plasma release, sodium intake and pressor response; 3) furthermore, modulate the basal respiratory rate in unanesthetized rats. / A Angiotensina II (ANG II) intracerebroventricular (icv) induz respostas neuroendócrinas, comportamentais e cardiovasculares. Sabendo que receptores AT1 e AT2 para ANG II estão localizados em neurônios e células da glia da lâmina terminal (LT), nossa hipótese é que as respostas neuroendócrinas, comportamentais e cardiorespiratórias induzidas pela ANG II central são mediadas, em parte, pela glia da lâmina terminal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação da glia da lâmina terminal na liberação de Vasopressina (AVP) e Ocitocina (OT) plasmáticas, ingestão de água e sódio (1,5 %) e nas respostas cardio-respiratórias induzidas pela microinjeção de ANG II no ventrículo lateral (VL) de ratos não anestesiados. Utilizamos ratos Wistar [(260-280g) Ceua/Cbiotec nº133/2015]. Realizamos microinjeções de ANG II diluída em solução fisiológica estéril (salina 0,9%) com concentração final de 25 e 50 ng/0.5 μl e Fluorocitrato [(FCt) um inibidor da atividade da glia] diluído com concentração final de 21 ou 41 μg/0.5 μl, ou de salina estéril 0,9% (500 nL) no VL de ratos não anestesiados. O plasma foi coletado para análise da concentração AVP e OT plasmáticas, pela técnica de radioimunoensaio. A análise da ingestão de água e sódio (1,5%) foi feita após a adaptação dos animais à gaiola metabólica. Em outro grupo de animais, a artéria femoral foi cateterizada para os registros da pressão arterial (PA, mmHg) e frequência cardíaca (FC, bpm) basais. Para o registro da frequência respiratória (cpm) os animais foram colocados em uma câmera pletismográfica. Os resultados mostraram que a ANG II no VL promoveu aumento na concentração de AVP [2,3 ± 0,4 vs. 1,3 ± 0,1 pg/ml, p=0,039 (n=6)] e OT plasmáticas [3,9 ± 0,8 vs. 1,4 ± 0,2 pg/ml, p=0,025 (n=6)] comparada ao controle salina 0,9%. O FCt microinjetado no VL promoveu aumento na liberação de OT plasmática (2,6 ± 0,4 vs. 1,4 ± 0,2 pg/ml, p=0,024 (n=6)], mas não alterou a concentração plasmática de AVP (0,99 ± 0,1 vs. 1,3 ± 0,1 pg/ml, p=0,78 (n=6)]. A prévia microinjeção de FCt atenuou a resposta à ANG II de aumento na concentração de AVP (1,3 ± 0,2 vs 2,3 ± 0,4 pg/ml, p=0,05 (n=6)], mas não de OT plasmática (2,9 ± 0,4 vs. 3,9 ± 0,8 pg/ml, p=0,31 (n=5-6)]. A ANG II no VL promoveu aumento na ingestão cumulativa de água (5,3 ± 1,6 vs. 1,2 ± 0,4 ml/4 h, p=0,02 (n=4-6)] e de sódio (1,5 %) [16 ± 1,1 vs. 2,5 ± 0,7 ml/4 h, p=0,0001 (n=5-6)]. O FCt não promoveu alterações na ingestão cumulativa de água [1,3 ± 0,3 vs. 1,2 ± 0,4 ml/4 h, p=0,79 (n=5-6)], mas reduziu a ingestão cumulativa de sódio (1,5%)[0,83 ± 0,3 vs. 2,5 ±0,7 ml/4 h, p=0,04 (n=6)]. A prévia microinjeção de FCt inibiu a resposta de ingestão de sódio (1,5%) [2,7 ± 0,3 vs. 16 ± 1,1 ml/4 h, p=0,0001 (n=5-7)], mas não alterou a ingestão de água induzida pela ANG II no VL [8 ± 2,4 vs. 5,3 ± 1,6 ml/4 h, p=0,44 (n=4- 7)]. A ANG II no VL promoveu aumento na PAM basal dos ratos [137,8 ± 4,9 vs. 115,1 ± 3,5 mmHg, p=0,002 (n=7)]. A resposta pressora promovida pela ANG II foi significativamente reduzida pela prévia microinjeção do FCt no VL após 5 minutos [Δ12,6 ± 2,1 vs. Δ22,6 ± 1,9 mmHg, p=0,004 (n=7)]. Não foram observadas alterações promovidas pela ANG II [311,7 ± 37,9 vs. 352,4 ± 15 bpm, p=0,10 (n=7)] ou FCt [310,4 ± 16,7 vs. 341,3 ± 14 bpm, p=0,18 (n=7)] na FC basal (bpm) dos animais. A microinjeção de ANG II não promoveu alterações significativas na frequência respiratória basal {FR [109,6 ± 5,9 vs. 105,9 ± 4,6 cpm, p=0,63 (n=6)]}, no volume corrente {VC [8,6 ± 0,7 vs. 7,8 ± 0,7 mL.Kg-1, p=0,43 (n=6)]} ou no volume/min. {VM [950,7 ± 98,2 vs. 873,5 ± 86,7 mL.Kg-1.min-1, p=0,57 (n=6)]}. A microinjeção de FCt promoveu diminuição significativa na frequência respiratória basal {FR [77,7 ± 3,8 vs. 105,9 ± 4,6 cpm, p=0,002 (n=6)]}, sem alterações significativas no VC [9,7 ± 0,6 vs. 7,8 ± 0,7 mL.Kg-1, p=0,66 (n=6)] e no VM basais [827,2 ± 57,3 vs. 873,5 ± 86,7 mL.Kg1.min1, p=0,66 (n=6)]. Nossos resultados sugerem que as células da glia hipotalâmicas: a) participam da modulação tônica da liberação de OT plasmática e da ingestão de sódio; b) modulam a resposta angiotensinérgica central para a liberação de vasopressina plasmática, indução da ingestão de sódio e de resposta pressora. c) além disso, participam da modulação da frequência respiratória basal em ratos não anestesiados.

Submitted by ANGELA CRISTINA DE NICOLA null (angela_bio2006@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-07T18:16:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Angela.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Rimoli de Oliveira null (anapaula@foa.unesp.br) on 2018-02-09T17:42:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nicola_ml_dr_araca_int.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T17:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nicola_ml_dr_araca_int.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O envelhecimento é considerado processo multidimensional no qual fatores ambientais podem proteger ou, inversamente, agravar seus sinais, de maneira não linear, nos processos fisiológicos e neurocomportamentais. Durante este processo, os ritmos circadianos são interrompidos ou fragmentados com dissociação consequente dos ritmos circadianos do indivíduo e disfunções relacionadas ao relógio circadiano contribuem para o envelhecimento e para patologias a ele relacionadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar possível alteração temporal do sistema CLOCK no eixo HPG e a relação com às alterações hormonais que caracterizam a periestropausa. Foram utilizadas fêmeas adultas com ciclo estral regular (CD) na fase do diestro e fêmeas senis com ciclo estral irregular e persistência da fase do diestro (IDP). Para análises de expressão gênica dos clock genes Per2, Rev-erbα e Bmal1 no eixo HPG, foram utilizados punchs das regiões do NSQ, onde também foi analisado RNAm de AVP, APO e HMB destes animais, além da adenohipófise e ovários dos quais se extraiu o RNA para confecção do cDNA e realização de qPCR. A determinação da atividade neuronal vasopressinérgica no NSQ foi realizada por imunoistoquíca com dupla marcação para cFos e AVP em tecido previamente fixado com paraformaldeído. A concentração plasmática de gonadotrofinas foi determinada por radioimunoensaio. De modo geral, os animais IDP revelaram alterações no perfil de expressão gênica durante o fotoperíodo, com redução de amplitude, deslocamento/desalinhamento de fase e ausência de antifase. O NSQ de animais IDP apresentou menor expressão de Rev-erbα e maior expressão de RNAm para AVP em relação ao grupo CD. A quantificação relativa de Bmal1 foi semelhante em ambos os grupos e não houve diferenças entre grupos na expressão de Per2. Na APO, animais IDP apresentaram maior expressão de Per2 e menor quantidade de RNAm para Rev-erbα. No HMB observou-se menor expressão para Per2 e Rev-erbα e maior expressão de Bmal1 nas fêmeas IDP. Per2 e Bmal1 na adenohipófise tiveram menor expressão que o gene Rev-erbα no grupo senil e o ovário destes animais revelou maior expressão para Per2 e Rev-erbα, em comparação com os animais CD. As concentrações plasmáticas de FSH foram maiores nas fêmeas com ciclo irregular (2,05 ± 0,44 ng/mL), principalmente durante a fase clara, assim como o LH (0,24 ± 0,07 ng/mL), cujos maiores valores foram encontrados durante a fase escura e com perfil semelhante ao RNAm de AVP. As imunomarcações revelaram alta atividade vasopressinérgica na porção dorsomedial do NSQ das fêmeas IDP. Juntos estes dados permitem concluir que há desarranjo na expressão temporal dos genes Per2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1 que compõem a maquinaria molecular do relógio circadiano, bem como de RNAm para AVP no NSQ, de fêmeas Wistar na periestropausa. Além disso, a maior atividade neuronal vasopressinérgica e a ausência de oscilação de Rev-erbα e Bmal1 no NSQ destes animais, comprometem a correta comunicação do relógio central do NSQ com o eixo HPG, inviabilizando a manutenção da fertilidade feminina e contribuindo para a senescência reprodutiva. / Aging is considered a multidimensional process in which environmental factors can protect or, conversely, aggravate its signals, non-linearly, in physiological and neurobehavioral processes. During this process, circadian rhythms are disrupted or fragmented with consequent dissociation of the individual's circadian rhythms and circadian clock-related dysfunctions contribute to aging and related pathologies. The objective of this study was to investigate possible temporal alteration of the CLOCK system in the HPG axis and the relation with the hormonal changes that characterize periestropause. Adult females with regular estrus cycle in the diestrous phase (RD) and old females with irregular estrous cycle and persistent diestrous phase (IPD). For analyzes of the gene expression of the genes Per2, Rev-erbα and Bmal1 in the HPG axis, punchs from the NSQ regions were used, where AVP, POA and MBH RNAm from these animals were also analyzed, as well as the adenohypophysis and ovaries from which they were extracted the RNA for cDNA production and qPCR performance. The determination of the vasopressinergic neuronal activity in the NSQ was performed by immunohistochemical with double labeling for cFos/AVP in tissue previously fixed with paraformaldehyde. The plasma concentration of gonadotrophins was determined by radioimmunoassay. In general, the IPD animals show alterations in the gene expression profile during the period analyzed, with amplitude reduction, phase shift / misalignment and absence of antiphase. The NSQ of IPD animals presented lower expression of Rev-erbα and higher RNAm expression for AVP than RD group. The relative quantification of Bmal1 was similar in both groups and there were no differences between groups in the expression of Per2. In PAO, IPD animals showed higher expression of Per2 and less amount of RNAm for Rev-erbα. MBH showed lower expression for Per2 and Rev-erbα and higher Bmal1 expression in IPD females. Per2 and Bmal1 in the adenohypophysis had lower expression than the Rev-erbα gene in the old group and the ovary of these animals showed higher expression for Per2 and Rev-erbα, in related to to the RD animals. Plasma concentrations of FSH were higher in females with irregular cycle (2.05 ± 0.44 ng / mL), mainly during the light phase, as well as LH (0.24 ± 0.07 ng / mL) whose values were found during the dark phase and with a profile similar to AVP RNAm. Immunolabeling demonstrated high vasopressinergic activity in the dorsomedial portion of the NSQ of the IPD females. Together these data allow us to conclude that there is a breakdown in the temporal expression of the Per2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1 genes that make up the molecular machinery of the circadian clock, as well as RNAm for AVP in NSQ of Wistar females in peri-masterpause. In addition, the increased vasopressinergic neuronal activity and the absence of Rev-erbα and Bmal1 oscillation in the NSQ of these animals compromise the correct communication of the central clock of the NSQ with the HPG axis, making it impossible to maintain female fertility and contributing to reproductive senescence.

As relações sociais são construídas e mantidas a partir da interação entre os indivíduos. A ocitocina (OT), vasopressina (AVP), estrogênios (EST) e dopamina (DOPA), bem como seus respectivos receptores estão envolvidos na modulação do comportamento sexual de fêmeas. Estruturas do sistema nervoso central (SNC), tais como o bulbo olfatório (BO), o hipotálamo (HPT), o córtex pré-frontal (CPF) e o hipocampo (HPC) exercem importantes funções relacionadas à motivação sexual, reconhecimento de odores, memória e respostas emocionais. Em camundongos fêmeas, a OT é essencial para o comportamento de lordose e para estabelecer a preferência pelo parceiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o impacto do nocauteamento no gene da OT (OTKO) no comportamento sexual de camundongos fêmeas, na síntese hipotalâmica de AVP e na expressão gênica dos receptores de OT (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alfa (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) e DOPARD2 no BO, HPT, CPF e HPC. Foram utilizados 11 camundongos fêmeas (C57BL/6J) para o grupo controle (WT) e o mesmo número para o grupo OTKO. A detecção do transgene no genoma foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e os animais foram classificados como: WT (OT+/+), heterozigoto (OT+/-) e OTKO (OT-/-). O teste do comportamento sexual da fêmea foi realizado na noite do proestro e os parâmetros comportamentais avaliados foram: frequência, duração e latência de lordose, além da frequência de montas, bem como as posturas não receptivas e a locomoção. A coleta das estruturas encefálicas (BO, HPT, CPF e HPC) aconteceu na manhã seguinte do teste comportamental. Os cDNAs foram sintetizados por transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). A expressão gênica de cada receptor foi calculada a partir da fórmula 2-ΔΔCt. Os dados do registro comportamental e da expressão gênica foram expressos pela média, erro padrão da média (±EPM), analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e o nível de significância aceito foi de p<0,05. Nossos resultados mostraram aumento significativo da latência e diminuição significativa da frequência e da duração do comportamento de lordose em fêmeas OTKO. Em relação às posturas não receptivas, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da latência e aumento significativo da frequência e da duração destas posturas. No que concerne à expressão gênica dos diferentes receptores, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do OTR apenas no HPC em relação ao grupo WT. Verificamos que o grupo OTKO apresentou diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do AVPR1a apenas no HPT, mas aumento da expressão no HPC quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Também, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do ERα e ERβ apenas no CPF quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na expressão gênica do DOPARD2 em nenhuma das estruturas estudadas quando comparados os dois grupos estudados. No que diz respeito ao nocauteamento no gene da OT, nossos resultados mostraram que este não promove diferença significativa na síntese de RNAm de AVP no HPT do grupo OTKO quando ao grupo WT. Nossos principais achados nos permitem inferir que a ausência da OT dentro do SNC, bem como a importante alteração da expressão dos genes estudados (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα e ERβ) principalmente no CPF estão relacionados com a diminuição do comportamento sexual observada nas fêmeas OTKO. / Social relations are built and maintained from the interaction between individuals. Oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP), estrogens (EST), dopamine (DOPA) and their receptors are involved in the modulation of sexual behavior in females. Structures of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the olfactory bulb (OB), hypothalamus (HPT), medial amygdale, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) have important functions related to sexual motivation, odor recognition, memory, and emotional responses. In mice, OT is essential for lordosis behavior and to establish the female preference for her partner. The experimental model using knockout animals for OT allows evaluating the physiological and behavioral changes generated from this genetic manipulation. This study aimed to analyze the impact of OT gene knockout (OTKO) in sexual behavior of female mice, in the synthesis hypothalamic of AVP and gene expression of OT receptors (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alpha (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) and DOPARD2 in OB, HPT, PFC and HPC. We used 11 female mice (C57BL/6J) for the control group (WT) and the same number for the OTKO group. Detection of the transgene in the genome was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the animals were classified as: WT (OT+/+), heterozygous (+/-OT) and OTKO (OT-/-). The female sexual behavior test was performed on the evening of proestrus and these behavioral parameters were evaluated: frequency, duration and latency lordosis, frequency of mounts, as well as non-receptive positions and locomotion. The collection of brain structures (OB, HPT, PFC and HPC) happened the next morning the behavioral test. The CDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The gene expression of each receptor was calculated from the 2-ΔΔCt formula. Data from the behavioral record and gene expression were expressed as mean, standard error of the mean (±SEM) and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. In all cases, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results showed significant increase in latency and decrease in the frequency and duration of lordosis behavior in OTKO females. For non-receptive postures, OTKO females were significantly reduced latency and increased frequency and duration of these postures. Regarding the gene expression of different receptors, OTKO females showed significant decrease in OTR gene expression only in the HPC compared to WT group. We found that the OTKO group showed a significant decrease in gene expression of AVPR1a only in HPT, but increased expression in HPC as compared to WT group. Also, OTKO females showed significant decrease in gene expression of ERα and ERβ only the PFC when compared to the WT group. There were no significant differences in gene expression DOPARD2 in any of the studied structures when comparing the two groups. Regarding knockout in OT gene, our results showed that this does not promote significant difference in AVP mRNA synthesis in HPT of OTKO group when the WT group. Our main findings allow us to infer that the absence of OT within the CNS, as well as a significant changes in expression of the genes studied (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα and ERβ) mainly in the PFC are related to decreased sexual behavior observed in OTKO females.

INTRODUÇÃO: A ressuscitação de baixo volume com solução salina hipertônica (SSH) ou terlipressina pode ser uma alternativa à administração de grandes volumes de cristaloides no tratamento do choque hemorrágico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da HHS e terlipressina sobre a perfusão e oxigenação cerebral e investigar os mecanismos cerebrais envolvidos na microcirculação, função mitocondrial, atividade eletrocortical e vias apoptóticas cerebrais durante choque hemorrágico. MÉTODOS: Animais anestesiados com isofluorano foram submetidos ao choque hemorrágico [grupo Hemo; pressão arterial média (PAM) de 40 mmHg por 30 minutos] e tratados com Ringer lactato (RL) (3RL; 3x volume de sangue removido), terlipressina (grupo Terli; bolus) ou SSH (grupo SSH; 4 mL/kg bolus) e comparados ao grupo Sham. Um modelo porcino (n = 56) foi utilizado para avaliação da pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC) e de oxigênio tecidual (PbtO2), e da expressão cerebral de marcadores teciduais da regulação de água (aquaporina-4), sódio (cotransportador-1 de Na-K-2Cl), estresse oxidativo (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e superóxido dismutase dependente de manganês) e apoptose. Um modelo murino (n = 179) foi utilizado para avaliação da microcirculação (fluorescência de FITC-dextrano) e função mitocondrial (potencial redox e de membrana mitocondrial, utilizando-se a fluorescência de flavoproteínas endógenas e do tetrametilrodamina metil éster, respectivamente) no córtex cerebral, utilizando-se a microscopia confocal in vivo, e para avaliação da atividade eletrocortical cerebral, por meio da monitorização do potencial evocado somatossensorial. No modelo murino foram avaliados três grupos adicionais, constituídos pela associação da terlipressina ao RL (1x, 2x ou 3x volume removido). RESULTADOS: No grupo Hemo porcino, houve uma redução significativa da PPC e PbtO2, associada ao aumento na expressão cerebral de marcadores da regulação do transporte de água e sódio, estresse oxidativo e apoptose em relação ao Sham. No modelo murino, a hipotensão induzida pelo choque hemorrágico foi correlacionada à diminuição na densidade vascular cortical e às disfunções mitocondriais e da atividade eletrocortical cerebral. No grupo 3RL porcino, a infusão de grandes volumes de RL recuperou a PbtO2, mas não a PPC, e foi acompanhada por uma maior expressão cerebral de marcadores da regulação de água, estresse oxidativo e apoptose comparada ao Sham. Nos ratos, a ressuscitação volêmica agressiva não recuperou a densidade vascular cortical, que foi correlacionada às disfunções mitocondrial e da atividade eletrocortical. No grupo Terli porcino, o aumento na PAM foi associado à restauração da PPC, PbtO2 e expressão dos marcadores da regulação de água e sódio, estresse oxidativo e apoptose no cérebro. Nos ratos tratados com terlipressina, associada ou não a 1x ou 2x RL, houve uma correlação positiva entre a recuperação da densidade vascular cortical e a restauração das funções mitocondrial e atividade eletrocortical cerebral. A SSH não promoveu melhora em nenhum dos modelos. CONCLUSÕES: RL e terlipressina recuperaram a oxigenação no córtex cerebral, mas apenas a terlipressina recuperou a perfusão cerebral, revertendo as disfunções mitocondrial e eletrocortical no cérebro e o aumento no transporte de água e sódio, estresse oxidativo e apoptose induzidos pelo choque hemorrágico. A SSH não recuperou a perfusão e oxigenação cerebral / INTRODUCTION: Small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline solution (HSS) or terlipressin can be an alternative to the administration of large amounts of crystalloids in haemorrhagic shock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HSS and terlipressin on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation and investigate the cerebral mechanisms associated with microcirculation, mitochondrial function, electrocortical activity and apoptotic pathways during haemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Isoflurane-anaesthetised animals were submitted to haemorrhagic shock [Haemo group; mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg for 30 minutes] and treated with lactated Ringer\'s solution (LR) (3LR group; 3x volume bled), terlipressin (Terli group; bolus) or HSS (HSS group; bolus 4 mL/kg) and were compared with a Sham group. A porcine model (n = 56) was used to assess the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) and the expression of tissue markers of water (aquaporin-4), sodium (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1), oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and manganese superoxide dismutase) and apoptosis in cerebral samples. A murine model (n = 179) was used to assess microcirculation (FITC-dextran fluorescence) and mitochondrial function (redox and membrane potential, using the fluorescence of endogenous flavoproteins and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, respectively) in the cerebral cortex by using in vivo confocal microscopy, and to assess the electrocortical brain activity by monitoring the somatosensory evoked potential. In the murine model, three additional groups were evaluated, which received terlipressin associated to LR (1x, 2x or 3x blood withdrawn). RESULTS: In the porcine Hemo group, there was a significant decrease in the CPP and PbtO2, which were associated to an increased cerebral expression of markers of water and sodium transport, oxidative stress and apoptosis compared with Sham. In the murine model, the haemorrhagic shock-induced hypotension was correlated to a decrease in the cortical vascular density and to dysfunctions on brain mitochondria and electrocortical activity. In the porcine 3LR group, the infusion of large volumes of LR recovered the PbtO2, but not the CPP, and was accompanied by an increased cerebral expression of markers of water and sodium transport, oxidative stress and apoptosis compared with Sham. In the rats, the aggressive fluid resuscitation did not recover the cortical vascular density, which was correlated to the brain mitochondrial and electrocortical dysfunctions. In the porcine Terli group, the increase in the MAP was associated with the recovery of CPP, PbtO2, and expression of markers of water and sodium regulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis within the brain. In the rats treated with terlipressin, associated or not with 1x or 2x LR, there was a positive correlation between the recovery of the cortical vascular density and the recovery of the brain mitochondrial and electrocortical functions. Such improvements were not observed in none of the models treated with HSS. CONCLUSIONS: LR and terlipressin recovered tissue oxygenation in the cerebral cortex, but only terlipressin recovered the cerebral perfusion, reversing the brain mitochondrial and electrocortical dysfunctions and the increase in the markers of water and sodium transport, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by haemorrhagic shock. The HSS did not recover cerebral perfusion and oxygenation

As relações sociais são construídas e mantidas a partir da interação entre os indivíduos. A ocitocina (OT), vasopressina (AVP), estrogênios (EST) e dopamina (DOPA), bem como seus respectivos receptores estão envolvidos na modulação do comportamento sexual de fêmeas. Estruturas do sistema nervoso central (SNC), tais como o bulbo olfatório (BO), o hipotálamo (HPT), o córtex pré-frontal (CPF) e o hipocampo (HPC) exercem importantes funções relacionadas à motivação sexual, reconhecimento de odores, memória e respostas emocionais. Em camundongos fêmeas, a OT é essencial para o comportamento de lordose e para estabelecer a preferência pelo parceiro. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o impacto do nocauteamento no gene da OT (OTKO) no comportamento sexual de camundongos fêmeas, na síntese hipotalâmica de AVP e na expressão gênica dos receptores de OT (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alfa (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) e DOPARD2 no BO, HPT, CPF e HPC. Foram utilizados 11 camundongos fêmeas (C57BL/6J) para o grupo controle (WT) e o mesmo número para o grupo OTKO. A detecção do transgene no genoma foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e os animais foram classificados como: WT (OT+/+), heterozigoto (OT+/-) e OTKO (OT-/-). O teste do comportamento sexual da fêmea foi realizado na noite do proestro e os parâmetros comportamentais avaliados foram: frequência, duração e latência de lordose, além da frequência de montas, bem como as posturas não receptivas e a locomoção. A coleta das estruturas encefálicas (BO, HPT, CPF e HPC) aconteceu na manhã seguinte do teste comportamental. Os cDNAs foram sintetizados por transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). A expressão gênica de cada receptor foi calculada a partir da fórmula 2-ΔΔCt. Os dados do registro comportamental e da expressão gênica foram expressos pela média, erro padrão da média (±EPM), analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e o nível de significância aceito foi de p<0,05. Nossos resultados mostraram aumento significativo da latência e diminuição significativa da frequência e da duração do comportamento de lordose em fêmeas OTKO. Em relação às posturas não receptivas, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da latência e aumento significativo da frequência e da duração destas posturas. No que concerne à expressão gênica dos diferentes receptores, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do OTR apenas no HPC em relação ao grupo WT. Verificamos que o grupo OTKO apresentou diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do AVPR1a apenas no HPT, mas aumento da expressão no HPC quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Também, fêmeas OTKO apresentaram diminuição significativa da expressão gênica do ERα e ERβ apenas no CPF quando comparadas ao grupo WT. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na expressão gênica do DOPARD2 em nenhuma das estruturas estudadas quando comparados os dois grupos estudados. No que diz respeito ao nocauteamento no gene da OT, nossos resultados mostraram que este não promove diferença significativa na síntese de RNAm de AVP no HPT do grupo OTKO quando ao grupo WT. Nossos principais achados nos permitem inferir que a ausência da OT dentro do SNC, bem como a importante alteração da expressão dos genes estudados (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα e ERβ) principalmente no CPF estão relacionados com a diminuição do comportamento sexual observada nas fêmeas OTKO. / Social relations are built and maintained from the interaction between individuals. Oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP), estrogens (EST), dopamine (DOPA) and their receptors are involved in the modulation of sexual behavior in females. Structures of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the olfactory bulb (OB), hypothalamus (HPT), medial amygdale, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) have important functions related to sexual motivation, odor recognition, memory, and emotional responses. In mice, OT is essential for lordosis behavior and to establish the female preference for her partner. The experimental model using knockout animals for OT allows evaluating the physiological and behavioral changes generated from this genetic manipulation. This study aimed to analyze the impact of OT gene knockout (OTKO) in sexual behavior of female mice, in the synthesis hypothalamic of AVP and gene expression of OT receptors (OTR), AVP (AVPR1a), EST alpha (ERα), EST beta (ERβ) and DOPARD2 in OB, HPT, PFC and HPC. We used 11 female mice (C57BL/6J) for the control group (WT) and the same number for the OTKO group. Detection of the transgene in the genome was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the animals were classified as: WT (OT+/+), heterozygous (+/-OT) and OTKO (OT-/-). The female sexual behavior test was performed on the evening of proestrus and these behavioral parameters were evaluated: frequency, duration and latency lordosis, frequency of mounts, as well as non-receptive positions and locomotion. The collection of brain structures (OB, HPT, PFC and HPC) happened the next morning the behavioral test. The CDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The gene expression of each receptor was calculated from the 2-ΔΔCt formula. Data from the behavioral record and gene expression were expressed as mean, standard error of the mean (±SEM) and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. In all cases, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Our results showed significant increase in latency and decrease in the frequency and duration of lordosis behavior in OTKO females. For non-receptive postures, OTKO females were significantly reduced latency and increased frequency and duration of these postures. Regarding the gene expression of different receptors, OTKO females showed significant decrease in OTR gene expression only in the HPC compared to WT group. We found that the OTKO group showed a significant decrease in gene expression of AVPR1a only in HPT, but increased expression in HPC as compared to WT group. Also, OTKO females showed significant decrease in gene expression of ERα and ERβ only the PFC when compared to the WT group. There were no significant differences in gene expression DOPARD2 in any of the studied structures when comparing the two groups. Regarding knockout in OT gene, our results showed that this does not promote significant difference in AVP mRNA synthesis in HPT of OTKO group when the WT group. Our main findings allow us to infer that the absence of OT within the CNS, as well as a significant changes in expression of the genes studied (OTR, AVPR1a, ERα and ERβ) mainly in the PFC are related to decreased sexual behavior observed in OTKO females.

O núcleo supraquiasmático (NSQ), principal relógio biológico circadiano em mamíferos, contem população variada de neurônios produtores de diferentes substâncias neuroativas. Em roedores, as pesquisas avançaram na investigação dos mecanismos moleculares e substâncias neuroativas, que em conjunto determinam a função do relógio biológico. Entretanto, há poucas informações em espécies diurnas, especialmente primatas sobre esta organização intrínseca que não raramente apresenta diferenças nas espécies estudadas. O presente estudo busca identificar a natureza química dos principais grupamentos neuronais do NSQ no primata diurno Cebus apella, relacionando a localização destes grupamentos com as três principais projeções aferentes deste núcleo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam organização complexa do NSQ, caracterizada por grupos celulares contendo vasopressina, polipeptídeo intestinal vasoativo e marcador de diferenciação neural com localização semelhante a de roedores e células que contém calbindina e calretinina com localização diferente da de roedores. / The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the main circadian clock in mammals, contains diverse population of neurons of different neuroactive substances. In rodents, there has been extensive research in the recent past looking into the molecular basis and mechanisms of the biological clock. However, there is little information in diurnal species, especially primates about this organization seldom has no intrinsic differences in the species studied. This study seeks to identify the chemical nature of the main groups of SCN neurons in diurnal primate Cebus apella, relating the location of these groups with the three major afferent projections from this nucleus. The results show complex organization of the SCN, characterized by cell groups containing vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuronal differentiation marker in the same location and rodent cells that contain calbindin and calretinin with location different from that of rodents.