Over the past several decades, the victimization of women on college campuses has not decreased despite an uptick in research and concern surrounding the topic. In this study, I analyzed the victimization prevention messages on the websites of 30 4-year PWIs and 30 4-year HBCUs in the Southeastern United States to investigate how they contextualized such messages. Drawing on a comparative thematic analysis of 132 documents from HBCUs and 138 documents from PWIs, I elaborate on four key themes, with several subthemes: gendered safety messages, rape culture education, racialized safety messages, and collective responsibility. I found that victimization prevention messaging was contextualized by community engagement at HBCUs, and both types of schools engage in victim-centered crime prevention. Additionally, PWIs used language on their webpages that encourages peer-to-peer racialized coveillance. This study contributes to the literature on victimization prevention on college campus, the college-prison nexus, and understandings of sexual assault prevention.

Syftet med studien var att via en kvantitativ webbenkät i ett bekvämlighetsurval av svenska lärare, undersöka förekomst av elevrelaterat direkt våld och indirekt våld mot lärare samt i vilken utsträckning olika aspekter av skolklimatet som kan förklara lärarens upplevelser av direkt våld och indirekt våld. Urvalet bestod utav 143 svenska grundskolelärare (25 män och 117 kvinnor samt en som ej angav kön) i åldrarna 20-65 (M = 40,44, SD = 11,17). Resultatet visade att åtta av tio lärare hade blivit utsatta för någon typ av elevrelaterat direkt våld vid minst ett tillfälle under det senaste året. Den vanligaste typen av elevrelaterat direkt våld var verbala kränkningar följt av lättare fysiskt våld och hot om våld. Det visade sig också att en stor del av lärarna blivit utsatta för flera typer av elevrelaterat direkt våld under de senaste 12 månaderna, vilket indikerar på en multipel utsatthet. Indirekt våld hade i stort sett samtliga lärare upplevt vid ett flertal tillfällen under det senaste året. Vidare fann studien att kvinnliga lärare uppgav sig vara mer utsatta för både direkt och indirekt våld jämfört med männen. Studien fann även att struktur och engagemang tycks vara de viktigaste dimensionerna av skolklimatet för att förebygga elevrelaterat direkt våld och indirekt våld mot lärare. / The aim of the study was to investigate, through a quantitative web survey in a convenience sample of Swedish teachers, the presence of student-related direct violence and indirect violence against teachers and to what extent different aspects of the school climate that can explain the teacher's experiences of direct violence and indirect violence. The sample consisted of 143 Swedish primary school teachers (25 men and 117 women and one who did not specify the gender) at the ages 20-65 (M = 40.44, SD = 11.17). The result showed that eight out of ten teachers had been exposed to any type of student-related direct violence on at least one occasion in the past year. The most common type of student-related direct violence was verbal abuse followed by easier physical violence and threats of violence. It also turned out that a large number of teachers were exposed to several types of student-related direct violence in the last 12 months, which indicates a multiple victimization. Indirect violence had virtually all teachers experienced on several occasions over the past year. Furthermore, the study found that female teachers stated that they were more victimized by both direct and indirect violence compared to men. The study also found that structure and engagement seem to be the most important dimensions of the school climate to prevent student-related direct violence and indirect violence against teachers.

The main subject for this essay is victimization at work. The first question concerns victimization and the responsibility of the employer when bullying and harassments occur. The second question regards agreements between the employer and the employee, where the latter is paid to quit the employment because he or she is subjected to victimization, but also if any specific group of employees is especially affected. The purpose of the essay is to create understanding and clarification within current law, but also awareness of the possibilities where employers can create agreements with employees in order to make them finish their employments. In order to manage finding information some labour market parties were asked questions about their experiences of victimization at work and agreements among their members or employees. Current law and regulations will be examined together with the unique trial regarding the municipality of Krokom where an employee committed suicide after being bullied by his supervisor. It resulted in the two managers with responsibility for working environment were sentenced for crime. The conclusion is that the responsibility for preventing victimization and harassments are comprehensive. Agreements occur but the empirical study is showing it is rare in combination with victimization. However it is likely that unrecorded information tell another point of view and that women belong to the group that are the most affected one. During the past five years twelve percent of the Swedish population have been bullied by their colleagues or supervisors. Victimization and agreements are existing situations that have to be discussed and not hidden away due to the simplicity of paying employees to quit. / Huvudämnet  för  kandidatuppsatsen  är  kränkande  särbehandling  där  gällande  rätt  inom  ämnetkommer granskas utifrån en första frågeställning som rör arbetsgivares ansvar vid förekomsten av kränkningar på arbetsplatsen. Den andra frågeställningen behandlar utköp av anställda och framför allt de som utsatts för kränkande särbehandling samt vilka grupper av arbetstagare som eventuellt påverkas. Studien syftar till att skapa förståelse och klargörande inom gällande rätt, samt skapa insikt i arbetsgivares möjlighet att köpa ut arbetstagare genom att granska sådana åtgärder. Svensk reglering i form av bland annat Arbetsmiljölagen och Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter ses över i kombination med internationell reglering på EU-nivå för att finna svar. Rättegången om Krokoms kommun där en mobbad socialsekreterare tog sitt liv, där arbetsmiljöbrott prövats i ett unikt mål, är tänkt att återkomma som en röd tråd uppsatsen igenom. Studien har kompletterats med empiriskt material där olika parter på arbetsmarknaden hörts i frågor om kränkande särbehandling och utköp av arbetstagare som utsatts för detta. Analysen berör bland annat den fakta som tyder på att kvinnor är den grupp som i högst grad anser sig mobbade och förmodligen köps ut i större utsträckning än män. Genom Krokomrättegången och lagrum så som Arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter kan det konstateras att arbetsgivares ansvar är mycket långtgående och att insatser krävs både förebyggande och aktivt mot kränkande särbehandling. En del arbetsgivare väljer istället att köpa ut arbetstagare. Det inträffar, men inte i så hög grad, kombinerat med kränkande särbehandling enligt det empiriska underlaget. Det är dock sannolikt att ett mörkertal förekommer och att överenskommelser görs i det tysta. Tolv procent av befolkningen uppger att de mobbats av sina arbetskamrater eller chefer under de senaste fem åren. Kränkande särbehandling förekommer och är ett ämne som är viktigt att belysa. Förhoppningen är att uppsatsen kan lyfta medvetenheten rörande de båda huvudämnenakränkande särbehandling och utköp.

This Master thesis deals with the subject of aid to women who are victims of Intimate Partner Violence, in the context of the recently passed Victims of Crime Act. The aim of the theoretical part is to describe the basic specifics of intimate partner violence and problems that arise from these specifics for the victims and for the practice of organizations and individuals helping the victims. In the subsequent part the options of aid to and protection of the victims within the criminal proceeding are discussed. The last chapter of the theoretical part covers the legislation context of giving aid to victims, with a special emphasis on the Victims of Crime Act and its possible contribution to solve problems related to this. The empirical part consists of an analysis of qualitative interviews and questionnaires with experts with at least five years of practice in aiding victims of intimate partner violence. The objective of the practical part is to deliver recommendations how to activate victims. The research aims to verify whether the problems of activation of the victims described in both domestic and foreign literature correspond to the practice of experts, what strategies have proved successful in reaction to those problems and in the end to what extent the law on victims can help in this...

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / W. Richard Goe / Criminologists have traditionally studied criminal offending and violent victimization separately. Extant studies, however, demonstrates that criminals and victims overlap to some degree, hinting that a common underlying trait explains both criminal offending and violent victimization. This study tests whether Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory explains the overlap in criminal offending and violent victimization exposure among gang members. Using cross-sectional survey data from the Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) Program in the United States, 1995-1999, results from the regression models show that low self-control is to some degree correlated with criminal offending and violent victimization. Gang members were more likely than non-gang members to participate in some forms of criminal activities, but they were not more likely to be victimized. When variables stemming from social learning and social bonding are included in the regression models, results show that associating with delinquent peers had the strongest effect in predicting criminal offending, contradicting Gottfredson and Hirschi’s claim that self-control is the only cause of criminal behavior. In concert with previous studies that have found a link between low self-control and violent victimization, results show that youths with low self-control were somewhat more likely than youths with higher self-control to report being victimized. The results of the study, as well as venues for future research, are discussed.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Dana M. Britton / Feminists and anti-violence activists are increasingly concerned about street harassment. Several scholars, journalists and activists have documented street harassment during the last two centuries, and the recent development of organizations such as Hollaback! and Stop Street Harassment, as well increased attention from mainstream and feminist press, suggests street harassment is a serious social problem worthy of empirical investigation. In this dissertation, I focus on street harassment, fear of violence, and processes of doing gender. I take an intersectional approach to understand the relationships between gender, race, and sexuality, street harassment, fear, and social control. Furthermore, I investigate how accountability to being recognizably female is linked to street harassment and fear of crime for lesbians and other queer women. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with thirty white and women of color lesbians and bisexuals, I explore street harassment experiences, perceptions of fear and risk, and strategies for staying safe from the perspectives of queer women in rural, suburban, and urban locations in the Midwest. I discuss several key findings. First, there are distinct links between “doing gender” and the types of harassment these women experience, as well as links between “doing gender “and the types of assault they fear. Second, race matters - institutional violence shapes the fears and safety strategies of the queer women of color in my sample, and white privilege affects women’s willingness to consider self-defense in response to their fears. Finally, responses to fear and street harassment are shaped by the incite/invite dilemma. The incite/invite dilemma describes the predicament women face during street harassment encounters when they try to avoid responses that might incite escalated violence while also avoiding responses that might be viewed as an invitation for more aggressive harassment. This study extends research on accountability and doing gender, street harassment, fear of rape, and the gender differential in fear of crime. There are several practical implications of these findings. Chief among them is the need for activists and scholars to be attentive to the ways in which racism and racial inequality shape street harassment for women of color. In addition, feminists who work to end street harassment should broaden their focus to include a host of other pressing issues that influence the severity of and risks connected to street harassment for members of queer communities and communities of color. There are also theoretical implications for the theory of doing gender. Knowledge about accountability to sex category remains incomplete. Findings suggest the need to further investigate processes of accountability to sex category, with particular attention to diverse arrangements of orientations to sex category, presumptions about sex category, race, and queer gender identities.

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Traditional and cyber bullying have been identified as universal problematic issues facing adolescents, and research is needed to understand correlates associated with these phenomena. Structural equation modeling analyses examined associations between attachment to parents, traditional and cyber bullying or victimization, and mental health outcomes among 257 high school students (Average age 15.9 years). Key patterns emerged, including associations between maternal attachment and mental health outcomes; victimization and mental health concerns; and bullying and victimization in both traditional and cyber contexts. The role of attachment to mothers and fathers varied by context. Findings extend the literature by identifying risk factors in adolescence associated with bullying and victimization, as well as suggesting appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase adolescent well-being.

Rights of the victims of crimes and options of their employment during the criminal proceedings Abstract This master's thesis inquires into crime victims' rights, their status in the criminal proceedings and actual employability of their guaranteed rights. It contains a brief history of development of the legislative concerning the topic. My thesis comes to a conclusion that especially in the last fifty years, the status and range of crime victims' rights has been constantly improving. Crime victim is becoming less and less just a bearer of evidence of the crime and is more and more becoming an active subject of the criminal proceedings, on which they also have their interest. With the passing of the new Crime Victims' Rights Act, the Czech legal system was enriched by a wide array of victims' rights that provides special care and approach from the state and its authorities. In the heart of the new act is the victim as a target of an undeserved attack in the form of a crime and as such is entitled to help. Necessary help provided to the victim is not only specialized psychological and social assistance, but also straightforward financial help and a kind and understanding approach. One of the main goals of the Crime Victims' Rights Act is prevention and protection from the secondary victimization, which is...