The personal and national dimensions of terrorism victimhood lend the victims their unique moral authority and political legitimacy. The analysis of the news media coverage of victims' campaigns, on issues such as memorialization, criminal justice, hostage crises and peace activism, reveals that the more such campaigns are closer in time, space, and relevance to the attack that the victim-advocates underwent, the greater are their chances for positive coverage. Deferential coverage of victims' campaigns reflects journalism's cultural role as reinforcing common values and myths, including by way of portraying victims as heroes. Where victims' campaigns are less related to the physical memory of the attack and more concerned with the military or legal aspects of terrorism, journalists take on their informational role and employ traditional professional standards. Such standards include subjecting victims to potential criticism, and at the very least "balancing" their arguments with official views. In issues where the victims' arguments seem far removed from their personal experience, their influence over the news media is small. This range of journalistic notions is offered under the organizing mechanism of the Experience-Argument Scale. The two extreme ends of the Scale, the "deferential" end and the "disregarding" end, are where journalism's missions are in danger of compromise. Journalism at the "deferential" end is emotional, reluctant to bring forth opposing opinions, and in effect may contribute to policies that are driven more by trauma than by considered opinion. At the other end of the Scale, journalism is deaf to the victims, and fails to enrich policy debates with the lessons of their experience. The comparative examination of coverage in the U.S. and Israel illuminates the different relationships between press and government in these two cultures, and how local responses to victims reflect the particular local history of terrorism, and the particular notions of nationhood, solidarity and patriotism.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. / Cover title. "March 2008." AD-A479 940. Includes bibliographical references. Electronic version available on the Public STINET.

Thesis (J.S.M.)--Stanford University, 2009. / Submitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "April 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Abstract available online.

L’Arabie Saoudite a été exposée, pendant la dernière décennie, à des actes terroristes menés par une classe déviante de certains de ses enfants, influencés par une mauvaise pensée et une compréhension confuse. Le gouvernement a entrepris de réagir fermement et sévèrement contre ces groupes déviants par tous les moyens et en ayant recours aux forces de sécurité et aux militaires. Les affrontements entre les forces militaires et ce groupe déviant ont conduit à la mort d'un certain nombre de militaires pendant l'exercice de leur devoir de défense de la patrie. Toutes les nations, à travers l'histoire, ont eu à coeur d’honorer comme des héros nationaux ceux qui étaient morts dans les batailles et les guerres, qui avaient donné leur vie et versé leur sang pour sauver leur patrie et leur nation. Cette reconnaissance inclut d’honorer les familles des morts et leurs proches. Par conséquent, le gouvernement du Royaume d'Arabie Saoudite a tenu à offrir des services sociaux complets aux familles des victimes du terrorisme. Cette étude révèle les efforts déployés par le ministère de l'Intérieur dans la fourniture de l'aide sociale aux familles des victimes après la perte de leur soutien. Elle se concentre sur l'analyse de ces aides de l’Etat dans diverses situations et de l’influence qu’elles ont sur les familles. La société saoudienne se caractérise par sa foi dans les liens sociaux ; à ce titre, ces victimes méritent d'être reconnues, et leur famille, qui a été confiée à la communauté après avoir perdu le soutien que représentait, pour elle, la victime, mérite attention et protection sociale. / Saudi Arabia has been exposed, over the last decade, to terrorist acts on the hands of a deviant group of people, influenced by wrong thoughts and chaotic perspectives. The Government has undertaken to, firmly and strictly, respond to these deviant groups by all means through its security and military institutions. The combats between the military forces and this deviant group have led to the kill of a number of soldiers during doing their duty to defend their homeland. All nations, throughout history, have been keening on honoring their national heroes; the victims, those who had died in battles and wars against terrorism paying their lives and blood for the sake of their country, and consequently, their nation. This appreciation extends to include honoring the victims’ families. Therefore, the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been committed to providing them with a comprehensive social care as a kind of appreciation for their efforts. This study reveals the efforts of the Ministry of Interior to provide the victims’ families with social assistance as victims of their boundless loss. It focuses on analyzing the subsidies offered for those special cases in different situations and its influence on them socially and psychologically. Saudi society is characterized by its faith in social ties; as such, these victims and their families deserve recognition and appreciation especially after losing their own support.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Manuel Sanchez Duarte.pdf: 1133499 bytes, checksum: 04db397a8da11287ce164a6d58636a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-07 / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos / In this research we are trying to inquire into the procedure that builds terror victims in the media. In the first part of the study, we analyzed the essential lines that drive the reality construction according to the media and the society. To do that, we highlighted the sociological streams that study this topic, as well as the characters defining the information process construction. To conclude this first stage, we tried to identify the attributes of the politic communication in outstanding situations as the terrorist attacks. The concept of terrorism is tackled in the second paragraph along with the theoretical controversy around what should be considered as such, stressing the most significant aspects related to our study. We hence start from the psichological impact and the relation between violence and power that every terrorist activity comprises, in order to distinguish two different kinds of groups exerting this sort of violence, named insurgents or subvertives and the state or institutional ones.To end we will reflect on the reason why a terrorist event is news, revising certain traits of the journalistic profession and concluding with an analysis of the audience that these informations are directed to, taking into account the feautures of current mediatic logic. In the third stage of the research, we analyze de main/central question, victims, by conceptualyzing and identifingtheir development contiguous to terrorism's development and different classifications in which we can stipulate them. In a second section we establish theses classifications'connection with mass media and the link of the affected with the treatmentand terrorism's visibility in those media. To finish, we center on victims of the terrorist organization ETA. Lastly, in the fourth and last chapter it will be shown our case study, dercribing the mechanisms for construction of victims of terrorism in the media. In order to do so, in the first part, it will be explained the process of selecting the sample that it will be used in our study, outlining newspapers and the method that is going to be used. In order to finish this section it will be made an initial analysis of data focusing on the journalistic pieces on ETA and on victims of terrorism. Once it is finished this initial phase, it will be spelt out the assumptions of our study in order to explain the visibility gained by those affected in recent years in relation to the dynamics of the terrorist organization itself, citizenship and the prevailing political speeches and media in Spain / A nossa investigação indaga os mecanismos que constroem mediaticamente às vítimas do terrorismo. No primeiro capítulo fazemos uma aproximação sócio-fenomenológica da questão em causa, incidindo teoricamente nas questões que procedem a efetuar uma construção social e mediática da realidade. Como conclusão, assinalamos os efeitos que se produzem desde o ponto de vista da comunicação política nas chamadas situações excepcionais que decorrem dos ataques terroristas. No segundo capítulo fazemos uma aproximação ao conceito de terrorismo e de todo o debate que este gerou no seio da discussão acadêmica, e enfatizamos os aspectos que consideramos de maior centralidade no âmbito do estudo que queremos efetuar. Por um lado o impacto psicológico que gera o ato terrorista, por outro discorremos sobre a relação que se estabelece entre violência e poder no terrorismo, onde distinguimos dois tipos importantes de grupos que exercem esta violência: insurgente ou subversivo e estatal ou institucional. Depois questionamos por que um evento terrorista é notícia, revendo determinadas características da profissão jornalística e concluímos com uma análise das audiências a que se dirige esta informação, tendo sempre em conta as características especificas do atual processo mediático. No terceiro capítulo, abordamos a questão central do nosso estudo, as vítimas. Refletimos como estas se articularam dentro da própria temática do terrorismo, dedicando especial atenção a como os meios de comunicação efetuam o tratamento jornalístico dos afetados dos atos terroristas no que concerne a visibilidade que lhes é conferida. Para finalizar, centramo-nos nas vítimas da organização terrorista ETA. Como conclusão, no quarto e ultimo capitulo apresentamos o nosso caso de estudo. Descrevemos os mecanismos que utilizam os meios de comunicação social para efetuarem o tratamento jornalístico na construção das vítimas do terrorismo. Em especial detalhamos como o fazem os jornais que escolhemos para a nossa investigação, explicitando como efetuamos o processo de seleção da amostra e o respectivo método de análise. Para concluir a primeira parte de este capítulo incidimos a nossa abordagem num aspecto central do nosso estudo, as notícias sobre o grupo terrorista ETA e as vítimas que lhe estão associadas. Uma vez feita esta análise procedemos numa segunda parte do capítulo a enunciarmos as hipóteses que construímos para o nosso estudo, que vão no sentido de explicarem a visibilidade obtida pelos afetados do terrorismo nos últimos anos; em relação às dinâmicas da organização terrorista ETA, à cidadania e aos discursos políticos e mediáticos em Espanha

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Manuel Sanchez Duarte.pdf: 1133499 bytes, checksum: 04db397a8da11287ce164a6d58636a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-07 / Universidad Rey Juan Carlos / In this research we are trying to inquire into the procedure that builds terror victims in the media. In the first part of the study, we analyzed the essential lines that drive the reality construction according to the media and the society. To do that, we highlighted the sociological streams that study this topic, as well as the characters defining the information process construction. To conclude this first stage, we tried to identify the attributes of the politic communication in outstanding situations as the terrorist attacks. The concept of terrorism is tackled in the second paragraph along with the theoretical controversy around what should be considered as such, stressing the most significant aspects related to our study. We hence start from the psichological impact and the relation between violence and power that every terrorist activity comprises, in order to distinguish two different kinds of groups exerting this sort of violence, named insurgents or subvertives and the state or institutional ones.To end we will reflect on the reason why a terrorist event is news, revising certain traits of the journalistic profession and concluding with an analysis of the audience that these informations are directed to, taking into account the feautures of current mediatic logic. In the third stage of the research, we analyze de main/central question, victims, by conceptualyzing and identifingtheir development contiguous to terrorism's development and different classifications in which we can stipulate them. In a second section we establish theses classifications'connection with mass media and the link of the affected with the treatmentand terrorism's visibility in those media. To finish, we center on victims of the terrorist organization ETA. Lastly, in the fourth and last chapter it will be shown our case study, dercribing the mechanisms for construction of victims of terrorism in the media. In order to do so, in the first part, it will be explained the process of selecting the sample that it will be used in our study, outlining newspapers and the method that is going to be used. In order to finish this section it will be made an initial analysis of data focusing on the journalistic pieces on ETA and on victims of terrorism. Once it is finished this initial phase, it will be spelt out the assumptions of our study in order to explain the visibility gained by those affected in recent years in relation to the dynamics of the terrorist organization itself, citizenship and the prevailing political speeches and media in Spain / A nossa investigação indaga os mecanismos que constroem mediaticamente às vítimas do terrorismo. No primeiro capítulo fazemos uma aproximação sócio-fenomenológica da questão em causa, incidindo teoricamente nas questões que procedem a efetuar uma construção social e mediática da realidade. Como conclusão, assinalamos os efeitos que se produzem desde o ponto de vista da comunicação política nas chamadas situações excepcionais que decorrem dos ataques terroristas. No segundo capítulo fazemos uma aproximação ao conceito de terrorismo e de todo o debate que este gerou no seio da discussão acadêmica, e enfatizamos os aspectos que consideramos de maior centralidade no âmbito do estudo que queremos efetuar. Por um lado o impacto psicológico que gera o ato terrorista, por outro discorremos sobre a relação que se estabelece entre violência e poder no terrorismo, onde distinguimos dois tipos importantes de grupos que exercem esta violência: insurgente ou subversivo e estatal ou institucional. Depois questionamos por que um evento terrorista é notícia, revendo determinadas características da profissão jornalística e concluímos com uma análise das audiências a que se dirige esta informação, tendo sempre em conta as características especificas do atual processo mediático. No terceiro capítulo, abordamos a questão central do nosso estudo, as vítimas. Refletimos como estas se articularam dentro da própria temática do terrorismo, dedicando especial atenção a como os meios de comunicação efetuam o tratamento jornalístico dos afetados dos atos terroristas no que concerne a visibilidade que lhes é conferida. Para finalizar, centramo-nos nas vítimas da organização terrorista ETA. Como conclusão, no quarto e ultimo capitulo apresentamos o nosso caso de estudo. Descrevemos os mecanismos que utilizam os meios de comunicação social para efetuarem o tratamento jornalístico na construção das vítimas do terrorismo. Em especial detalhamos como o fazem os jornais que escolhemos para a nossa investigação, explicitando como efetuamos o processo de seleção da amostra e o respectivo método de análise. Para concluir a primeira parte de este capítulo incidimos a nossa abordagem num aspecto central do nosso estudo, as notícias sobre o grupo terrorista ETA e as vítimas que lhe estão associadas. Uma vez feita esta análise procedemos numa segunda parte do capítulo a enunciarmos as hipóteses que construímos para o nosso estudo, que vão no sentido de explicarem a visibilidade obtida pelos afetados do terrorismo nos últimos anos; em relação às dinâmicas da organização terrorista ETA, à cidadania e aos discursos políticos e mediáticos em Espanha

In 2010, my wife and I were harmed in a bombing while traveling in India. Over a thousand people were attending the outdoor Hindu ceremony along the Ganges in Varanasi but when I woke up in the rubble no one was there. I searched for my wife amidst the concrete debris, found her unconscious, roused her, and we fled. This thesis is an examination of that gap in my experience, that unlived and unknown lapse of time-- between the moment I was blown off my feet by the blast wind until I stood up again-- and how it has reshaped my life. Circling that gap, a gap now filled with surrogate memories (e.g. others' accounts of the stampede after the explosion, photos of the destruction that we never saw first-hand), this thesis looks at the history that my wife and I unwittingly stumbled into, of the Babri Mosque and the Hindu-Muslim cycle of violence surrounding its existence, its destruction and the destruction's aftermath. Mainly, however it is about the marriage of two bombing victims, two bombing victims who have nearly the same physical injuries and thus for years have fooled themselves into believing they understand what the other is going through. It circles not only the unlived bombing "experience" but also the unspoken differences between how they've both been affected by the trauma. Blast wind physics, ear anatomy and physiology (the main site of their injuries), trauma research, and Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist history and comsology are all used in service of this investigation.

Ubicado en La Hoyada, en el nuevo distrito Andrés Avelino Cáceres en Huamanga, Ayacucho; a 20 minutos del centro de Huamanga con posibles ingresos desde las avenidas Los Robles y Cementerio. Este terreno se sitúa en lo que vendría a ser un “santuario de la memoria” en donde gran parte del terreno es intangible al tener dentro de sus 6 hectáreas un horno crematorio y fosas comunes en donde los fallecidos de esta época yacen. Las exhumaciones se siguen llevando a cabo. Este proyecto consiste en la creación de un lugar de la memoria (museo) en donde el usuario pueda ser trasladado en el tiempo para que así, este pueda experimentar los sentimientos de angustia, dolor y sufrimiento que ocasionaba el terrorismo en las personas afectadas, familiares y víctimas en la época de 1980 al 2000 utilizando la teoría de la fenomenología en donde el recorrido logra atravesar estos 20 años de historia y sus antecedentes. A su vez, logrando un lugar en donde la memoria de las victimas secuestradas, detenidas y desaparecidas sea dignificado, honrado y recordado por las generaciones actuales y futuras, así como buscar la reconciliación y la paz con el pasado entre las familias afectadas y el estado peruano. / Located in La Hoyada, in the new district Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Huamanga, Ayacucho; 20 minutes from the center of Huamanga with posible entries through the avenues Los Robles and Cementerio. This terrain is located in what would be a “santuary of memory” where much of the land is intangible by having within its 6 hectares a crematorium and mass graves where the deceased of this time lie. The exhumations continue to be carried out. This project consists in the creation of a place of memory (museum) where the user can be transferred in time so that he can experience the feelings of anguish, pain and suffering that the terrorism caused in the affected people, relatives and victims in the period from 1980 to 2000 using the theory of phenomenology where the walkthrough manages to go through these 20 years of history and its background. In turn, achieving a place where the memory of the kidnapped, detained and disappeared victims is dignified, honored and remembered by current and future generations, as well as seeking reconciliation and peace with the past between the affected families and the Peruvian state. / Tesis