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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Avaliação microbiológica, detecção e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de potenciais enteropatógenos das famílias Enterobacteriaceae e Vibrionaceae em mexilhões Perna perna da praia de Itaipu, Niterói-RJ / Microbial evaluation, detection and susceptibility for antimicrobials of potential pathogens of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae in mussels Perna perna from Itaipu beach, Niterói-RJ

Marcelly Miranda Aybal Jayme 12 March 2014 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Por serem organismos filtradores, os mexilhões devem ser extraídos para consumo somente de águas com padrões microbiológicos regulamentados pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, uma vez que intoxicações alimentares de origem bacteriana são as consequências mais comuns relacionadas ao consumo destes moluscos. Após a retirada dos costões, estes organismos passam por processos de fervura, lavagem, acondicionamento em sacos plásticos e transporte até a chegada ao mercado onde são comercializados; etapas estas, realizadas sem cuidados assépticos. Objetivando avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de mexilhões Perna perna coletados na praia de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ; após a sua fervura; e comercializados no Mercado São Pedro, foram realizadas contagens de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Vibrio spp. por metodologia convencional e molecular em amostras obtidas destes locais. Pelo teste de disco-difusão foi observado o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas. Do total de amostras analisadas (27) apenas 3 dos mexilhões que sofreram processo de aferventação, 1 do comercializado e 3 do in natura, se encontravam dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela legislação. Não houve diferença significativa entre as contagens de coliformes termotolerantes dos diferentes mexilhões analisados, mas sim entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. Somente uma das nove coletas de água mostrou-se própria para o cultivo de mexilhões (até 14 CF/mL). Foram isoladas e caracterizadas fisiológicamente, 77 estirpes da espécie E. coli, sendo confirmadas molecularmente por PCR os sorotipos EPEC, STEC e EAEC; 4 cepas Salmonella spp. sendo apenas uma confirmada por PCR; e das 57 cepas caracterizadas como Vibrio spp., 51 foram confirmadas por PCR, sendo 46 Vibrio spp., 2 V. cholerae, 1 V. vulnificus, 1 V. parahaemolyticus e 1 V. mimicus. Entre as estirpes de E. coli, 13% apresentaram multirresistência e 15,6% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A estirpe de Salmonella spp. se mostrou sensível a todos os antimicrobiados testados. Das estirpes de Vibrio spp. testadas, 68,6% apresentaram multirresistência e 72,5% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A partir da pesquisa de genes direto do caldo de enriquecimento foi possível detectar todos os genes pesquisados, com exceção para os sorotipos de Salmonella e V. cholerae. Baseado nos resultados do presente trabalho pode-se inferir que os mexilhões, amplamente comercializados no município de Itaipú, podem se constituir em risco para a saúde pública dos consumidores no Rio de Janeiro, necessitando dos órgãos competentes uma eficiente fiscalização nos pontos de venda e cultivo destes moluscos. / Mussels (Perna perna) feed by filtering large quantities of water, enabling the retention of environmental bacteria and virus in their bodies. For this reason bacterial foodborne intoxications associated with these bivalves are common therefore mussels used for human consumption have to come from coastal areas where the microbiological quality of the water complies with current legislation laid down by the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Following harvest these mussels go through a process of washing, boiling, packing and then transported to the fish markets for retail. During these processes and techniques normally no food hygiene plan is followed which may enable microorganisms growth and cross-contamination. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of Perna perna growing in Itaipu beach, Niterói, RJ from direct harvest (boiled and raw) and retailed at the São Pedro fish market. By using the MPN test it was possible to determine the total and faecal coliforms and by conventional and molecular techniques it was detected and identified the Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. present in the samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was also performed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolated strains. From all the samples studied (27) only 7 samples had results complying with the legislation, 3 which suffered boiling process in the laboratory, 3 raw samples and 1 samples from the fish market. There were no significant differences between samples regarding the faecal coliforms count, however there was significant differences between samples collected in different seasons (dry and rainy). From all the nine water samples collected only one demonstrated to be proper for the production and harvest of mussels (lower than 14 CF/mL). There were 77 E. coli strains who were isolated and physiologically characterized and those results confirmed by PCR the sorotypo EPEC, STEC and EAEC; 4 strains of Salmonella spp. only one confirmed by PCR; and from the 57 strains identified as Vibrio spp., 51 were confirmed by PCR, where 46 were Vibrio spp., 2 V. cholerae, 1 V. vulnificus, 1 V. parahaemolyticus and 1 V. mimicus. From all the E. coli strains 13% were multi-resistant and 15.6% showed multiple resistance. All the Salmonella spp. strains demonstrated sensitivity to all tested antimicrobials. In the Vibrio spp. strains 68.6% were multi-resistant and 72.5% had multiple resistance Targeted genes were all possible to detect directly from the analysis of the enrichment broth with the exception for Salmonella and V. cholera genes. The present study provided results that demonstrate the poor microbiological quality of the mussels retailed in Itaipú borough which can represent a public health risk for all local and tourist population. These outcome brings to light how inspections in all food chain of the product are paramount for public health.
222

Avaliação microbiológica, detecção e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de potenciais enteropatógenos das famílias Enterobacteriaceae e Vibrionaceae em mexilhões Perna perna da praia de Itaipu, Niterói-RJ / Microbial evaluation, detection and susceptibility for antimicrobials of potential pathogens of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae in mussels Perna perna from Itaipu beach, Niterói-RJ

Marcelly Miranda Aybal Jayme 12 March 2014 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Por serem organismos filtradores, os mexilhões devem ser extraídos para consumo somente de águas com padrões microbiológicos regulamentados pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, uma vez que intoxicações alimentares de origem bacteriana são as consequências mais comuns relacionadas ao consumo destes moluscos. Após a retirada dos costões, estes organismos passam por processos de fervura, lavagem, acondicionamento em sacos plásticos e transporte até a chegada ao mercado onde são comercializados; etapas estas, realizadas sem cuidados assépticos. Objetivando avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de mexilhões Perna perna coletados na praia de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ; após a sua fervura; e comercializados no Mercado São Pedro, foram realizadas contagens de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Vibrio spp. por metodologia convencional e molecular em amostras obtidas destes locais. Pelo teste de disco-difusão foi observado o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas. Do total de amostras analisadas (27) apenas 3 dos mexilhões que sofreram processo de aferventação, 1 do comercializado e 3 do in natura, se encontravam dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela legislação. Não houve diferença significativa entre as contagens de coliformes termotolerantes dos diferentes mexilhões analisados, mas sim entre os períodos seco e chuvoso. Somente uma das nove coletas de água mostrou-se própria para o cultivo de mexilhões (até 14 CF/mL). Foram isoladas e caracterizadas fisiológicamente, 77 estirpes da espécie E. coli, sendo confirmadas molecularmente por PCR os sorotipos EPEC, STEC e EAEC; 4 cepas Salmonella spp. sendo apenas uma confirmada por PCR; e das 57 cepas caracterizadas como Vibrio spp., 51 foram confirmadas por PCR, sendo 46 Vibrio spp., 2 V. cholerae, 1 V. vulnificus, 1 V. parahaemolyticus e 1 V. mimicus. Entre as estirpes de E. coli, 13% apresentaram multirresistência e 15,6% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A estirpe de Salmonella spp. se mostrou sensível a todos os antimicrobiados testados. Das estirpes de Vibrio spp. testadas, 68,6% apresentaram multirresistência e 72,5% apresentaram resistência múltipla. A partir da pesquisa de genes direto do caldo de enriquecimento foi possível detectar todos os genes pesquisados, com exceção para os sorotipos de Salmonella e V. cholerae. Baseado nos resultados do presente trabalho pode-se inferir que os mexilhões, amplamente comercializados no município de Itaipú, podem se constituir em risco para a saúde pública dos consumidores no Rio de Janeiro, necessitando dos órgãos competentes uma eficiente fiscalização nos pontos de venda e cultivo destes moluscos. / Mussels (Perna perna) feed by filtering large quantities of water, enabling the retention of environmental bacteria and virus in their bodies. For this reason bacterial foodborne intoxications associated with these bivalves are common therefore mussels used for human consumption have to come from coastal areas where the microbiological quality of the water complies with current legislation laid down by the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Following harvest these mussels go through a process of washing, boiling, packing and then transported to the fish markets for retail. During these processes and techniques normally no food hygiene plan is followed which may enable microorganisms growth and cross-contamination. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of Perna perna growing in Itaipu beach, Niterói, RJ from direct harvest (boiled and raw) and retailed at the São Pedro fish market. By using the MPN test it was possible to determine the total and faecal coliforms and by conventional and molecular techniques it was detected and identified the Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. present in the samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was also performed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolated strains. From all the samples studied (27) only 7 samples had results complying with the legislation, 3 which suffered boiling process in the laboratory, 3 raw samples and 1 samples from the fish market. There were no significant differences between samples regarding the faecal coliforms count, however there was significant differences between samples collected in different seasons (dry and rainy). From all the nine water samples collected only one demonstrated to be proper for the production and harvest of mussels (lower than 14 CF/mL). There were 77 E. coli strains who were isolated and physiologically characterized and those results confirmed by PCR the sorotypo EPEC, STEC and EAEC; 4 strains of Salmonella spp. only one confirmed by PCR; and from the 57 strains identified as Vibrio spp., 51 were confirmed by PCR, where 46 were Vibrio spp., 2 V. cholerae, 1 V. vulnificus, 1 V. parahaemolyticus and 1 V. mimicus. From all the E. coli strains 13% were multi-resistant and 15.6% showed multiple resistance. All the Salmonella spp. strains demonstrated sensitivity to all tested antimicrobials. In the Vibrio spp. strains 68.6% were multi-resistant and 72.5% had multiple resistance Targeted genes were all possible to detect directly from the analysis of the enrichment broth with the exception for Salmonella and V. cholera genes. The present study provided results that demonstrate the poor microbiological quality of the mussels retailed in Itaipú borough which can represent a public health risk for all local and tourist population. These outcome brings to light how inspections in all food chain of the product are paramount for public health.
223

Bioatividade in vitro de extratos etanÃlicos de sementes de Moringa oleifera frente a estirpes de Vibrio portadoras de fatores de virulÃncia e resistentes a antimicrobianos, isoladas da hemolinfa do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei / In vitro bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera seeds against Vibrio strains with virulence factors and antibiotic resistance, isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei hemolymph.

Renata Albuquerque Costa 09 December 2011 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A prospecÃÃo de agentes antibacterianos pode fornecer alternativa terapÃutica para epizootias de etiologia bacteriana que representam risco para o desenvolvimento de atividades aqÃÃcolas. Considerando essa assertiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliaÃÃo da bioatividade in vitro de extratos de sementes de Moringa oleifera contra vÃbrios isolados da hemolinfa do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei. Como critÃrios de seleÃÃo para os testes de atividade antibacteriana, foram determinados perfis relacionados à resistÃncia a antimicrobianos e à expressÃo de exoenzimas associadas a fatores virulentos. Foram isoladas e identificadas fenotipicamente 100 cepas de Vibrio, verificando-se predominÃncia das espÃcies de V. navarrensis (53%), V. brasiliensis (15%) e V. parahaemolyticus (10%). Todas as cepas testadas (n = 100) foram capazes de expressar pelo menos uma exoenzima. As atividades fosfolipolÃtica e lipolÃtica foram verificadas em 94% e 58% das cepas, respectivamente. Trinta e oito estirpes produziram βâhemÃlise em sangue de ovelha. A habilidade em hidrolisar caseÃna, gelatina e elastina foi observada em 96%, 80% e 35% dos vÃbrios, respectivamente. O perfil fenotÃpico de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos revelou um elevado Ãndice de resistÃncia (75%). Foram observados perfis de monoresistÃncia (n = 42), resistÃncia cruzada a β-lactÃmicos (n = 20) e multiresistÃncia (n = 13). No que se refere à atividade antibacteriana, os extratos obtidos por extraÃÃo com etanol a frio (MOS-E) e a quente (MOS-ES) mostraram-se bioativos contra 92% e 90% das cepas testadas, respectivamente. A ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃmima (CIM) de MOS-E e MOS-ES mais eficiente contra o maior percentual de estirpes foi a de 32 Âg mL-1. A triagem bioguiada de compostos bioativos revelou que a fraÃÃo acetato de etila de ambos os extratos foi à Ãnica que apresentou atividade antibacteriana. A partir do fracionamento cromatogrÃfico da fraÃÃo supracitada, isolaram-se as substÃncias vibriocidas niazirina e niazimicina. / The search for antibacterial agents may provide alternative therapy for outbreaks of bacterial etiology that represents a risk to the development of aquaculture activities. Thus, the research aimed to evaluate the in vitro bioactivity of the Moringa oleifera seeds extracts against isolated vibrios from the Litopenaeus vannamei hemolymph. The profiles related to antibiotic resistance and exoenzyme expression associated to virulence factors were determined as criteria for antibacterial activity assays. One hundred strains of Vibrio were isolated and phenotypically identified, with the predominance of V. navarrensis (53%), V. brasiliensis (15%) and V. parahaemolyticus (10%). The expression of at least one exoenzyme was detected in all isolates (n = 100). It was found a percentage of phospholipase and lipase positive strains of 94 and 58%, respectively. Thirty-eight strains produced β-hemolysis on sheep blood. The ability to hydrolyze casein, gelatin and elastin was observed in 96%, 80% and 35% of vibrios, respectively. It was observed a high antibiotic resistance index (75%), with following phenotypic profiles: monoresistance (n = 42), cross-resistance to β-lactams (n = 20) and multiple resistance (n = 13). The antibacterial activity tests indicated bioactivity from the MOS-E and MOS-ES against 92% and 90% of strains tested, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of MOS and MOS-E-ES able to inhibit the growth of most strains was of 32 Âg mL-1. The screening of bioactive compounds revealed that only a fraction of ethyl acetate from both extracts demonstrated antibacterial effect, which made possible the isolation of the vibriocidal substances niazirine and niazimicine.
224

Bioatividade in vitro de extratos etanÃlicos de sementes de Moringa oleifera frente a estirpes de Vibrio portadoras de fatores de virulÃncia e resistentes a antimicrobianos, isoladas da hemolinfa do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei / Bioactivity in vitro of ethanol extracts of seeds of Moringa oleifera against strains of Vibrio carriers of virulence factors and antimicrobial-resistant, isolated from the hemolymph of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Renata Albuquerque Costa 09 December 2011 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A prospecÃÃo de agentes antibacterianos pode fornecer alternativa terapÃutica para epizootias de etiologia bacteriana que representam risco para o desenvolvimento de atividades aqÃÃcolas. Considerando essa assertiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliaÃÃo da bioatividade in vitro de extratos de sementes de Moringa oleifera contra vÃbrios isolados da hemolinfa do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei. Como critÃrios de seleÃÃo para os testes de atividade antibacteriana, foram determinados perfis relacionados à resistÃncia a antimicrobianos e à expressÃo de exoenzimas associadas a fatores virulentos. Foram isoladas e identificadas fenotipicamente 100 cepas de Vibrio, verificando-se predominÃncia das espÃcies de V. navarrensis (53%), V. brasiliensis (15%) e V. parahaemolyticus (10%). Todas as cepas testadas (n = 100) foram capazes de expressar pelo menos uma exoenzima. As atividades fosfolipolÃtica e lipolÃtica foram verificadas em 94% e 58% das cepas, respectivamente. Trinta e oito estirpes produziram βâhemÃlise em sangue de ovelha. A habilidade em hidrolisar caseÃna, gelatina e elastina foi observada em 96%, 80% e 35% dos vÃbrios, respectivamente. O perfil fenotÃpico de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos revelou um elevado Ãndice de resistÃncia (75%). Foram observados perfis de monoresistÃncia (n = 42), resistÃncia cruzada a β-lactÃmicos (n = 20) e multiresistÃncia (n = 13). No que se refere à atividade antibacteriana, os extratos obtidos por extraÃÃo com etanol a frio (MOS-E) e a quente (MOS-ES) mostram-se bioativos contra 92% e 90% das cepas testadas, respectivamente. A ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃmima (CIM) de MOS-E e MOS-ES mais eficiente contra o maior percentual de estirpes foi a de 32 Âg mL-1. A triagem bioguiada de compostos bioativos revelou que a fraÃÃo acetato de etila de ambos os extratos foi à Ãnica que apresentou atividade antibacteriana. A partir do fracionamento cromatogrÃfico da fraÃÃo supracitada, isolaram se as substÃncias vibriocidas niazirina e niazimicina. / The search for antibacterial agents may provide alternative therapy for outbreaks of bacterial etiology that represents a risk to the development of aquaculture activities. Thus, the research aimed to evaluate the in vitro bioactivity of the Moringa oleifera seeds extracts against isolated vibrios from the Litopenaeus vannamei hemolymph. The profiles related to antibiotic resistance and exoenzyme expression associated to virulence factors were determined as criteria for antibacterial activity assays. One hundred strains of Vibrio were isolated and phenotypically identified, with the predominance of V. navarrensis (53%), V. brasiliensis (15%) and V. parahaemolyticus (10%). The expression of at least one exoenzyme was detected in all isolates (n = 100). It was found a percentage of phospholipase and lipase positive strains of 94 and 58%, respectively. Thirty-eight strains produced β-hemolysis on sheep blood. The ability to hydrolyze casein, gelatin and elastin was observed in 96%, 80% and 35% of vibrios, respectively. It was observed a high antibiotic resistance index (75%), with following phenotypic profiles: monoresistance (n = 42), cross-resistance to β-lactams (n = 20) and multiple resistance (n = 13). The antibacterial activity tests indicated bioactivity from the MOS-E and MOS-ES against 92% and 90% of strains tested, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of MOS and MOS-E-ES able to inhibit the growth of most strains was of 32 μg mL-1. The screening of bioactive compounds revealed that only a fraction of ethyl acetate from both extracts demonstrated antibacterial effect, which made possible the isolation of the vibriocidal substances niazirine and niazimicine.
225

Corrosão microbiologicamente induzida por consórcio de bactérias redutoras de sulfato e vibrio alginolyticus em juntas de solda do aço API 5L X80

VASCONCELOS, Edivânia Souza de Lima 26 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-28T17:50:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Edivânia.pdf: 9678189 bytes, checksum: bc6e8c52a38eb49d616a9e268bd0a048 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T17:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Edivânia.pdf: 9678189 bytes, checksum: bc6e8c52a38eb49d616a9e268bd0a048 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / PRH / A exploração da energia de petróleo e gás é um campo de importância atual no desenvolvimento da economia mundial a qual tem tomado gradualmente o centro das atenções nos ambientes econômico e científico, elevando a demanda por tecnologias no desenvolvimento de materiais mais resistentes como os aços da classe API. As plataformas de prospecção e produção de petróleo no mar, oleodutos e gasodutos em operação, são fabricados a partir de chapas com diferentes processos de soldagem. Estes equipamentos, quando submersos em água do mar, estão susceptíveis a corrosão por fatores diversos como zona termicamente afetada e salinidade. Esse conjunto de fatores pode enfraquecer o material, principalmente na região da junta de solda podendo ocasionar a nucleação e propagação de trincas em regiões preferenciais. A degradação de materiais metálicos pode tornar-se ainda mais severa quando houver associação do meio corrosivo com micro-organismos os quais se aderem às superfícies e, através do seu metabolismo modificam as condições do meio podendo comprometer alterar a durabilidade e desempenho dos materiais. Neste trabalho foi obtida uma melhor compreensão sobre a ação das bactérias redutoras de sulfato e do Vibrio alginolyticus isoladamente e em consórcio, na corrosão de corpos de prova com juntas de solda do aço API 5L X80 em presença de água do mar. Para tanto, foram expostos corpos de prova do aço X 80 em sistemas contendo água do mar estéril, acrescida dos respectivos micro-organismos, além de um sistema abiótico. Foram feitas quantificações de bactérias sésseis e planctônicas, determinação das taxas de corrosão, ensaio de impacto Charpy e tração, observação das superfícies por microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que a adesão microbiana e as taxas de corrosão não foram afetadas pela presença da solda e que os micro-organismos provocaram um efeito passivante, na corrosão por perda de massa, porem a observação das superfícies por MEV mostrou ataque por corrosão localizada. Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, os corpos de prova com solda, expostos ao sistema contendo Vibrio alginolyticus apresentara uma queda na absorção de energia, mostrando um enfraquecimento do material nessas condições. / The exploitation of oil and gas energy is a current important field in the development of the world economy which has gradually taken center stage in the economic and scientific environments, increasing the demand for technologies in the development of more resistant materials such as grade steels API. The platforms of oil exploration and production offshore, oil and gas pipelines in operation are made from sheets with different welding processes. These devices, when submerged in seawater, are susceptible to corrosion by several factors such as heat affected zone and salinity. This set of factors can weaken the material, especially in the solder joint in the region may cause the nucleation and propagation of cracks in preferred regions. Deterioration of metallic materials may become even more severe when the corrosive environment associated with micro-organisms which adhere to surfaces and through metabolism modifying the conditions of the environment can compromise alter the durability and performance of the materials. In this work we obtained a better understanding of the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria and Vibrio alginolyticus alone and in consortium, the corrosion test specimens with steel solder joints API 5L X80 in the presence of seawater. For both, it was exposed X 80 steel specimens in water the barren sea, plus the respective micro-organisms, as well as an abiotic system. measurements were made of sessile and planktonic bacteria, determination of corrosion rates, Charpy impact test and pull, observation of surfaces by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the microbial adhesion and corrosion rates were not affected by the presence of solder, and that micro-organisms caused a passivating effect on the corrosion weight loss, but the observation of the surface by SEM showed attack by pitting. As for the mechanical properties, the samples with solder, exposed to the system containing Vibrio alginolyticus presented a drop in energy absorption, showing a weakening of the material in these conditions.
226

Inhibiteurs du Quorum Sensing de Vibrio harveyi issus d'éponges de Polynésie française / Vibrio harveyi quorum sensing inhibitors from marine sponges of French polynesia

Mai, Tepoerau 25 May 2016 (has links)
La résistance bactérienne induite par l’utilisation massive d’antibiotiques en aquaculture, conduit à la recherche de nouveaux modes de traitement, des traitements anti-virulents et non toxiques. Différentes stratégies sont étudiées parmi lesquelles l’inhibition d’un système de régulation : le quorum sensing. Vibrio harveyi est une bactérie pathogène en aquaculture qui régule sa bioluminescence et la production de protéines de virulence par l’intermédiaire du quorum sensing. L’étude des éponges Leucetta chagosensis, Dysidea sp. 2669 et Cacospongia sp. 2110 collectées en Polynésie française, a permis l’isolement de huit métabolites secondaires dont quatre nouveaux : l’isonaamine D, le bis-isonaamidine A-Zn, la leucettamine D et le tuamotuolol. Leurs effets et leurs modes d’action ont été évalués sur deux phénotypes contrôlés par le quorum sensing chez V. harveyi: la bioluminescence et la production de métalloprotéases. Trois molécules ont ainsi montré une activité inhibitrice du quorum sensing de V. harveyi : l’isonaamine D, l’isonaamidine A et l’ilimaquinone. / The bacterial resistance induced by the massive use of antibiotics in aquaculture, leads to the search for new treatment methods, anti-virulent and non-toxic treatments. Different strategies are studied among which the inhibition of a system of regulation: the quorum sensing. Vibrio harveyi is a pathogenic bacterium in aquaculture that regulates its bioluminescence and the production of virulence proteins through quorum sensing. The study of sponges Leucetta chagosensis, Dysidea sp. 2669 and Cacospongia sp. 2110 collected in French Polynesia, allowed the isolation of eight secondary metabolites including four new ones: isonaamine D, bis-isonaamidine A-Zn, leucettamine D and tuamotuolol. Their effects and their modes of action were evaluated on two phenotypes controlled by quorum sensing in V. harveyi: bioluminescence and production of metalloproteases. Three molecules have thus shown an inhibitory activity of the quorum sensing of V. harveyi: isonaamine D, isonaamidine A and ilimaquinone.
227

Etude dynamique des épidémies de choléra en Afrique et en Haïti et application à la mise en place de stratégies d'élimination / Dynamic study of cholera epidemics in Africa and in Haiti and application to the implementation of elimination strategies

Rebaudet, Stanislas 08 December 2014 (has links)
Le choléra est une diarrhée hydrique sévère volontiers épidémique causée par des Vibrio cholerae O1 toxinogènes. Ses déterminants environnementaux ont donné naissance à un paradigme influent sur les stratégies de lutte, qui sont se sont avérées peu efficientes en Afrique comme en Haïti. Elles pourraient être améliorées par une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique des épidémies. La synthèse bibliographique des influences de l'environnement sur les épidémies de choléra en Afrique y montre les limites du paradigme environnemental. L'étude multidisciplinaire des origines de l'épidémie de choléra en Guinée en 2012 suggère fortement qu'elle fut importée par voie humaine depuis la Sierra Leone voisine. Une description spatio-temporelle du choléra au Mozambique démontre l'hétérogénéité de sa transmission et amène à questionner le concept d'endémicité du choléra. Depuis son importation en Haïti en octobre 2010, l'épidémie de choléra présente également une répartition spatiale et temporelle très hétérogène. Son importante rétractation en saison sèche et son absence d'enracinement significatif dans l'environnement laissent espérer la possibilité d'une élimination rapide à condition d'apporter une réponse ciblée à tous les foyers épidémiques du pays. Une stratégie d'élimination basée sur nos recommandations y est actuellement menée par le Ministère de la Santé, l'UNICEF et leurs partenaires. Après des résultats spectaculaires en 2013 et au premier semestre 2014, la situation s'est à nouveau dégradée pendant la saison des pluies. Une élimination du choléra dans saison sèche à venir demeure cependant réaliste si nous parvenons à convaincre et remobiliser les acteurs de terrain. / Cholera is an epidemic acute watery diarrhea caused by toxigenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae O1. Its environment determinants have been at the source of a popular paradigm. Many recent control strategies have shown little efficiency in Africa or in Haiti, but they could be improved by a better comprehension of the epidemics dynamic. The bibliographic synthesis of environment influences on cholera in Africa highlights the limits of the environmental paradigm on this continent. A multidisciplinary study of the origin of cholera epidemic in Guinea in 2012 strongly suggests it was humanly imported from nearby Sierra Leone. A space-time description of cholera in Mozambique demonstrates heterogeneous transmission patterns and challenges the concept of cholera endemicity. Since its importation in Haiti in October 2010, cholera transmission also exhibits a marked spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Cholera important retraction during the dry season and its absence of significant establishment in the Haitian environment suggest it may be possible to rapidly eliminate cholera in the country, provided that every outbreak focus receives a targeted response. An elimination strategy based on our recommendations is currently implemented by Haitian Ministry of Health, UNICEF and their partners. After spectacular results in 2013 and during the first half of 2014, the situation has slowly deteriorated during the rainy season. However, cholera elimination during the coming dry season remains realistic provided that we succeed in persuading and remobilizing the partners present on the field.
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Survie intracellulaire, effets cytopathiques et virulence de Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32, pathogène de l’huître Crassostrea gigas / Intracellular survival, cytopathic effects and virulence of Vibrio tasmaniensis, a pathogen of Crassostrea gigas oyster

Vanhove, Audrey 11 December 2014 (has links)
Des souches de Vibrio appartenant au clade Splendidus sont retrouvées de manière récurrente lors des mortalités estivales d'huîtres juvéniles. La souche V. tasmaniensis LGP32 est un pathogène intracellulaire facultatif des hémocytes d'huître, dont elle altère les fonctions de défense. Nous montrons ici que LGP32 se comporte comme un pathogène intravacuolaire qui survit au sein de larges vacuoles intrahémocytaires. Il induit des effets cytopathiques tels qu'une perméabilisation membranaire et un lessivage du contenu cytosolique des hémocytes. Cette cytotoxicité est dépendante de l'invasion hémocytaire. Par ailleurs, à l'intérieur du phagosome, LGP32 sécrète des vésicules de membrane externe (OMVs). Chez LGP32, ces OMVs jouent un rôle protecteur contre les défenses de l'hôte et servent de véhicules pour la délivrance de facteurs de virulence aux cellules de l'hôte. En effet, elles sont capables de titrer les peptides antimicrobiens et présentent un fort contenu en hydrolases (25% du protéome des OMVs). Une sérine protéase, nommée Vsp car elle est uniquement sécrétée par voie vésiculaire participe à la virulence de LGP32 en infections expérimentales mais ne dégraderait pas les peptides antimicrobiens. Par une approche transcriptomique, nous avons identifié une série de gènes impliqués dans la réponse anti-oxydante et l'efflux de cuivre, qui sont surexprimés dans les stades intracellulaires précoces de LGP32. La génomique fonctionnelle a montré que ces deux fonctions importantes sont requises pour la survie intracellulaire, la cytotoxicité et la virulence de LGP32. Leur grande conservation parmi les vibrios laisse supposer qu'elles puissent contribuer à la survie intracellulaire d'autres espèces de Vibrio. / Vibrio strains belonging to the Splendidus Clade have been repeatedly found in juvenile diseased oysters affected by summer mortalities. V. tasmaniensis LGP32 is an intracellular pathogen of oyster hemocytes which has been reported to alter the oxidative burst and inhibit phagosome maturation. We show here that LGP32 behaves as an intravacuolar pathogen that survives within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. LGP32 induces cytotoxic effects such as membrane disruptions and cytoplasmic disorders. Cytotoxicity was shown to be entirely dependent on LGP32 entry into hemocytes. Moreover, LGP32 releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) inside the phagosome. LGP32 OMVs were found to be protective against host defenses and to serve as vehicles for the delivery of LGP32 virulence factors to oyster immune cells. Indeed, OMVs conferred a high resistance to antimicrobial peptides. They also displayed a high content in hydrolases (25 % of total proteome) among which a serine protease, named Vsp for vesicular serine protease, was found to be specifically secreted through OMVs. Vsp was shown to participate in the virulence phenotype of LGP32 in oyster experimental infections but did not degrade AMPs entrapped in OMVs. By developing a transcriptomic approach, we identified a series of Vibrio antioxidant and copper efflux genes whose expression is strongly induced within oyster hemocytes. Construction of isogenic deletion mutants showed that resistance to reactive oxygen species and copper efflux are two important functions required for LGP32 intracellular survival, cytotoxic effects and virulence. Their high conservation among vibrios suggests they could contribute to intracellular survival of other Vibrio species.
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Avaliação eco/genotoxicológica dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 e Reactive Blue 15 / Evaluation eco/genotoxicological of the textile dyes Reactive Blue 4 and Reactive Blue

Meireles, Gabriela 29 July 2013 (has links)
Os corantes são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias têxteis, farmacêuticas, alimentícias, cosméticas, fotográficas, entre outras. Contudo, essas substâncias podem ser tóxicas, mutagênicas e resistentes a muitos processos de degradação utilizados em estações de tratamento. Estima-se que cerca de 15% dos corantes utilizados no mundo sejam perdidos durante o processo de tingimento e lançados no ambiente, atingindo principalmente os corpos d\'água. No entanto, apesar da grande quantidade de corantes comerciais disponíveis e da alta quantidade lançada no ecossistema aquático, os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessas substâncias são escassos e pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos mutagênicos e principalmente ecotoxicológicos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade, bem como a capacidade dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) e Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) de lesar o material genético, empregando ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, genotoxicidade (Teste do Cometa) com fibroblastos de derme humana e mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a concentração de cobre em Ceriodaphnia dubia expostas ao corante Reactive Blue 15, que possui esse metal na sua estrutura química. O corante RB 4 foi moderadamente tóxico e o corante RB 15 foi relativamente não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Ambos corantes reduziram a luminescência de Vibrio fischeri em elevadas concentrações, sendo o corante RB 4 mais tóxico para a bactéria quando comparado ao corante RB 15. O corante RB 4 induziu efeito hormesis nos ensaios com C. dubia, ou seja, houve um estímulo na reprodução nas menores concentrações, seguido por um decréscimo em concentrações mais elevadas, ao passo que, o corante RB 15 reduziu a fecundidade de C. dubia. Não houve acúmulo de cobre nos organismos expostos ao corante RB 15. Nenhum dos corantes foram genotóxicos para fibroblastos de derme humana e apenas o corante RB 4 induziu mutagenicidade, por substituição de pares de base. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corantes podem causar efeitos adversos nos organismos mesmo em baixas concentrações e que o lançamento contínuo dessas substâncias nos corpos d\'água é preocupante. / Dyes are widely used in different types of industries, such as textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, photographic, among others. However, these substances can be toxic, mutagenic and resistant to many degradation processes used in wastewater treatment. It is estimated that about 15% of the dyes used in the world is lost during the dyeing process and released into the environment, affecting mainly water bodies. However, despite the large amount of commercial dyes available and high quantity released in the aquatic ecosystem, studies on the toxicity of these substances are scarce and little is known about their mutagenic and ecotoxicological effects. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity, and the ability of the Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) and Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) textile dyes to damage the genetic material, using acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity, genotoxicity (Comet assay) in human dermal fibroblasts and mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, we assessed the concentration of copper in Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to the Reactive Blue 15 dye, which has this metal in its chemical structure. The RB 4 dye was moderately toxic and RB 15 dye was relatively non-toxic to Daphnia similis. Both dyes reduced the Vibrio fischeri luminescence in high concentrations, and the RB 4 was more toxic to bacteria when compared to dye RB 15. The RB 4 dye induced hormesis effect in the C. dubia tests. We observed that the reproduction was stimulated at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. While the RB 15 dye reduced fecundity of Ceriodaphnia dubia. There was no accumulation of copper in organisms exposed to the RB 15 dye. None of the dyes were genotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts, and only the RB 4 dye induced mutagenicity, by base-pair substitution. The results show that the dyes can cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations and that the continuous release of these substances in water bodies is worrying.
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Bioensaios ecotoxicológicos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo (UGRHI 04), Brasil / Ecotoxicological bioassays in the Pardo River Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI 04), Brazil

Silva, Thaís Vilela 07 June 2017 (has links)
A água é um importante recurso natural que contribui para melhorias no bem-estar social e desenvolvimento inclusivo. A presença de produtos químicos, rejeitos radioativos e agentes infecciosos pode comprometer a qualidade desse recurso, afetando a biodiversidade e a subsistência de milhões de pessoas. A Ecotoxicologia Aquática é uma ciência que surgiu para dar suporte no enfrentamento dos problemas de contaminação dos corpos d\'água por compostos tóxicos. Seus instrumentos de análise são capazes de avaliar a toxicidade de compostos químicos, sinalizando os potenciais efeitos ecotoxicológicos e seus mecanismos de ação em organismos vivos em ambientes impactados. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo (UGRHI 04) abrange 27 municípios com um importante contingente populacional (1.092.477 habitantes), inserido em uma região cuja prática agrícola baseia-se na cultura de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol e açúcar. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade para organismos bioindicadores de amostras de água superficial do Rio Pardo, principal afluente da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, e toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia. Adicionalmente, analisaram-se Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), pH e Temperatura da água. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados estão de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 [OD (>= 5 mgO2/L); pH (6 a 9)]. Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Daphnia similis, tanto na estação chuvosa quanto na estação seca, não observou-se toxicidade sobre os organismos testados. Todas as amostras foram classificadas como Não Tóxicas (NT). Nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação chuvosa, nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou toxicidade. Das amostras analisadas na estação seca, 50% apresentaram Efeito Crônico (EC); os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre o número médio de neonatos produzidos por adulta no grupo controle (19,2) e nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) e 5 (8,1). No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) e 6 (14,3), classificadas como NT. A comparação entre os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, mostrou similaridade com a série histórica de dados (2010-2015) fornecida pela Agência Ambiental do Governo do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Vibrio fischeri, nas estações chuvosa e seca do ano de 2016, não observou-se toxicidade sobre a bactéria após os períodos de 5 e 15 minutos de exposição; todas as amostras foram classificadas como NT. Apesar do Rio Pardo estar inserido em área com reconhecido uso de produtos agrícolas e pouca proteção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), os resultados mostraram toxicidade apenas para o organismo Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação seca do ano de 2016, possivelmente relacionada com a diminuição da vazão média e a concentração de poluentes na água. Cabe destacar a importância da manutenção do monitoramento periódico pela CETESB, considerando o Art. 14 da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, que prevê a \"não verificação de efeito tóxico crônico a organismos\" para águas doces de Classe 1 e 2 no contexto brasileiro. / Water is an important natural resource that contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive development. The presence of chemicals, radioactive waste and infectious agents can compromise the quality of this resource, affecting the biodiversity and livelihoods of millions of people. Aquatic Ecotoxicology is a science that has emerged to support the problems of contamination of water bodies by toxic compounds. Its analytical instruments are able to evaluate the toxicity of chemical compounds, signaling the potential ecotoxicological effects and their mechanisms of action in living organisms in impacted environments. The Pardo River Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI 04) covers 27 municipalities with a significant population (1.092.477 inhabitants), inserted in a region whose agricultural practice is based on the cultivation of sugarcane for the production of ethanol and sugar. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity to bioindicators organisms of surface water samples of the Pardo River, main tributary of the the Pardo River Hydrographic Basin. Acute toxicity tests were performed with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, and chronic toxicity with Ceriodaphnia dubia. In addition, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and water temperature were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the physical-chemical parameters analyzed are in accordance with the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 [DO (>= 5 mgO2 / L); pH (6 to 9)]. In the acute toxicity tests performed with Daphnia similis, both in rainy season and in dry season, no toxicity was observed on the organisms tested. All samples were classified as Non-Toxic (NT). In the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia in the rainy season none of the analyzed samples presented toxicity. Of the samples analyzed in the dry season, 50% presented Chronic Effect (CE); The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean number of neonates produced by the adult in the control group (19,2) and the collection points 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) and 5 (8,1). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the samples from collection points 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) and 6 (14,3), classified as NT. The comparison between the results obtained in the present study in the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed similarity with the historical data series (2010-2015) provided by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB). In the acute toxicity tests performed with Vibrio fischeri in the rainy and dry seasons of 2016, no toxicity was observed on the bacteria after periods of 5 and 15 minutes of exposure; All samples were classified as NT. Although Rio Pardo is inserted in an area with recognized use of agricultural products and little protection from Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), the results showed toxicity only for the Ceriodaphnia dubia organismo, in the dry season of 2016, possibly related to the decrease in average flow and the concentration of pollutants in the water. It is important to highlight the importance of Maintenance of periodic monitoring by CETESB, considering Art. 14 of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, which provides for \"non-verification of chronic toxic effect to organisms\" for Class 1 and 2 fresh waters in the Brazilian context

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