The victim-offender overlap has been extensively studied and documented overthe last decades. Various studies have identified young men as the most commonvictims of violent assault, yet the public, the media, but also criminologicalresearch have actively favored the discourse on the ideal victim. Consequently,not much is known about how victim-offenders experience and perceivevictimization.The present systematic literature review aims to analyze how violent victimizationis experienced and narrated by male victim-offenders in the context of hegemonicmasculinity. Secondly, it aims to analyze in how far the public’s attitudes ofvictim blaming and victim concern are affected by a belief in a just world.Collectively, these findings aim to create a better understanding of criminal men’svictim identities.The public’s empathy and concern are reserved to the innocent and vulnerablevictim; criminal men are perceived as culpable and deserving of victimization.The latter use violence as an instrument of dominance and subordination, in linewith hegemonic masculinity beliefs, and reject the victim identity (antithesis ofmasculinity), forming a new category of the nonideal victim.

Exposure to multiple forms of victimization has been shown to have increasingly negative outcomes, but their unique trajectory-setting effects have been largely unexplored. Using a life course approach, this paper examines the trajectory-setting effects of childhood polyvictimization into early adulthood. I use a nationwide sample including 3,652 respondents after cleaning and preparation. Seemingly unrelated regressions were used to predict depression and criminal behavior in childhood and adulthood. Results suggest childhood polyvictimization sets children on a negative trajectory which grows increasingly worse through the life course. Researchers and interventions should take these trajectory-setting effects into account when attempting to aid polyvictims.

The crimes against human dignity in sexual area - criminal and criminological aspects Abstract: The thesis deals with those crimes that affect the most intimate area of human life, the sexual area. It analyzes those crimes from a criminal point of view and compares the current Czech legislation with the legislation in Spain. Based on this comparison, the thesis contains several considerations de lege ferenda, which could improve the current Czech legislation. As the chosen topic is strongly affected by forensic science and criminology, the thesis also deals with sexual crimes from the point of view of these scientific disciplines. From a criminological point of view, the thesis examines the personality of the perpetrator and the victim. With regard to perpetrators, it deals primarily with the motives, motivations and typology of perpetrators in general. In relation to victims the thesis finds out, in particular, how committing these crimes affects their lives (including secondary victimization) and deals with their position from a procedural point of view. In the part dealing with forensic science this thesis describes the specifics associated with the investigation of this type of crimes. In order to determine whether these procedures are effective, the first part contains statistical reports showing...

Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla kunskapen om sambandet mellan ADHD-symptom och utsatthet för brott genom att undersöka sambandet mellan särskilda symptom relaterade till ADHD, rutinaktiviteter och utsatthet för brott. Det finns inte mycket forskning om hur ADHD-symptom kan påverka utsattheten och därav ämnar studien att minska kunskapsluckan. Studien är en kvantitativ studie där 203 respondenter, män och kvinnor, mellan åldrarna 16-100 år besvarar en enkät med olika frågor om ADHD-symptom, rutinaktiviteter och utsatthet för brott. Först gjordes deskriptiv univariat analys av de beroende respektive oberoende variablerna. Vidare gjordes bivariata analyser av ADHD-symtom och utsatthet för brott i kombination med rutinaktiviteter. Slutligen gjordes den binära logistiska regressionsanalysen som undersökte ifall ADHD-symtom kan predicera utsatthet som utfall, vilken jämförs med modeller för rutinaktiviteter. Resultatet påvisar statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan ADHD-symtom och utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott. I den binära logistiska regressionsanalysen framkommer det att både ADHD-symtom och rutinaktiviteter enskilt kan predicera utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott som utfall, men förmågan att predicera utsatthet ökar när symtom och rutinaktiviteter kombineras. Den primära slutsatsen av denna studie är således att kombinationen av ADHD-symtom och rutinaktiviteter är den bästa prediktorn för utsatthet för brott, respektive upprepad utsatthet för brott som utfall. / The aim of this study is to evolve the knowledge of the relationship between symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and crime victimization, by examining correlations between particular symptoms related to ADHD, routine activities and crime victimization. There isn't much research on how ADHD-symptoms can affect victimization and therefore this study aims to reduce the knowledge gap. The study is performed as a quantitative survey, where 203 respondents, male and female, between the ages 16-100 years answer questions about different symptoms related to ADHD, routine activities and crime victimization. The analysis began with a descriptive univariate analysis of the dependent and independent variables, followed by a bivariate analysis of ADHD-symptoms combination with routine activity. Finally the binary logistic regressionanalysis was used to create models of prediction to test if symptoms of ADHD can predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization in comparison with routine activity. The results show statistically significant associations between symptoms related to ADHD, crime victimization and repeated crime victimization. In the binary logistic regression analysis it appears that both symptoms of ADHD and routine activities individually can predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization. However, the combination of these increase the ability to predict crime victimization and repeated crime victimization The primary conclusion of this study is thus that the combination of ADHD symptoms and routine activities is the best predictor of crime victimization and repeated crime victimization.

The thesis is trying to understand matters of assistance to victims of crime in the Czech Republic primarily throught law 45/2013 Sb., about victims of crime. Author is trying to find a link between using of rights and institutes from the law and victimological concepts of typology of victims of crime and victimization. At the same time author is examing practical working of these rights and institutes. In theoretical part is also used concept of life course perspective, mainly for examing a return of the victims to ordinary life. The research is based on qualitative study with interviewing experts and study of relevant documents. So the view is mediated by workers in organizations for victims of crime. Author did not found a link between type of victims and use ratio of rights and institutes. In practise the Czech police is not working very well with information duty and citiziens do not know much about their rights. Author is giving some recommendations for improving system of assitance to victims of crime to be more effective.

Fear of Crime remains a relevant theme in criminological research. Its associations include damage to psychological well-being, decreases in collective cohesion and trust, and populism. Located in the field of victimology, previous research found that significant predictors for Fear of Crime are: Previous Victimization, Previous Victimization with a Hate-Motive, Severity of Previous Victimization, Perceived Risk and Risk Control. This study will aim to investigate if the dynamics of Fear of Crime established by previous research are applicable in a LGBT population. Subsequently the sub-groups sexual minorities, bisexuals, and trans-people are compared, filling a literature gap. The sample consists of 353 self-identified LGBT people at Malmö University who filled out a self-report survey inquiring about previous victimization, fear of crime, perceived motives of previous victimization, perceived risk of victimization, and tactics to reduce risk of victimization. The predictors were entered into a block-wise multiple regression model as well as a path-analysis. Both Perceived Risk and Risk Control were entered after the other predictors. The results showed that Severity of Previous Victimization was significantly (p < .001) and positively (β = .267) predicting Fear of Crime. Additionally, Severity of Previous Victimization significantly (p < .01) and positively (β = .206) predicted Perceived Risk which in turn predicted (p < .001, β = .208) Fear of Crime. Risk Control did not have a statistically significant effect size (p > .05). In the sub-group comparison, Perceived Risk did not have a significant effect size (p > .05) among the trans-people. The study concludes that Severity of Previous Victimization both has a direct and indirect effect on Fear of Crime, in the LGBT population, but not among the trans-people sub-group, suggesting that future research as well as policy makers need to take such differences into account. Similar conclusions are drawn regarding Risk Control.

Abstract Gang violence is a social concern because of the risks of victimization among gang members and their communities. Many gang members have been victims of gang violence, and some choose to remain involved with their gang even after being victimized. Researchers have explored why people join gangs, but less is known regarding the gang-victimization link, which is the focus of this study. Social bond theory guided the study's research question on the motivation of gang members to rejoin their gang after severe physical victimization. A multiple case study design was employed with a purposeful sample of six English-speaking men, ages 20-50 years, who identified as current or former gang members and who experienced severe physical victimization in the gang. Semistructured interviews were conducted to gain a better understanding of study participants' motivation for returning to their gangs after severe physical victimization. Thematic content analysis was employed to identify patterns and emerging themes in the data. Key findings were that behaviors and beliefs of gang violence victims are similar to those of domestic violence victims, and the importance of the bond among members is greater than the importance of the victimization. The study findings and implications are far reaching as this knowledge can serve as the staging point for interventions by social work practitioners, policy makers, and activists as they seek to develop effective programs for gang members. Study results contribute to positive social change by providing a better understanding of gang members' thinking and motivation and helping to inform efforts to discourage gang members from returning to gang life.

How do victims of violence perceive blanket amnesties as part of transitional justice mechanisms in war-torn societies? The amnesty law is critical for conflict resolutions and post-conflict reconciliation processes. Governments and third parties use amnesties as a transitional justice instrument to end the violence because it ensures that conflict leaders will accept to engage in peace talks. However, a blanket amnesty restrains the victims’ narratives of past atrocities in the transitional justice process in exchange for peace. The amnesty in Angola illustrates this policy. The attempt to balance past and future avoids the risks of too much truth-telling from breaking peace negotiations. In a situation where peace and justice compete, this paper considers the victims as agents in the process.  To this end, I enquire about the victims’ views about blanket amnesty. To find out, I explore the victims’ perceptions of the blanket amnesty in Angola and their engagement in transitional justice processes through their self-awareness. Specifically, how they apprehend their capabilities and social-political environment opportunities to change. For this purpose, I used Bandura’s self-efficacy theory of human agency to glean the victims’ consciousness of the political environment and capabilities. I argue that the victims’ self-efficacy level determines their perceptions of blanket amnesty and engagement as part of the transitional justice process that inflicts such an overwhelming impact on their lives. This study offers a micro-level interdisciplinary perspective to the transitional justice study field.

Internet has become a great part of our daily routines giving us the ability to perform various actions in many aspects of our personal and social life. The new available opportunities provided with the Internet enhancement have opened a great space for improvement in our lives but they have also provided space for new types of criminal behaviour to occur. Cyberbullying and cyberstalking are part of the wide range of criminal behaviors performed through an online device. The presence of online criminal behavior is accompanied by the increase on the online victimization rates. The aim of this paper is to explain online victimization performed through cyberbullying and cyberstalking based on the theories of routine activity, social learning and victim precipitation.The results show that online victimization is closely connected with the daily routines that individuals have accompanied by the interactions and associations that are performed during our social life who also influence the practise of online victimization. Anonymity is a commonly found factor almost always present and plays an important role on explaining the behavior itself for both the offender and the victim's side. Overall the findings show that both online offenders and online victims of cyberbullying and cyberstalking are given more engagement opportunities in the criminal act due to the constant usage and the inclusion of online devices in theor daily routines. The above accompanied with the anonymity and opportunity provided by cyberspace ease the " performance" of cyber victimization.

Children experience a variety of social interactions from the time they begin school until they leave school. A significant and sometimes life altering social interaction is bullying. While being bullied is a common occurrence for many, a subgroup of children is regularly singled out for ongoing and prolonged victimization (Williams & Veeh 2012). Data from the NICHD SECCYD database (n=601) were subjected to multiple analyses to determine the impact of peer victimization in four domains: depression, loneliness, social support, and academic achievement (subtest scores on Passage Comprehension and Applied Math on the WJ Achievement) and to determine if the effects of these variables on reading and math achievement vary between securely and ambivalently attached children. After controlling for intellectual ability, direct effects were found on academic achievement. The models were constrained and a significant increase in χ 2 was found for multiple pathways, indicating that the effects of attachment rating on academic achievement was significantly different for ambivalently or securely attached participants.