A eletroforese capilar (CE) é uma técnica de separação eficiente, que tem merecido grande atenção nas últimas duas décadas, e que oferece soluções analíticas alternativas ou complementares à cromatografia líquida num número crescente campos de aplicação, incluindo análises de fármacos, compostos biológicos e biogênicos, dentre outros. Entre as vantagens comparativas da técnica figuram separações mais rápidas com pequeno dispêndio de amostras, solução tampão (e solvente orgânico, se usado), baixo custo de operação e manutenção. Todavia, a exigüidade de amostra no capilar tem como reflexo, via de regra, limites de detecção menos favoráveis que os da HPLC, uma limitação significativa na análise de traços, suplantável por técnicas e procedimentos de extração/acumulação prévia dos analitos. Nesta tese concebeu-se e implementou-se a combinação inédita entre a CE e a préconcentração eletroquímica de metais. Novos dispositivos para extração líquido/gás/líquido mediada por membranas microporosas também foram propostos e aplicados à analise de aminas voláteis, sempre utilizando detector de condutância medida sem contato direto com a solução (C4D, contactless capacitively coupled conductivity detection). Primeiramente, sem recorrer à preconcentração, definiu-se condições de análise para 16 aminas (metilamina, dimetilamina, trimetilamina, propilamina, n-butilamina, s-butilamina, t-butilamina, hexilamina, DMAE, etanolamina, dietanolamina, trietanolamina, 1,3-diaminopropano, 1,4-diaminobutano, 1,5-diaminopentano e 1,6-diaminohexano) juntamente com íon amônio, e, para análise de 9 metais (TI++, Cd2+, Pb2+,Cr3+, Zn2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+ e Ni2+). Um método completo para análise de dimetilaminoetanol em formulações cosméticas por CE-C4D foi desenvolvido e validado. Os estudos de extração e pré-concentração líquido/gás/líquido foram realizados utilizando filamento oco de Oxyphan preenchido com solução coletora. Foi construída cela para extração gasosa constituída de recipiente fechado no qual se introduz amostra com analitos voláteis, ou volatilizáveis pela adição de reagente e/ou aquecimento (pervaporação). A bobina coletora de filamento oco preenchido com solução coletora foi montada na parte interna da tampa da cela. Testes realizados com amostras de tecidos de peixe demonstraram o funcionamento do sistema, que poderá ser aperfeiçoado e aplicado, por exemplo, à análise de aminas biogênicas primárias de baixo peso molecular, indicadoras de decomposição de certos alimentos. Criou-se também extrator microvolumétrico em que o filamento de Oxyphan é montado concentricamente no interior de um capilar de sílica fundida, para realização de estudos de extração líquido/gás/líquido em fluxo. Um sistema em fluxo compreendendo válvulas e microbombas foi montado e colocado sob controle de um programa de computador (Labview), que, entre outras funções, controla o deslocamento da solução coletora exposta no filamento oco (13 µL) até o ponto exato da interface em que se dá a injeção no capilar da CE. Pela primeira vez recorreu-se à acumulação eletroquímica (ECPC) de analitos num sistema FIA-CE-C4D - uma configuração baseada inteiramente na eletroquímica -, visando expandir os limites de detecção das determinações e eliminar interferência de matriz por troca de meio. Implementou-se a pré-concentração catódica seguida de redissolução anódica com uma célula eletroquímica especial, em que o capilar da eletroforese é posicionado junto ao eletrodo de trabalho, feito de ouro obtido a partir de CD\'s graváveis. Uma célula microfluídica ECPC-FIA-CE-C4D também foi construída. Tomando íons Cu2+ como sistema modelo, demonstrou-se o aumento do sinal referente aos íons cobre(lI) no eletroferograma para tempos crescentes de acumulação eletroquímica. Para a solução de alto teor salino contendo mistura dos íons Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(lI) e Cu(II), comprovou-se a eliminação da interferência da matriz por troca de meio antes da redissolução anódica. Os testes iniciais indicam que os novos dispositivos e sistemas propostos nesta tese para uso em conjunto com a CE têm potencialidade para desencadear novas pesquisas, desenvolvimento de métodos e aplicações, sendo passíveis também de miniaturização e automação. / Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an efficient separation technique that evolved rapidly in the last couple of decades, now offering complementary or alternative analytical solutions to liquid chromatography for an expanding number of application fields including drugs, biological and biogenic compounds. Some comparative advantages of CE are faster separation, very low consumption of buffer solutions and samples (and organic solvents, if any), lower maintenance and operational costs. However, the quantification of a few nanoliters of analyte in a capillary, as a rule, compromises the detection limits attainable by HPLC, a shortcomming in trace analysis, suplantable by extraction/preconcentration of the analytes from the sample. The combination of electrochemical preconcentration (ECPC) with CE is first proposed in this thesis and tested with metal ions. New devices for liquid/gas/liquid extraction based on microporous filaments filled with a collector solution were proposed and applied to the analysis of volatile amines, The detector of choice was the C4D (capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection) and CE-C4D working conditions were defined for the separation and determination of: i) 16 amines (methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, propylamine, n-butylamine, s-butylamine, t-butylamine, hexilamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, DMAE, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4- diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane and 1,6-diaminohexane) plus ammonium, ii) nine metallic ions (Tl+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+ Zn2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+ e Ni2+). A complete method of analysis for Dimethyl-amino-ethanol (DMAE) in cosmetic formulations was established and validated. Liquid/gas/liquid extraction studies were based on the use of a polypropylene microporous filment (Oxyphan® ) filled with the collection solution. A closed cell was devised in which an Oxyphan® coil is installed beneath the cap and volatilization of sample components can be promoted by heating (pervaporation) or addition of a reactant. The device was successfully tested with fish samples by the detection of primary low molecular weight biogenic amines, a procedure of special interest in fast checking of fish or other foods for decomposition. A microvolumetric version of the liquid/gas/liquid extractor was created with an Oxyphan® hollow fiber mounted concentrically inside a silica capillary. A flow system comprising the micropumps, solenoid valves and the microextrator was designed, automatically operated under software control (Labview). This FIA-CE system was tested by the extraction/enrichment of volatile amines in the collecting solution (13 µL) followed by accurate displacement to the interface with the CE capillary by the micropumps. Pioneering work with ECPC-FIA-CE-C4D an all-electrochemical system was conducted in this thesis aiming expanded detection limits and matrix effect reduction. An electrochemical cell for the interface with FIA-CE system was built in acrylic using gold electrodes made from gold-sputtered CD-Rs. A microfluidic version of the cell interfaced with the CE capillary was also conceived. The full system was evaluated by using Cu2+ as a model specie; an increase in analytical signal was observed as a function of the cathodic deposition time before stripping. For a mixture of Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ in a high saline media, elimination of the matrix interference by medium exchange before stripping was demonstrated. Initial favorable evaluations show that the devices and systems proposed in 12 the thesis have the potential to engender further research of methods and applications as well as miniaturization and automation of procedures.

La CO déshydrogénase (CODH) de Desulfovibrio vulgaris est une métalloenzyme qui catalyse la réduction réversible du CO2 en CO. C’est un homodimère composé de deux sites actifs Ni-4Fe-4S et de trois centres fer-soufre. Durant ma thèse, nous avons étudié la maturation de la CODH à nickel et les propriétés catalytiques de la CODH à nickel de D. vulgaris.Pour comprendre le mécanisme de maturation de la CODH à nickel, nous avons caractérisé deux formes de la CODH à nickel produites en présence ou en absence de CooC par des approches biochimiques, spectroscopiques, électrochimiques et cristallographiques. Notre caractérisation montre que la présence de CooC est nécessaire à l’obtention d’une CODH mature et activable. Nous avons également mis en évidence un processus d’activation en présence de nickel dans des conditions réductrices qui n’implique apparemment pas de changement structural du site actif.Notre étude de la CODH à nickel par électrochimie nous a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs phénomènes d’activations/inactivations de l’enzyme dans des conditions aérobies et anaérobies, et l’existence d’une hétérogénéité fonctionnelle : plusieurs formes de l’enzyme qui montrent des propriétés catalytiques différentes peuvent être présentes simultanément. Cette observation pourrait éclairer d’une façon nouvelle l’hétérogénéité structurale observée par cristallographie et remettre en question les mécanismes proposés sur la base de ces structures. / The monoxide carbon dehydrogenase (CODH) from Desulfovibrio vulgaris is a metalloenzyme which catalyses the reversible reduction of CO2 into CO. It is a homodimer containing two active sites and three iron-sulfur clusters. During my thesis, we studied the maturation of CODH nickel and catalytic properties of Ni-CODH from D. vulgaris.In order to understand, the maturation mechanism of Ni-CODH, we have characterized two forms of Ni-CODH produced in the presence or absence of CooC by biochemical, spectroscopic, electrochemical and crystallographic approaches. Our characterisation shows that the presence of CooC is necessary to obtain a mature Ni-CODH which can be activated. We have also identified an activation process in the presence of nickel in reducing conditions that apparently involves no structural change in the active site.Our study of the Ni-CODH by electrochemistry has shown several phenomena of activation/inactivation of the enzyme under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the existence of a functional heterogeneity : several forms of the enzyme which show different catalytic properties may be present simultaneously. This observation could illuminate the structural heterogeneity observed by crystallography and question the proposed mechanisms on the basis of these structures.

This diploma thesis deals with problematics of electrochemical power sources with focus on lithium accumulators, their construction and functioning priciple. It also discusses the safety of li-ion batteries with respect to their flammability. In addition, the flame retarders, which help to lower the flammability, are listed. The thesis describes Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Cycling with Potencial which are lithium-ion cell measuring methods. In the last part, the influence of various flame retarders on negative electrode is compared based on the conducted tests.

This doctoral thesis deals with synthesis and characterisation of electroactive electrode materials for li-ion batteries and accumulators. The work is divided into two main parts. One deals with LiFePO4 based cathode composite electroactive material and in the second is described the synthesis and utilization of monoclinic TiO2(B) as an anode for li-ion cell. The main aim of the work is to relate the synthesis procedure and structural properties of both materials to its electrochemical preformance.

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Les plasmas froids sont des gaz partiellement ionisés, très riches d’un point de vue physico-chimique. Cette propriété se retrouve dans des plasmas froids aujourd’hui générés à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante et a été mise à profit depuis une quinzaine d’années environ pour des applications biomédicales (hématologie, dermatologie, cancérologie, odontologie etc…). L’efficacité de ces plasmas froids dans le domaine de la médecine a été prouvée par de nombreuses études. Cependant, les phénomènes biologiques mis en jeu ne sont pas encore bien compris, et il primordial de savoir quels pourraient être les éventuels effets secondaires indésirables de ces milieux ionisés réactifs. Le premier niveau d’interaction des plasmas avec le vivant est celui avec les milieux liquides, qui sont présents en surface des tissus, des cellules in vivo ou en culture. Depuis une décennie, une attention particulière a donc été portée aux interactions des plasmas avec les liquides, pour apporter un niveau de compréhension supplémentaire. La compréhension de ces interactions a constitué l’axe de ce travail. Différents réacteurs à plasmas froids (générés à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante) ont été développés, notamment afin de contrôler les interactions du plasma avec l’air ambiant qui peuvent être problématiques pour les applications visées. La nature du gaz servant à initier le plasma a été modifiée, pour connaître son influence sur la réactivité chimique de la phase gaz. Pour cela, des mesures de spectroscopie d’émission optique (SEO) ont été nécessaires. Par ailleurs, de nouveaux capteurs électrochimiques et des approches méthodologiques ont été développés pour identifier et quantifier les espèces réactives de l’oxygène et de l’azote (RONS) produites dans des milieux liquides physiologiques, exposés à ces gaz ionisés. Les analyses électrochimiques ont été combinées à de la spectroscopie d’absorption UV-visible ainsi qu’à d’autres méthodes de chimie (pH-métrie/conductimétrie). Un des objectifs visés est d’établir une corrélation entre les espèces réactives générées dans la phase gaz et dans la phase liquide. Enfin, des expérimentations nous ont permis d’analyser la production des RONS dans des liquides in situ en temps réel. Les mesures de SEO montrent qu’il existe de nombreuses espèces chimiques excitées au sein des différents plasmas (NO°, HO°, O, N2+ (FNS) etc…). Les analyses de la phase liquide ont révélé la présence d’espèces stables de l’oxygène et de l’azote (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-), directement reliées aux espèces détectées dans les plasmas. De plus, les diverses méthodologies d’analyse chimique mises en place ont permis la détection et la quantification de RONS tels que l’anion peroxynitrite ONOO-. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus devrait permettre d’appréhender de façon plus fine les effets induits par différents plasmas froids dans des milieux liquides physiologiques afin d’établir un lien avec les études menées sur des cellules en culture et sur la peau dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche financé par l’ANR, Agence Nationale de la recherche. / Cold plasmas are partially ionized gases, very rich in a physico-chemical point of view. This property characterizes cold plasmas today generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature and was used since about fifteen years approximately for biomedical applications (haematology, dermatology, cancer research, odontology etc.). The efficiency of these cold plasmas in the field of the medicine was proved by numerous studies. However, the involved biological phenomena are not still well included, and it is essential to know what could be the possible unwanted side effects of these reactive ionized gases. The first level of interaction of plasmas with living matter is the one with the liquid phase, which is present on the tissue surface, in vivo cells or in culture. For a decade, a particular attention was thus worn in the interactions of plasmas with liquids, to bring a level of additional understanding. The understanding of these interactions constituted the axis of this work. Various cold plasmas reactors (generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature) were developed, in order to control the interactions of these plasmas with the ambient air which can be problematic for the aimed applications. The nature of the gas used to initiate the plasma was modified, to know its influence on the chemical reactivity of the gas phase. For that purpose, measurements of optical emissive spectroscopy (OES) were necessary. Besides, new electrochemical sensors and methodological approaches were developed in order to identify and quantify the reactive nitrogen and oxygen (RONS) produced in physiological liquid media, exposed to these ionized gases. The electrochemical analyses were combined UV-visible absorption spectroscopy as well as other methods of chemistry (pH-metry/conductimetry). One of the aimed objectives is to establish a correlation between the reactive species generated in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. Finally, experiments allowed us to analyze the production of RONS in liquids in situ and in real time. OES measurements showed that there are numerous chemical species generated in various plasmas (NO°, HO°, O, N2+ (FNS) etc.). The analyses of the liquid phase revealed the presence of stable oxygen and nitrogen species (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-), directly correlated with the species detected in plasmas. Furthermore, the diverse methodologies of chemical analysis allowed the detection and quantification of RONS such as the peroxynitrite anion ONOO-. The obtained results should allow to arrest in a finer way the effects led by various cold plasmas in physiological liquid media to establish links with the studies led on cultured cells and on skin within the framework of a research program financed by the ANR, National Agency of the Research.

This master thesis deals with qualifications of the catalytic materials for positive electrode low-temperature fuel cells. The teoretical part focuses on the physical and chemical properties of low-temperature fuel cells. There are described methods of hydrodynamic RDE and RRDE. RRDE study utilizes methods linear and cyclic voltammetry for qualifying performance of catalytic materials and presentation of results. The practical part describes the preparation various types of carbon materials. There are monitored the oxygen reduction using RRDE. Catalytic materials are evaluated: CV, stability, kinetic parameters, creation of intermediate H2O2 and kinetics of electrode reactions.