• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 43
  • 31
  • 9
  • 5
  • 3
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 96
  • 96
  • 35
  • 32
  • 12
  • 12
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Conception des triacylglycérides à propriétés contrôlées : formulation et modélisation / Desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais de auxílio ao projeto de produtos utilizando óleos vegetais : equilíbrio de fases sólido-líquido

Teles dos Santos, Moisés 18 November 2010 (has links)
Issues de ressources renouvelables, les huiles végétales (mélanges de triacylglycérols) sont des matières premières aux multiples applications dans divers secteurs, tels que l’industrie alimentaire, les lubrifiants, les solvants, les cosmétiques, la pharmacie, parmi autres. Pour faciliter le développement de produits utilisant de telles matières premières, le travail de thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation de l'équilibre de phases pour mélanges de triacylglycérols et la conception d’un logiciel prédictif de leurs propriétés. Les modèles employés sont totalement prédictifs et tiennent compte des polymorphes. La phase liquide et le polymorphe a sont supposés idéaux à l’inverse des polymorphes b et b’ dont les coefficients d’activités sont calculés à l’aide du modèle de Margules où les coefficients d’interactions binaires sont prédits à partir de la similarité des chaines d’acide gras sur le squelette glycérol. L'optimisation directe de l'énergie libre de Gibbs permet de calculer la quantité de solide dans les graisses ; propriété fondamentale corrélée à de nombreuses fonctionnalités de produits basés sur des huiles végétales. Le calcul de l'équilibre solide - liquide à plusieurs températures permet de simuler des courbes de fusion et des courbes de calorimétrie différentielle à balayage. L’influence sur ces courbes de modifications dans la structure moléculaire et de la composition des mélanges est étudier pour plusieurs systèmes et comparés avec des données expérimentales: triacylglycérols purs, mélanges binaires et ternaires de triacylglycérols, huiles végétales naturelles et mélanges d'huiles végétales impliquant des centaines de triacylglycérols. Des réactions d'interestérification chimique, largement utilisées pour modifier la composition et propriétés d'huiles et graisses, sont simulées et comparés avec des données expérimentales. Le bon accord avec les données expérimentales permet de valider l'outil informatique et son caractère prédictif permet d’envisager son utilisation pour des mélanges, températures et compositions encore non évaluées de façon à orienter les efforts expérimentaux vers les mélanges les plus prometteurs. / The search for sustainable development is an incentive for renewable resources usage in chemical industry. Vegetable oils (triacylglycerol-based mixtures) are raw-materials that match this criterion and they are currently and potentially used in a wide range of sectors, such as: food industry, lubricants, solvents, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, among others. Aiming to aid product design using such raw-materials, this work deals with phase equilibrium modeling and the development of a computational tool for properties prediction. The models used are totally predictive and they deal with the existence of solid polymorphism. The liquid state and the crystals are treated as ideal phases. The activity coefficients of phases ’ and (notideal) are estimated using Margules model, for which the binary molecular interaction parameters are calculated in a predictive manner by means of correlations with the similarity degree between fatty acids chains in the glycerol. By direct optimization of Gibbs Free Energy, the Solid Fat Content is computed, a fundamental property for vegetable oils–based products functionality. The results of phase equilibrium in different temperatures allow simulating melting curves and Differential Scanning Calorimetry curves, allowing a computational evaluation of how molecular structure and composition changes affect desired properties. The calculated results were applied and compared with experimental data in a wide range of systems: pure systems, binary and ternary triacylglycerol mixtures, natural vegetable oils and mixture of vegetable oils (hundreds of components). Chemical interesterification reaction, widely applied to change fats and oils composition and properties, were also simulated and the results compared with experimental data in different compositions and temperatures. The good agreement between computational results and experimental data enables the computational tool validation and its predictive nature makes it suitable for the study of mixtures in temperatures and compositions not yet evaluated. Consequently, the experimental efforts (cost and time) can be concentrated on the most promised molecules/mixtures. / A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável é um incentivo para o uso de recursos renováveis na indústria química. Óleos vegetais (misturas de triacilgliceróis) são matérias-primas que atendem a este critério e apresentam aplicações atuais e potenciais em diversos setores, tais como indústria de alimentos, lubrificantes, solventes, cosméticos, farmacêutica, dentre outros. Com o objetivo de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de produtos utilizando tais matérias-primas, o presente trabalho trata da modelagem do equilíbrio de fases em misturas de triacilgliceróis e do desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional preditiva de propriedades. Os modelos usados são totalmente preditivos e consideram a existência de polimorfismo na fase sólida. O estado líquido e o polimorfo são considerados ideais. Os coeficientes de atividade das fases e (não-ideais) são estimados através do modelo de Margules, no qual os coeficientes de interação molecular binária são calculados de forma preditiva através de correlações com o grau de similaridade entre as cadeias de ácidos graxos no glicerol. Através da otimização direta da Energia Livre de Gibbs, é calculado o Conteúdo de Gordura Sólida, uma propriedade fundamental para funcionalidade de produtos baseados em óleos vegetais. Através do cálculo do equilíbrio de fases em diversas temperaturas são simuladas curvas de fusão e curvas de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial, permitindo uma avaliação computacional do efeito que alterações na estrutura molecular e composição apresentam nas propriedades de interesse. Os resultados calculados foram aplicados e comparados com dados experimentais em diversos sistemas: triacilgliceróis puros, misturas binárias e ternárias de triacilgliceróis, óleos vegetais naturais e misturas de diversos óleos vegetais (centenas de triacilgliceróis). Reações de interesterificação química, amplamente utilizadas para alterar a composição e propriedades de óleos e gorduras, foram igualmente simuladas e os resultados comparados com dados experimentais em diversas composições e temperaturas. A boa concordância entre os dados simulados e experimentais permite validar a ferramenta computacional e seu caráter preditivo a torna útil no estudo de misturas em temperaturas e composições ainda não avaliadas, de forma que os esforços experimentais (custo e tempo) possam ser direcionados às misturas mais promissoras.
62

Irrigação e tipos de poda no cultivo de pinhão-manso em Piracicaba, SP / Irrigation and types of pruning in jatropha cultivation in Piracicaba, SP

Santos, Otávio Neto Almeida 15 January 2016 (has links)
O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L) é uma espécie da família da Euforbiácea que tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, rústica e com elevada produção de óleo. A avaliação dos efeitos da poda e da irrigação no crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso é relevante para o manejo de um cultivo com essa espécie. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de poda e manejos hídricos no cultivo do pinhão-manso em Piracicaba, SP. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (ESALQ/USP), com plantas de quatro anos de idade dispostas em espaçamento 3 x 4 m, totalizando 833 plantas ha-1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados de forma aleatória em blocos compostos de quatro repetições, sendo que os fatores foram constituídos de dois manejos hídricos (irrigado e sem irrigação) e três tipos de poda, sendo P1 (sem poda), P2 (1,5 m de altura x 1,5 m de diâmetro de copa) e P3 (poda a 2 m de altura e 1,5 m de diâmetro da copa). A irrigação teve influência no diâmetro da copa, nas taxas de crescimento absoluto em altura e diâmetro, na taxa de crescimento relativo em diâmetro e nas variáveis produtivas. O fator poda apresentou diferenças em todas as variáveis de crescimento, sendo a poda drástica (P2) a que exibiu as maiores taxas médias de crescimento. As plantas irrigadas apresentaram os maiores rendimentos por planta e por hectare. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN de 1H) revelou que a irrigação e a poda não influenciaram o teor de óleo nas sementes de pinhão-manso. Em relação ao perfil graxo, a irrigação teve influência em plantas submetidas a poda drástica (P2), de modo que a ausência de irrigação favoreceu o maior acúmulo de ácido oleico no óleo. Pela análise energética, observou-se que os fertilizantes foram os insumos com maior participação na demanda energética (42,57 GJ ha-1) para os dois sistemas estudados, seguido dos combustíveis (32,96 GJ ha-1). A área irrigada consumiu 100,4 GJ ha-1, sendo 16% devido ao acionamento do pivô central. A energia bruta dos frutos de pinhão-manso foi de 69,82 e 45,31 GJ ha-1 para o sistema irrigado e o sem irrigação, respectivamente. O balanço energético (BE) para as duas áreas foi negativo e a lucratividade energética (EROI) foi de 0,63 para a área irrigada e 0,49 para a área sem irrigação, evidenciando a ineficiência e a não sustentabilidade do cultivo de pinhão-manso nas condições deste estudo para geração de energia. / Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L) is a species from Euforbiácea family that has been widely studied because of some particular characteristics such as being a perennial plant, its rusticity and the high oil production. The evaluation of pruning and irrigation on growth development and yield of jatropha is very important for the culture management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on jatropha under different types of pruning and water management in Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering (ESALQ/USP) during the fourth year crop growing and with 3 x 4 m planting spacing, totalizing 833 plants ha-1. The treatments were randomly arranged in blocks with two water management (irrigation and rainfed) and three pruning types (P1, no pruning; P2, with 1.5 m height x 1.5 m canopy diameter and; P3, with 2.0 height x 1.5 m canopy diameter). In each block, there were three pruning types with 4 blocks in each water management. Irrigation have influenced the canopy diameter values, absolute growth rates for height and canopy diameter, relative growth rate for canopy diameter and yield parameters., pruning management have influenced in all growth parameters, with drastic pruning (P2) representing the highest average growth rates. The irrigation have showed the highest yield per plant and per hectare. The analysis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of hydrogen (1H NMR) have shown that the irrigation and pruning have not influenced the oil content on jatropha seeds. Regarding the fatty profile, the irrigation management have influenced only the P2, since that no irrigation have influenced to largest accumulation of oleic acid in the oil. In energy analysis, it was noted that fertilizers were the inputs with the largest participation in energy input (42.57 GJ ha-1) for both water management, followed by fuels (32.96 GJ ha-1). The irrigated area consumed 100.4 GJ ha-1 energy, representing 16% due to the central pivot usage. The gross energy of jatropha fruits was 69.82 and 45.31 GJ ha-1 for irrigated and rainfed system, respectively. The energy balance for the two areas was negative and the energy return over investment, with 0.63 and 0.49 for irrigated and rainfed, respectively, have showed the inefficiency and unsustainability of jatropha cultivation to generate energy.
63

Compactação e elevação da vida útil de transformadores de distribuição empregando óleo vegetal isolante. / Reduction and extension life of distribution transformers using insulating vegetable oil.

Vasconcellos, Vagner 14 April 2016 (has links)
A busca no aumento da vida útil dos transformadores de distribuição, redução dos custos de manutenção e mitigação de falhas, leva ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais e critérios de exploração diferenciados desses ativos. Esta pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de um novo transformador de distribuição compacto e mais eficiente utilizando óleo vegetal isolante totalmente biodegradável. Além de biodegradável, o óleo vegetal utilizado possui menor agressividade ambiental e maior capacidade térmica aumentando, a capacidade de carregamento do transformador sem comprometer a sua vida útil. A fim de atestar essa menor agressividade em relação ao óleo mineral, ensaios foram efetuados em um equipamento que permaneceu 12 anos em operação. O equipamento foi totalmente desmontado para análise e coleta de amostras de papel e óleo vegetal isolante. As análises visam comprovar a menor agressividade em relação ao óleo mineral, apresentadas na revisão bibliográfica. A menor agressividade torna possível a proposição de uma nova filosofia de planejamento de redes de distribuição utilizando uma quantidade menor dos novos transformadores para uma mesma carga, tornando-a mais compacta e eficiente. / The search of increase on the life expectancy of distribution transformers, reducing maintenance costs and mitigation failures, leads to the development of new materials and different operating criteria of these assets. This research presents the development of a new distribution transformer compact and more efficient with insulating in vegetable oil totally biodegradable. In addition to biodegradable, the vegetable oil used has less environmental aggressiveness and greater thermal capacity, increasing the loading capacity of the transformer without compromising its life expectancy. To prove that the vegetable oil is less aggressive than mineral oil, tests were done out in a transformer that worked for 12 years. The equipment was disassembled for analysis and collection of samples of vegetable oil and paper insulation. The analyses aim to prove the lesser aggressiveness compared to mineral oil, presented in the literature review. This situation makes it possible the proposition of a new philosophy of planning of distribution networks using a smaller amount of new transformers for the same load, making it more compact and efficient.
64

Estudos sobre gases dissolvidos em óleos vegetais isolantes - influência de arco elétrico e superaquecimento / Dissolved gases analysis in insulating oils - the influence of electric arc and overheating

Leopoldino, Reginaldo 14 April 2011 (has links)
A inovação tecnológica é uma ferramenta muito poderosa utilizada para avançar estrategicamente no mundo competitivo. Esta tendência também é uma realidade nos sistemas de isolamento dos transformadores. Os isolamentos passam então a ser avaliados tanto do ponto de vista econômico, quanto do ambiental e da segurança. Em todo o mundo, são consumidos bilhões de litros de óleo isolante mineral e vegetal que, juntamente com o papel, formam a isolação interna dos equipamentos. Essa isolação ao ser degradada por uma ação térmica, química ou elétrica, não só diminui a vida útil dos equipamentos, mas também aumenta a taxa de falha e acarreta prejuízos e multas severas às concessionárias de energia. Aumenta-se a urgência em explorar o uso de óleos não fósseis, renováveis e biodegradáveis. Os fluídos isolantes vegetais, com capacidade de reduzir incêndios e riscos ambientais, já são uma realidade e alternativa possível em substituição aos óleos isolantes minerais. Como são de uso recente, os estudos sobre os gases dissolvidos nesses óleos ainda são poucos e seu uso como elementos indicadores de faltas causam desconfiança. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de criar metodologias para produzir em laboratório arcos elétricos e superaquecimento em óleos, capazes de gerar gases dissolvidos. Depois por ensaios térmicos e elétricos, realizaram-se estudos comparativos entre óleo mineral e vegetal com as técnicas disponíveis para monitoramento de faltas em transformadores. / Technological innovation is a very powerful tool used to advance strategically in the competitive world. This trend is also a reality in the insulation systems of transformers. Thus, insulation systems both from an economic, environmental and security viewpoint. Around the world are consumed billions of liters of insulating oil which jointly to paper forms the internal equipments insulation. When this insulation is damaged by thermal, chemical or electrical reaction it reduces the equipment durability, increases its failure rates, and cause great losses and severe fines to Electricity dealers. Consequently, this increases the urgency to explore the use of non-fossil oil, renewable and biodegradable. The vegetable insulating fluids is less-flammable and presents less environmental hazards, so it is a viable alternative to replace the use of mineral insulating oils. However, considering its recent use, studies involving dissolved gases in these oils are still scarce, and its use as shortages indicator, today, cause a deep distrust. Thus, the aim of this study was to create methodologies to produce, in laboratory, electric arcs and overheating in oils capable of generating dissolved gases. After a trial, was carried out a comparative analysis between mineral and vegetable oils, using the techniques available for monitoring transformers failures.
65

Estudos sobre gases dissolvidos em óleos vegetais isolantes - influência de arco elétrico e superaquecimento / Dissolved gases analysis in insulating oils - the influence of electric arc and overheating

Reginaldo Leopoldino 14 April 2011 (has links)
A inovação tecnológica é uma ferramenta muito poderosa utilizada para avançar estrategicamente no mundo competitivo. Esta tendência também é uma realidade nos sistemas de isolamento dos transformadores. Os isolamentos passam então a ser avaliados tanto do ponto de vista econômico, quanto do ambiental e da segurança. Em todo o mundo, são consumidos bilhões de litros de óleo isolante mineral e vegetal que, juntamente com o papel, formam a isolação interna dos equipamentos. Essa isolação ao ser degradada por uma ação térmica, química ou elétrica, não só diminui a vida útil dos equipamentos, mas também aumenta a taxa de falha e acarreta prejuízos e multas severas às concessionárias de energia. Aumenta-se a urgência em explorar o uso de óleos não fósseis, renováveis e biodegradáveis. Os fluídos isolantes vegetais, com capacidade de reduzir incêndios e riscos ambientais, já são uma realidade e alternativa possível em substituição aos óleos isolantes minerais. Como são de uso recente, os estudos sobre os gases dissolvidos nesses óleos ainda são poucos e seu uso como elementos indicadores de faltas causam desconfiança. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de criar metodologias para produzir em laboratório arcos elétricos e superaquecimento em óleos, capazes de gerar gases dissolvidos. Depois por ensaios térmicos e elétricos, realizaram-se estudos comparativos entre óleo mineral e vegetal com as técnicas disponíveis para monitoramento de faltas em transformadores. / Technological innovation is a very powerful tool used to advance strategically in the competitive world. This trend is also a reality in the insulation systems of transformers. Thus, insulation systems both from an economic, environmental and security viewpoint. Around the world are consumed billions of liters of insulating oil which jointly to paper forms the internal equipments insulation. When this insulation is damaged by thermal, chemical or electrical reaction it reduces the equipment durability, increases its failure rates, and cause great losses and severe fines to Electricity dealers. Consequently, this increases the urgency to explore the use of non-fossil oil, renewable and biodegradable. The vegetable insulating fluids is less-flammable and presents less environmental hazards, so it is a viable alternative to replace the use of mineral insulating oils. However, considering its recent use, studies involving dissolved gases in these oils are still scarce, and its use as shortages indicator, today, cause a deep distrust. Thus, the aim of this study was to create methodologies to produce, in laboratory, electric arcs and overheating in oils capable of generating dissolved gases. After a trial, was carried out a comparative analysis between mineral and vegetable oils, using the techniques available for monitoring transformers failures.
66

Plant-based (Camelina Sativa) biodiesel manufacturing using the technology of Instant Controlled pressure Drop (DIC) : process performance and biofuel quality / Procédé de fabrication de biodiesel assistée par texturation par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC) de Camelina Sativa : performance des procédés et qualité du produit

Bamerni, Fanar 23 February 2018 (has links)
La présente étude a eu pour objectif la comparaison de la fabrication du biodiesel à partir de graines de caméline suivant les procédés conventionnels ou assistés/intensifiés par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC). La caméline est l'une des matières premières les plus adaptées à la fabrication de biodiesel puisqu’elle ne présente aucune concurrence aux cultures alimentaires et/ou à l’utilisation des terres agricoles. Son intérêt réside en sa teneur élevée en huile, sa courte saison de culture, ainsi que sa grande capacité à enrichir les sols pauvres, arides ou semi-arides. L'insertion de la texturation par DIC permet l'intensification à la fois de 1/ l'extraction de l’huile suivie de transestérification et 2/ du processus de transestérification in-situ en une seule étape. Dans les deux cas, les analyses statistiques ont conduit, à l'aide de la méthode de surface de réponse (RSM), à des modèles mathématiques empiriques adéquats capables de mieux développer les résultats expérimentaux, d'optimiser les paramètres de traitement et de mieux définir le changement d’échelle. Le procédé DIC se distingue par son aptitude à réaliser avec succès l’expansion structurelle des produits naturels sans affecter la qualité des huiles et des carburants produits. L'augmentation de la quantité d'huile extraite après texturation des graines par DIC a été de 38% et 22%, respectivement pour le pressage et l'extraction par solvant. En mode ISTE, la texturation DIC a permis de doubler le rendement en FAMEs. En outre, la technologie DIC est une technique très économique en raison de la grande capacité de traitement due au faible temps d’opération et d’une consommation réduite d'énergie. / The objective of this study was to compare the production of biodiesel from Camelina seeds using conventional methods or assisted/intensified by Instant Controlled Pressure-drop DIC. Camelina is one of the most suitable feedstocks for biodiesel production as it does not compete with food crops and/or agricultural land use. Its interest lies in its high oil content, short growing season, and great ability to enrich poor, arid or semi-arid soils. The insertion of texturing by DIC allows the intensification of both 1/ extraction of the oil followed by transesterification and 2/ a single step in-situ transesterification process. In both cases, using the response surface method (RSM), statistical analyzes have led to adequate empirical mathematical models capable of better developing experimental results, optimizing treatment parameters and better define the scaling-up. The DIC process stands out for its ability to successfully achieve the structural expansion of natural products without affecting the quality of sensitive compounds such as oils and fuels produced. The increase in the amount of oil extracted after DIC texturing of seeds was 38% and 22% for pressing and solvent extraction, respectively. In ISTE mode, DIC texturing approximately doubled FAMEs yields (98% increased yields). In addition, DIC technology is a very economical technique due to its high processing capacity, low operating time, and weak energy consumption.
67

An industry analysis of the South African biofuels industry

Cilliers, Bronwyn Lee January 2012 (has links)
Biofuels have been used as an energy source for heating and cooking since the beginning of time. However, recent changes in the demand for energy, and in particular, renewable energy, have spurred the growth of liquid biofuel industries in developed countries. Many developing countries, including South Africa have the potential to produce biofuels with benefits extending into the economic and social spheres. Despite government commitments and targets, the South African biodiesel and bio-ethanol industries have stalled in the starting blocks. This research aims to assess the reasons why. South Africa does not have the climate to compete with Brazil in bio-ethanol production and the scope for bioethanol is limited by environmental factors. However our neighbours show significantly more promise in this area. Biodiesel production is more likely to be commercially viable due to the country’s ability to grow oil crops and the need for the by-products. Despite the availability of land for cultivation of energy crops, the required technology and suitable infrastructure, progress has been slow. Uncertainty, high risk and misdirected government interventions have hampered investment in the sector and those involved in biofuel projects are very negative about the government’s ability to stimulate the industry. Consequently, they are looking towards importing feedstock material and exporting the biofuel. This will create a limited number of jobs, but will be energy and carbon negative, and will not aid rural development. Currently there is no medium or large scale virgin oil to biofuel producer operating in the country and the start-up dates for projects are beyond 2013. The WVO biodiesel industry has grown rapidly in the last five years but is limited to small scale operators with limited benefit potential. With the exception of Brazil, other world leaders in biofuels are facing heavy criticism and the mechanisms used to initially boost the industry have very limited application in South Africa. The benefits of biofuel production in South Africa are plentiful and align well with social need and development goals. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
68

An industry analysis of the South African biofuels industry

Cilliers, Bronwyn Lee January 2012 (has links)
Biofuels have been used as an energy source for heating and cooking since the beginning of time. However, recent changes in the demand for energy, and in particular, renewable energy, have spurred the growth of liquid biofuel industries in developed countries. Many developing countries, including South Africa have the potential to produce biofuels with benefits extending into the economic and social spheres. Despite government commitments and targets, the South African biodiesel and bio-ethanol industries have stalled in the starting blocks. This research aims to assess the reasons why. South Africa does not have the climate to compete with Brazil in bio-ethanol production and the scope for bioethanol is limited by environmental factors. However our neighbours show significantly more promise in this area. Biodiesel production is more likely to be commercially viable due to the country’s ability to grow oil crops and the need for the by-products. Despite the availability of land for cultivation of energy crops, the required technology and suitable infrastructure, progress has been slow. Uncertainty, high risk and misdirected government interventions have hampered investment in the sector and those involved in biofuel projects are very negative about the government’s ability to stimulate the industry. Consequently, they are looking towards importing feedstock material and exporting the biofuel. This will create a limited number of jobs, but will be energy and carbon negative, and will not aid rural development. Currently there is no medium or large scale virgin oil to biofuel producer operating in the country and the start-up dates for projects are beyond 2013. The WVO biodiesel industry has grown rapidly in the last five years but is limited to small scale operators with limited benefit potential. With the exception of Brazil, other world leaders in biofuels are facing heavy criticism and the mechanisms used to initially boost the industry have very limited application in South Africa. The benefits of biofuel production in South Africa are plentiful and align well with social need and development goals. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
69

Controle do bolor verde em citros com produtos alternativos aos agroquímicos / Control of green mold in citrus with alternatives to pesticides

Maro, Luana Aparecida Castilho 24 February 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5369129 bytes, checksum: 9b335fdfaa7871edcc12363d6834d034 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum, is a major disease in the postharvest of citrus fruit. In this work the effects of alternatives to agrochemicals in the control of green mold in 'Ponkan' tangerines and 'Valencia' oranges were tested. Physiologically mature fruits were superficially wounded in the equatorial region with a tube of 9 mm in diameter filled with needles and inoculated with a conidial suspension of P. digitatum at a concentration of 1x106 conidia/mL. After air drying, they were sprayed to full wetting with distilled water (control), distilled water + 8 mL/L Tween 20, imazalil (200 mL EC/100 Magnate ® 500 L of water), thiabendazole (103 mL Tecto ® SC/100 L of water), methyl thiophanate (70 g Cercobin® 700 WP/100 L of water), chitosan 10 mL/L of water or essential oils of garlic 10 mL/L of water, clove 5 mL/L water, neem 10 mL/L of water, long pepper 5 mL/L of water and citric biomass 10 mL/L of water. To the essential oils and chitosan were added 8 mL/L Tween 20. Then the fruits were packed in groups of three in polystyrene trays and kept at 21 ± 1 º C and 85-90% RH for 8 ('Ponkan' tangerine) or 7 days ('Valencia' orange). The fruits were analyzed for incidence and severity of illness, incubation period and latent period of the fungus, loss of fresh weight and CO2 production. In the case of 'Ponkan' tangerine, citric biomass was able to reduce the incidence of 76.3% compared to the control, in the third day, and also reduce the severity in 44%, in the fourth day. For the incubation period, except for fruits treated with garlic oil, there is formation of distinct groups of averages between the control and those treated with alternative products, indicating capacity to delay the onset of symptoms. Citric biomass stood out, showing similar results to the fungicide methyl thiophanate, delaying the incubation period in a day in relation to the water. The same was observed for the latent period, in which the fruits treated with alternative products, except garlic oil, stood in a group other than the control. Although the fruits of all treatments overcome the control, imazalil was able to better maintain the turgidity of the fruit, showing the lower values of loss of fresh weight on the eighth day of evaluation (5.2%). The mass loss and CO2 production correlated positively with the incidence and severity, in other words, the largest mass losses and higher respiratory rates result from high values of incidence and severity. In the case of 'Valencia' orange, citric biomass and chitosan reduced the incidence and severity during the entire experimental period. On the seventh day after inoculation, the incidence was reduced by 73.7% and 67.4% by citric biomass and chitosan, respectively, in comparison to control water, while the severity was reduced by 59.6% and 62%, respectively. On the other hand, neem oil, long pepper oil and garlic oil were ineffective in controlling the pathogen. Imazalil and methyl thiophanate totally controlled the disease during the evaluation period. The loss of fresh weight was increasing over time, however, fruits of all treatments had acceptable values for the marketing, located in the range 3 until 5%. As for CO2 production, fungicides maintained the respiratory rate low, followed in ascending order by chitosan and subsequently by other products. Thus, the citric biomass has good potential for control of green mold on 'Ponkan', while citric biomass and chitosan are capable of controlling the disease in 'Valencia' orange. / O bolor verde, causado pelo fungo Penicillium digitatum, é uma das principais doenças na pós-colheita dos frutos cítricos. Neste trabalho foram testados os efeitos de produtos alternativos aos agroquímicos no controle do bolor verde em tangerinas Poncã e em laranjas Valência . Frutos fisiologicamente maduros foram feridos superficialmente na região equatorial com um tubo de 9 mm de diâmetro preenchido por agulhas e inoculados com uma suspensão de conídios de P. digitatum na concentração de 1x106 conídios/mL. Após a secagem ao ar, foram pulverizados até o molhamento completo com água destilada (testemunha), água destilada + 8 mL/L de tween 20, imazalil (200 mL de Magnate® 500 EC/100 L de água), thiabendazole (103 mL de Tecto® SC/100 L de água), tiofanato metílico (70 g de Cercobin® 700 WP/100 L de água), quitosana 10 mL/L de água ou óleos essenciais de alho 10 mL/L de água, cravo-da-índia 5 mL/L de água, nim 10 mL/L de água, pimenta longa 5 mL/L de água e biomassa cítrica 10 mL/L de água. Os óleos essenciais e a quitosana foram acrescidos de 8 mL/L de tween 20. Em seguida, os frutos foram acondicionados em grupos de três em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e mantidos em câmara a 21±1 ºC e 85-90% UR por 8 (tangerina Poncã ) ou 7 dias (laranja Valência ). Os frutos foram analisados quanto à incidência e severidade da doença, período de incubação e período latente do fungo, perda de massa da matéria fresca e produção de CO2. No caso da tangerina Poncã , a biomassa cítrica foi capaz de reduzir a incidência em 76,3%, em comparação à testemunha, no terceiro dia, e reduzir também a severidade em 44%, no quarto dia. Para o período de incubação, com exceção dos frutos tratados com óleo de alho, observa-se formação de grupos de médias distintos entre a testemunha e aqueles tratados com produtos alternativos, indicando capacidade de atrasar o surgimento de sintomas da doença. A biomassa cítrica destacou-se, apresentando resultado semelhante ao fungicida tiofanato metílico, atrasando o período de incubação em um dia em relação à água. O mesmo foi observado para o período latente, em que os frutos tratados com produtos alternativos, exceto óleo de alho, situaram-se em um grupo distinto da testemunha. Embora os frutos de todos os tratamentos superassem a testemunha, o imazalil foi capaz de melhor preservar a turgidez dos frutos, apresentando os menores valores de perda de massa da matéria fresca no oitavo dia de avaliação (5,2%). A perda de massa e a produção de CO2 se correlacionaram positivamente com a incidência e severidade, ou seja, as maiores perdas de massa e maiores taxas respiratórias decorrem de altos valores de incidência e severidade. No caso da laranja Valência , biomassa cítrica e quitosana reduziram a incidência e severidade durante todo o período experimental. No sétimo dia após a inoculação, a incidência foi reduzida em 73,7% e 67,4% pela biomassa cítrica e quitosana, respectivamente, em comparação com a testemunha água, enquanto a severidade foi reduzida em 59,6% e 62%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, óleo de nim, óleo de pimenta longa e óleo de alho foram ineficazes em controlar o patógeno. Imazalil e tiofanato metílico controlaram totalmente a doença durante o período de avaliação. A perda de massa da matéria fresca foi crescente ao longo do tempo, porém, os frutos de todos os tratamentos apresentaram valores aceitáveis para a comercialização, situados na faixa de 3 a 5%. Quanto à produção de CO2, os fungicidas mantiveram a taxa respiratória dos frutos baixa, seguidos em ordem crescente pela quitosana e, posteriormente, pelos demais produtos. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que a biomassa cítrica tem bom potencial para controle do bolor verde em tangerina Poncã , enquanto biomassa cítrica e quitosana são capazes de controlar a doença em laranja Valência .
70

Constribui??o t?cnica de um sistema de emuls?o inversa a base de ?leos vegetais para fluidos de perfura??o

Silva Neto, Miguel Arcangelo da 27 September 2002 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiguelASN.pdf: 491289 bytes, checksum: be60500500779f6a3fd87b90108feb8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-09-27 / The developments in formulating drilling fluids to apply in petroleum fields are based on new technologies and environmental challenges, where the technical performance of a developed drilling fluid is used to produce a minimum environmental impact, showing great economy in costs. It is well known that the potential use of oil-based drilling fluids is limited because these fluids when discharged in the sea do not disperse as much as water-based ones and may form waterproof films in the seabed, having a profound effect on plants and animals living in this environment. The current works have been made in investigating fluids called pseudofluids, which are synthetic ester-based, n-paraffin-based and other fluids formed from inverse emulsion. In this research the principal parameters involved in inverse emulsion process were studied, in laboratory scale, using esters as main component. Others commercial drilling fluids were used as comparative samples, as well as samples from laboratory and field where these drilling fluids are being applied. Concentrations of emulsifier and organophilic clay, which are viscosity donor, were varied to verify the influence of these parameters, in different oil/water ratios (55/45, 60/40, 65/35, 70/30, and 75/25). The salt concentration (NaCl) is an indicative parameter of stability and activity of an esterbased fluid. In this research the salt concentration was varied in 10,000, 20,000, and 50,000 ppm of NaCl. Some rheological properties of the produced fluids were studied, such as: initial gel, plastic viscosity, yield point, and apparent viscosity. Through the obtained rheological measures, the existence of two systems could be verified: fluid and flocculated. It could be noticed that the systems were influenced, directly, by the oil/water ratio and emulsifier, organophilic clay and NaCl concentrations. This study showed the viability to use an ester obtained from a regional vegetable product baba?u coconut oil to obtain an efficient and environmental safe drilling fluid / O desenvolvimento atual e futuro, em campos de petr?leo, baseia-se em novas tecnologias e desafios ao meio ambiente, onde se utiliza principalmente a performance t?cnica de um fluido de perfura??o que produza o m?nimo impacto ambiental, mostrando ainda, uma ?tima economia nos custos desses desenvolvimentos. Sabe-se que o potencial de continuidade de fluidos de perfura??o a base de ?leo est? limitado e, por conseguinte, o avan?o ambiental tem sido na investiga??o de fluidos chamados pseudo-fluidos, ou seja, fluidos sint?ticos base ?ster, ?ster, n-parafina e outros fluidos de emuls?o inversa, os quais est?o em estudo. Neste trabalho estudou-se em n?vel de laborat?rio as principais vari?veis envolvidas no processo de emuls?o inversa usando ?steres como componente principal, utilizando-se amostras comparativas de outros fabricantes, como tamb?m amostras provenientes de laborat?rio e de campo onde est?o sendo utilizados estes fluidos de perfura??o. As concentra??es de emulsificante ou argila organof?lica, que ? doadora de viscosidade, foram variadas para verificar a influ?ncia destes par?metros a diferentes raz?es ?leo/?gua (55/45, 60/40, 65/35, 70/30 e 75/25), mantendo-se constante os demais componentes do fluido. A concentra??o do sal, que ? um par?metro indicador de estabilidade e da atividade em fluido a base ?ster, foi variada em 10.000, 20.000 e 50.000 ppm de NaCl. Algumas propriedades reol?gicas dos fluidos assim produzidos foram estudadas, tais como: gel inicial, viscosidade pl?stica, limite de escoamento e viscosidade aparente. A partir das medidas reol?gicas obtidas, p?de-se verificar a exist?ncia de dois sistemas: fluido e floculado. P?de-se perceber que os resultados obtidos foram influenciados diretamente pela raz?o ?leo/?gua e pelas concentra??es do emulsificante, da argila organof?lica e do NaCl. Este estudo consolidou importantes conhecimentos que abrir?o portas para o sucesso de novas pesquisas, tornando-se fundamental a viabiliza??o de coloc?-lo posteriormente no mercado de trabalho do Brasil

Page generated in 0.2222 seconds