Este projeto apresenta a pesquisa e projeto de um algoritmo computacional para realizar a avaliação volumétrica de estruturas cerebrais, a partir de imagens da Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). O algoritmo possibilita a seleção das estruturas a serem avaliadas nos vários planos do exame e, então realiza a integração das áreas calculadas para cada corte de modo a obter o volume de cada estrutura selecionada. O contorno da região de interesse em cada corte é definido pelo médico especialista de forma interativa, através da combinação de \"tresholding\" com uma função de edição manual de contorno. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a potencialidade de uso do algoritmo para o auxílio ao diagnóstico e estadiamento clínico de doenças como Mal de Alzheimer e Epilepsia do lobo temporal. O algoritmo foi considerado suficientemente preciso pelos especialistas que o testaram, mantendo a variação das medidas de volume abaixo de 1,5 mm3. O tempo médio para a realização de um estudo completo foi de aproximadamente 25 minutos. / This project presents the development of a computational algorithm focused on the volumetric measurement of cerebral structures in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images. The algorithm allows the selection of structures to be analysed on each exam slices and realizes the integration of calculated areas for each slice to get a volumetric measurement of each selected structure. The edge of interest region in each slice must be interatively defined for a specialist, based on a combination of thresholding with a manual segmentation function. The results points to the potenciality of the algorithm aplication to aid the diagnosis of diseases as Alzheimer\'s disease and temporal lobe epilepsy.

O transtorno bipolar (TB) é uma das doenças psiquiátricas mais comuns e com altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Existe uma busca de um modelo neurofisiológico que poderia fornecer medidas objetivas para o diagnóstico desta doença, bem como fornecer parâmetros fisiológicos para monitorar a progressão, quantificar o dano causado pela mesma e prever a resposta ao tratamento na tentativa de direcionar a terapêutica adequada a cada estágio e evitar sua progressão. Kapczinski et al (2014) propôs um modelo de estadiamento do TB baseado em sintomas interepisódio, biomarcadores (inflamatórios e neuroplásticos) e dano cognitivo. Na última década, técnicas de neuroimagem e de genética proliferaram e vem se tornando promissoras ferramentas para se estabelecer a base de modelos neurofisiológicos do TB. Embora o prejuízo cognitivo já esteja bem descrito na literatura, o conhecimento sobre as alterações de conectividade em estudos de neuroimagem associadas a esta condição ainda é escasso. A atual pesquisa se propos a investigar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos do transtorno do humor bipolar com enfoque na substância branca (SB) cerebral. Primeiramente foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura internacional de estudos que correlacionaram o TB e estudo de tensor de difusão (DTI) por ressonância magnética (RM). Foram incluidos 18 trabalhos que fechavam com os critérios da pesquisa. Os trabalhos mostraram nas análises de DTI alterações na integridade da SB entre o os pacientes com TB em comparação com os controles normais. Essas alterações foram encontradas especialmente nos tratos de SB implicados em conectar uma ampla gama de redes neurais, incluindo as regiões estriatais ventrais e fronto-temporais. A maioria dos estudos mostrou valores de anisotropia fracionada (FA) reduzidos em tratos comissurais inter-hemisféricos e de associação frontolímbicos, com destaque para o corpo caloso que foi a estrutura mais acometida nos diferentes estudos. Estes achados são concordantes com a "síndrome de desconexão" que é encontrada em pacientes com TB. O segundo propósito desta tese foi fazer uma comparação dos volumes de substância branca total, do volume do corpo caloso e do volume total de substância cinzenta entre pacientes com TB em estagio inicial e avançado em relação aos seus respectivos controles normais pareados para sexo, idade, hemisfério dominante e nível de escolaridade. A análise de volumetria das estruturas corticais e subcorticais foi feita por meio de método de segmentação automatizada pelo software Freesurfer. Foram avaliados 55 sujeitos, sendo 29 pacientes com TB e 26 controles normais. A análise volumétrica encontrou redução da SB total e do volume do corpo caloso tanto em pacientes com TB no estagio inicial quanto tardio da doença. O volume de susbtância cinzenta (SC) total estava reduzido somente nos pacientes com TB em estágio tardio. Estes achados são inéditos na literatura e podem explicar a síndrome desconectiva dos pacientes com TB desde os estágios iniciais e o declínio cognitivo acentuado dos pacientes em estágios mais avançados da doença. Podem propor uma pista para achados de biomarcadores em populações em risco para desenvolver TB. / Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders and with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a search for a neurophysiological model that could provide objective measurements for diagnosis of this disease, as well as providing physiological parameters to monitor the progression, quantify the damage caused by it and predict response to treatment in an attempt to direct the appropriate therapy for each stage and prevent its progression. Kapczinski et al. (2014) proposed a staging BD model based on interepisode symptoms, biomarkers (inflammatory and neuroplastic) and cognitive impairment. In the last decade, techniques of neuroimaging and genetic proliferated and are becoming promising tools to settle the basis of neurophysiological models of BD. Although cognitive impairment is already well described in the literature, knowledge of the connectivity changes in neuroimaging studies associated with this condition is still scarce. Current research is proposed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder focusing on white matter (WM) brain. It was first made a systematic review of the literature studies that correlated the BD and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We found 18 published DTI studies that identified WM changes in subjects with bipolar disorder. The studies showed changes in the integrity of DTI WM between BD patients compared with normal controls. These changes were found especially in the treatment of WM connecting implicated in a wide range of neural networks, including ventral striatal regions and frontotemporal. Most studies showed reduced FA values in commissural inter-hemispheric and fronto-limbic association tracts, especially the corpus callosum which was the most affected structure in different studies. These findings are consistent with the "disconnection syndrome" which is found in patients with TB. The second purpose of this thesis was to compare the total white matter volume, the corpus callosum volume and total volume of gray matter in patients with BD in early and advanced stage in relation to their normal controls matched for sex, age, dominant hemisphere and education level. The volumetric analysis of cortical and subcortical structures was performed by automated segmentation method by FreeSurfer software. We evaluated 55 subjects, 29 BD patients and 26 normal controls. Volumetric analysis found reduced total WM and the corpus callosum volume both in BD patients at the early stage and late disease. The volume of total gray matter (GM) was reduced only in patients with late-stage BD. These findings are unprecedented in the literature and may explain the disconnection syndrome that is present in patients from the early stages and the marked cognitive decline of patients in more advanced stages of the disease. These findings may offer a clue to biomarker findings in populations at risk to develop BD.

A perda volumétrica cerebral ou atrofia é um importante índice de destruição tecidual e pode ser usada para apoio ao diagnóstico e para quantificar a progressão de diversas doenças com componente degenerativo, como a esclerose múltipla (EM), por exemplo. Nesta doença ocorre perda tecidual regional, com reflexo no volume cerebral total. Assim, a presença e a progressão da atrofia podem ser usadas como um indexador da progressão da doença. A quantificação do volume cerebral é um procedimento relativamente simples, porém, quando feito manualmente é extremamente trabalhoso, consome grande tempo de trabalho e está sujeito a uma variação muito grande inter e intra-observador. Portanto, para a solução destes problemas há necessidade de um processo automatizado de segmentação do volume encefálico. Porém, o algoritmo computacional a ser utilizado deve ser preciso o suficiente para detectar pequenas diferenças e robusto para permitir medidas reprodutíveis a serem utilizadas em acompanhamentos evolutivos. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um algoritmo computacional baseado em Imagens de Ressonância Magnética para medir atrofia cerebral em controles saudáveis e em pacientes com EM, sendo que para a classificação dos tecidos foi utilizada a teoria da entropia generalizada de Tsallis. Foram utilizadas para análise exames de ressonância magnética de 43 pacientes e 10 controles saudáveis pareados quanto ao sexo e idade para validação do algoritmo. Os valores encontrados para o índice entrópico q foram: para o líquido cerebrorraquidiano 0,2; para a substância branca 0,1 e para a substância cinzenta 1,5. Nos resultados da extração do tecido não cerebral, foi possível constatar, visualmente, uma boa segmentação, fato este que foi confirmado através dos valores de volume intracraniano total. Estes valores mostraram-se com variações insignificantes (p>=0,05) ao longo do tempo. Para a classificação dos tecidos encontramos erros de falsos negativos e de falsos positivos, respectivamente, para o líquido cerebrorraquidiano de 15% e 11%, para a substância branca 8% e 14%, e substância cinzenta de 8% e 12%. Com a utilização deste algoritmo foi possível detectar um perda anual para os pacientes de 0,98% o que está de acordo com a literatura. Desta forma, podemos concluir que a entropia de Tsallis acrescenta vantagens ao processo de segmentação de classes de tecido, o que não havia sido demonstrado anteriormente. / The loss of brain volume or atrophy is an important index of tissue destruction and it can be used to diagnosis and to quantify the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In this disease, the regional tissue loss occurs which reflects in the whole brain volume. Similarly, the presence and the progression of the atrophy can be used as an index of the disease progression. The objective of this work was to determine a statistical segmentation parameter for each single class of brain tissue using generalized Tsallis entropy. However, the computer algorithm used should be accurate and robust enough to detect small differences and allow reproducible measurements in following evaluations. In this work we tested a new method for tissue segmentation based on pixel intensity threshold. We compared the performance of this method using different q parameter range. We could find a different optimal q parameter for white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The results support the conclusion that the differences in structural correlations and scale invariant similarities present in each single tissue class can be accessed by the generalized Tsallis entropy, obtaining the intensity limits for these tissue class separations. Were used for analysis of magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 43 patients and 10 healthy controls matched on the sex and age for validation of the algorithm. The values found for the entropic index q were: for the cerebrospinal fluid 0.2; for the white matter 0.1 and for gray matter 1.5. The results of the extraction of the tissue not brain can be seen, visually, a good target, which was confirmed by the values of total intracranial volume. These figures showed itself with variations insignificant (p >= 0.05) over time. For classification of the tissues find errors of false negatives and false positives, respectively, for cerebrospinal fluid of 15% and 11% for white matter 8% and 14%, and gray matter of 8% and 12%. With the use of this algorithm could detect an annual loss for the patients of 0.98% which is in line with the literature. Thus, we can conclude that the entropy of Tsallis adds advantages to the process of target classes of tissue, which had not been demonstrated previously.

Involviert in Netzwerke für das episodische Gedächtnis sowie als Bestandteil des Hypothalamus und des limbischen Systems stellen sich die im Zwischenhirn gelegenen Mamillarkörper als Zielstruktur im Kontext affektiver Störungen dar. Bislang waren die Mamillarkörper diesbezüglich lediglich in einer postmortem durchgeführten Studie Gegenstand der Forschung; es liegen keine Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der 7 Tesla-Magnetresonanztomografie vor. Um diese neuen Möglichkeiten der in vivo-Volumetrie im Submillimeterbereich auszuschöpfen, wurde auf Grundlage einer farbkodierten Darstellung ein detaillierter Algorithmus entwickelt, der sich als Hauptergebnis der vorliegenden Arbeit als hoch reliabel erwies. In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie wurde darüber hinaus das Mamillarkörper-Volumen von 14 Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer Bipolaren Störung und 20 gesunden Kontrollpersonen anhand von hochaufgelösten T1-gewichteten MRT-Bildern bestimmt. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden, ebenso kein Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Volumen der Mamillarkörper signifikant invers mit dem Alter der ProbandInnen korreliert. Des Weiteren wurde eine signifikante positive Korrelation mit dem Gesamthirnvolumen der ProbandInnen festgestellt. Krankheitsschwere und Episodenzahl hingegen hatten keinen Einfluss auf das Mamillarkörper-Volumen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie sollten anhand einer größeren Stichprobe überprüft werden.

Resumo ARAÚJO, D Contribuição das medidas volumétricas das estruturas temporais mesiais e neocorticais ao tratamento cirúrgico das epilepsias do lobo temporal. 2003. 120 p. Tese de doutorado. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. A epilepsia do lobo temporal é a forma mais comum de epilepsia focal sintomática e a esclerose mesial temporal a sua causa mais freqüente. A volumetria por ressonância magnética pode ser útil na investigação da epileptogênese na epilepsia temporal, bem como na lateralização das alterações hipocampais em pacientes candidatos à cirurgia, como já relatado em diversas séries. Realizamos a volumetria das estruturas do lobo temporal em 69 pacientes com suspeita clínica de epilepsia mesial temporal, avaliados consecutivamente no Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. As estruturas medidas foram o pólo temporal, o lobo temporal, a amígdala, o hipocampo e o giro parahipocampal. Estas medidas foram comparadas às variáveis clínicas e neurofisiológicas dos pacientes, buscando fatores de bom prognóstico para o tratamento cirúrgico, bem como de variáveis clínicas que permitissem a correlação entre comprometimento estrutural e funcional. Nossos resultados mostraram uma importância central do hipocampo na epileptogênses temporal, embora não esteja elucidado se este papel é primário e independente ou secundário a alterações conjuntas com as outras estruturas. Todos os nossos casos apresentaram comprometimento hipocampal absoluto, relativo ou de assimetria. O pólo temporal foi a estrutura neocortical mais comprometida e houve uma correlação entre sua perda volumétrica e o tempo de epilepsia, sugerindo um dano progressivo. Seu comprometimento correlacionou-se ainda a déficits cognitivos, com menor quociente geral de inteligência. A amígdala e o giro parahipocampal estiveram relacionados à presença de crises parciais simples evoluindo para complexas, correlacionando dados clínicos e estruturais. Palavras chave: Epilepsia temporal; Volumetria; Tratamento cirúrgico. / Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most commom form of focal epilepsy. Mesial temporal sclerosis is the usual etiology. Magnetic resonance volumetry may be a useful research tool, and may be used to lateralize hippocampal changes in surgical candidates, according to several reports. We performed temporal lobe volumetry in 69 consecutive patients of the Epilepsy Surgery Center of the Hospital of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo. We measured temporal pole, posterior segment of the temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus. The volumes were compared to clinical and neurophysiologic variables, as an attempt to find variables that could predict surgical outcome. We also sought correlations between structural (volume), and functional (epileptogenesis and clinical features) changes. Our data suggest that the hippocampus has a very important role in temporal lobe epilepsy. The question as to wether this role is primary or secundary to changes in other structures remains to be solved. In all of our cases the hippocampal volume was altered, either as absolute or relative volumes, or as asymmetry index. The only variable that correlated with postsurgical outcome was the hippocampal asymmetry index, being greater in the group with best postsurgical evolution. The most involved neocortical structure was the temporal pole. There was a correlation between temporal pole and amygdala volume and duration of epilepsy. This suggests a progressive damabe, added to the initial precipitating injury (IPI). There was also significant difference between mesial structures contralateral to the surgery side and those of the controls. These data shows more widespread and bilateral damage, even in patients with unilateral epilepsy by EEG and clinical criteria.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess global and regional cerebral volumes in patients with a clinical diagnosis of subcortical vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Whole brain volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, volumes of the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes, the cerebellum and the amygdala-hippocampus complex were determined using a personal computer-based software. Seventeen patients with VD, 22 patients with AD and 13 healthy controls were included. Analysis of covariance using age as covariate demonstrated significant mean differences between controls and dementia groups with respect to all morphological parameters. However, apart from the volume of the cerebellum no significant volumetric differences were found between VD and AD. These results indicate that MRI-based volumetry allows differentiation between AD or VD from normal controls and that measurement of cerebellar volume may be of use to separate vascular and degenerative dementia. However, since the distribution of cerebral atrophy in both dementia groups is very similar, it is suggested that the atrophic changes are not specific to the underlying cause but rather reflect the selective vulnerability of neuronal structures. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T15:31:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA - MARCOS ANTONIO INACIO DE OLIVEIRA FILHO.pdf: 2169493 bytes, checksum: e337756cb83d4d2819ca9c84d87d318c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T15:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA - MARCOS ANTONIO INACIO DE OLIVEIRA FILHO.pdf: 2169493 bytes, checksum: e337756cb83d4d2819ca9c84d87d318c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / INTRODUÇÃO: A cefaleia faz parte do cotidiano do ser humano desde a pré-história e lhe era atribuído um caráter sobrenatural. Na população brasileira a prevalência de cefaleia é elevada, porém apresenta etiologias diferentes e tratamentos distintos, sendo necessário um maior conhecimento a seu respeito. É subdividida em três grupos: cefaleias primárias, secundárias e neuropatias cranianas dolorosas, outras dores faciais e outras cefaleias. Dentre os possíveis desencadeadores da crise de cefaleia há a má-formação de Chiari (MFC) que se apresenta como resultado de um menor volume craniano (fossa posterior) e herniação das tonsilas cerebelares para dentro do forame magno, causando um efeito semelhante a uma rolha e, por conseguinte, obstruindo o fluxo de LCR (líquido cefalorraquidiano) e aumentando a pressão intracraniana. O diagnóstico rápido dessa má-formação colabora no reestabelecimento da qualidade de vida do paciente. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e comparar características morfológicas da fossa posterior, transiç grupo com cefaleia apresentaram valores de herniação tonsilar menores que o grupo sem cefaleia (p=0,05). Além desse fato, percebeu-se que o lado esquerdo em ambos os subgrupos apresenta valores maiores que o lado direito. Embora na comparação entre as mulheres (grupos com e sem cefaleia de esforço) a herniação não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (direita = 0,81 / esquerda = 0,14), o lado esquerdo também apresentou comportamento semelhante ao identificado nos homens. CONCLUSÃO: Há, de fato, outras diferenças morfológicas entre pacientes com MFCI e indivíduos saudáveis além das atualmente utilizadas como critério diagnóstico para a doença. Nas mulheres algumas variáveis apresentaram valores maiores que nos homens, sugerindo que há ocupação de um maior espaço dentro do volume craniano total. Embora não tenha sido o objetivo deste trabalho, identificou-se que tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres com MFCI, o lado esquerdo apresentava valores maiores que o lado direito em grande parte das medidas, sugerindo que talvez seja possível avaliar prioritariamente o lado esquerdo, possibilitando assim um tratamento mais rápido e com menores riscos ao paciente. A herniação da tonsila esquerda, juntamente com a altura do cerebelo e a área do tronco cerebral dentro do forame magno também apresentaram evidência clínica. / INTRODUCTION: Headache is part of human daily life since prehistory and her supernatural character was assigned. In the Brazilian population the prevalence of headache is high, but has different etiologies and different treatments, requiring greater knowledge about them. It is divided into three groups: primary headache disorders, cranial neuropathies secondary and painful, other facial pain and other headaches. Among the possible triggers of headache crisis there is a malformation of Chiari (MFC) that appears as a result of lower cranial volume (posterior fossa) and herniation of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, causing a similar effect to a stopper and therefore obstructing the flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and increased intracranial pressure. The rapid diagnosis of this malformation collaborates in the reestablishment of the patient's quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To identify and compare morphological characteristics of the posterior fossa, craniocervical transition, brainstem, cerebellum, herniation of the cerebellar tonsils in patients with malformation of Chiari I (MFCI) and headache versus a control group. METHODS: Analytical studies, case-control to assess whether there are features and morphological differences between patients with or without headache MFCI with effort and people without this malformation. Patients of both sexes, aged between 20 and 59 years were invited to participate in the study and those who accepted were classified into three groups (MFCI with headache, MFCI without headache and control group). All groups underwent MRI without contrast head. those who had other neurological diseases, neurological clips and refusal to sign the consent form were excluded of this research. Volumetric data, area and length of the structures involved in MFCI were obtained. The normal distribution was analyzed, and subsequently data were statistically tested. RESULTS: The age difference between the study group and the control group was not statistically significant (43.01 ± 7.44 and 38.86 ± 9.34, p> 0.05, respectively). Comparing patients with Chiari and control group, it was found that measures such as the area of the foramen magnum, cerebellar volume, brainstem volume, herniated tonsils (both sides), diameter of the foramen magnum (both anteroposterior as latero side) have equivalent importance for the diagnosis of this malformation (p <0.001). The height of the cerebellum and the brain stem area within the foramen magnum also statistically significant (p <0.01). These findings add to the depth variables of the posteriorfossa volume of the posterior fossa and length of tonsillar herniation, both identified statistical significance also in this study (p <0.001), and which are used as the MFCI diagnostic criteria. In the intragroup comparison (with effort headache or without effort headache), the men in the group with headache had lower tonsillar herniation values than the group without headache (p = 0.05). In addition to this fact, it was noticed that the left side in both subgroups shows higher values than the right side. Although the comparison between women (groups with and without headache effort) herniation was not statistically significant (= 0.81 right / left = 0.14), the left side also showed similar behavior identified in men. CONCLUSION: There is, in fact, other morphological differences between patients and healthy individuals MFCI beyond the currently used as a diagnostic criterion for the disease. In women some variables showed higher values than in men, suggesting that there is occupying a larger space within the total cranial volume. Although it was not the purpose of this study, it was found that both men and women with MFCI, the left side had values greater than the right side in most of the measures, suggesting that it may be possible primarily evaluate the left, allowing so a faster treatment and less risk to the patient. The herniation of the left tonsil, together with the height of the cerebellum and the brain stem area within the foramen magnum also showed clinical evidence.

Resumo ARAÚJO, D Contribuição das medidas volumétricas das estruturas temporais mesiais e neocorticais ao tratamento cirúrgico das epilepsias do lobo temporal. 2003. 120 p. Tese de doutorado. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. A epilepsia do lobo temporal é a forma mais comum de epilepsia focal sintomática e a esclerose mesial temporal a sua causa mais freqüente. A volumetria por ressonância magnética pode ser útil na investigação da epileptogênese na epilepsia temporal, bem como na lateralização das alterações hipocampais em pacientes candidatos à cirurgia, como já relatado em diversas séries. Realizamos a volumetria das estruturas do lobo temporal em 69 pacientes com suspeita clínica de epilepsia mesial temporal, avaliados consecutivamente no Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia do Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. As estruturas medidas foram o pólo temporal, o lobo temporal, a amígdala, o hipocampo e o giro parahipocampal. Estas medidas foram comparadas às variáveis clínicas e neurofisiológicas dos pacientes, buscando fatores de bom prognóstico para o tratamento cirúrgico, bem como de variáveis clínicas que permitissem a correlação entre comprometimento estrutural e funcional. Nossos resultados mostraram uma importância central do hipocampo na epileptogênses temporal, embora não esteja elucidado se este papel é primário e independente ou secundário a alterações conjuntas com as outras estruturas. Todos os nossos casos apresentaram comprometimento hipocampal absoluto, relativo ou de assimetria. O pólo temporal foi a estrutura neocortical mais comprometida e houve uma correlação entre sua perda volumétrica e o tempo de epilepsia, sugerindo um dano progressivo. Seu comprometimento correlacionou-se ainda a déficits cognitivos, com menor quociente geral de inteligência. A amígdala e o giro parahipocampal estiveram relacionados à presença de crises parciais simples evoluindo para complexas, correlacionando dados clínicos e estruturais. Palavras chave: Epilepsia temporal; Volumetria; Tratamento cirúrgico. / Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most commom form of focal epilepsy. Mesial temporal sclerosis is the usual etiology. Magnetic resonance volumetry may be a useful research tool, and may be used to lateralize hippocampal changes in surgical candidates, according to several reports. We performed temporal lobe volumetry in 69 consecutive patients of the Epilepsy Surgery Center of the Hospital of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo. We measured temporal pole, posterior segment of the temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus. The volumes were compared to clinical and neurophysiologic variables, as an attempt to find variables that could predict surgical outcome. We also sought correlations between structural (volume), and functional (epileptogenesis and clinical features) changes. Our data suggest that the hippocampus has a very important role in temporal lobe epilepsy. The question as to wether this role is primary or secundary to changes in other structures remains to be solved. In all of our cases the hippocampal volume was altered, either as absolute or relative volumes, or as asymmetry index. The only variable that correlated with postsurgical outcome was the hippocampal asymmetry index, being greater in the group with best postsurgical evolution. The most involved neocortical structure was the temporal pole. There was a correlation between temporal pole and amygdala volume and duration of epilepsy. This suggests a progressive damabe, added to the initial precipitating injury (IPI). There was also significant difference between mesial structures contralateral to the surgery side and those of the controls. These data shows more widespread and bilateral damage, even in patients with unilateral epilepsy by EEG and clinical criteria.

Ziel: Ermittlung von rechts- und linksventrikulären Herzparametern sowie von Zeitparametern, welche die größte Beziehung zum Auftreten von ventrikulären Arrhythmien bei Patienten nach chirurgisch korrigierter Fallotscher Tetralogie haben. Methoden: 67 Patienten, davon 22 weiblich und 45 männlich, mit einem mittleren Alter von 20 a (Spanne von 3,5 bis 54 a) wurden in einem MRT Gyroscan ACS-NT (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) untersucht. Das mittlere Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Korrekturoperation war 6,8 a (mit einer Spanne von 1 Monat bis 40 a). Bei 39 Patienten wurde als Operationsmethode ein transannulärer oder subvalvulärer Patch gewählt, bei 28 Patienten die Anlage eines Conduits. Bei 31 Patienten erfolgten eine oder zwei Reoperationen. Die Volumetrie der Ventrikel erfolgte mit einer SSFP-Sequenz in Multislice-Multiphasen-Technik entweder in Atemstop oder mit Hilfe der Navigatortechnik. Es wurden links- und rechtsventrikuläre Volumina, Ejektionsfraktionen (RV-EF und LV-EF) und Muskelmassen erhoben. Zur Ermittlung der pulmonalen Regurgitationsfraktion (RF) wurde eine MR-Flußmessung in Phasenkontrast-Technik im Pulmonalarterienhauptstamm senkrecht zum Gefäßverlauf durchgeführt. Alle erhobenen Daten wurden sowohl in einer univariaten Regressionsanalyse zueinander, als auch in einer multiplen Regressionsanalyse zur Dauer des QRS-Komplexes in Beziehung gesetzt. Ergebnisse: 58 Patienten hatten einen RSB. Die mittlere Dauer des QRS-Komplexes betrug 132 ms (+/- 29 ms). Die Flußmessung wurde bei 58 Patienten durchgeführt und zeigte 42 milde bis moderate sowie 12 schwere Pulmonalinsuffizienzen. In der univariaten Regressionsanalyse fand sich eine Korrelation zwischen RF und QRS-Dauer (r=0,49; p / Objective - to evaluate those right and left ventricular parameters which have the greatest effect on genesis of cardiac arrhythmias in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of fallot (TOF). Methods - 67 patients, 22 female and 45 male, with a mean age of 20.0 years (range 3 ½ to 54 years) were studied using a Gyroscan ACS-NT (Philips, Best, The Netherlands). Mean age at surgical repair was 6,8 years (range 1 month to 40 years). Valveless repair with a transannular or subvalvular patch was performed in 39 patients whereas in 28 patients a conduit was used. 31 patients underwent two or three surgical interventions. Measurements of the ventricles were performed with a multislice multiphase gradient echo sequence either with a breathhold technique or with respiratory gating. We obtained left and right ventricular volumes, ejection fractions (EF) and myocardial masses. To quantify the regurgitation fraction (RF) of the pulmonary insuffiency (PI) we performed a velocity encoded gradient echo measurement in the main pulmonary artery in a transverse section. Acquired data was evaluated in an univariate logistic regression analysis on all factors assessed and in a multi variate data analysis with backward selection. Results - 58 patients had a right bundle branch block. Mean QRS duration was 132 ms (+/-29 ms). Flow velocity mapping could be performed in 58 patients and showed 42 mild to moderate and 12 severe cases of PI. In the univariate analysis a significant correlation was found between RF and QRS duration (r=0,49; p

Abstract This thesis evaluated the factors affecting bone flap survival and bone flap resorption after primary cranial reparation surgery, cranioplasty, conducted to repair a cranial bone defect with an autologous cryopreserved bone flap. Emphasis is put on the predictors, progression, and definition of an important yet poorly understood postoperative complication, bone flap resorption. Study I assessed the rates and predictors of bone flap removal and bone flap resorption in a Finnish retrospective multicentre setting. 40% of patients developed complications of whom half required bone flap removal. Bone flap resorption and surgical site infections were the underlying cause in 90% of bone flap removal surgeries. The prevalence of both surgical site infections and bone flap resorption was 9%. In summary, young age was found to predict bone flap resorption and smoking predisposed patients to infections requiring bone flap removal. Study II applied computed tomography-based volumetry to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical bone flap resorption and to monitor its progression. In the follow-up, 90% of patients were found to have decreased bone flap volumes indicating varying degrees of resorption. However, the progression of bone flap resorption as a function of follow-up time was non-linear on the cohort level, and thus routine radiological follow-up seems unjustified. Most bone flaps do not appear to resorb enough to require removal even in the long-term follow-up. Study III addressed the unclarity in the definition of bone flap resorption. The computed tomography-based Oulu Resorption Score was developed to standardise the interpretation of radiological bone flap resorption and to guide follow-up interventions. The score values range from 0 to 9 with increasing values implying more severe bone flap resorption. Coupled with radiological evaluation conducted by independent neurosurgeons, an Oulu Resorption Score of ≥5 was defined to be clinically relevant. Further, the scores were divided into four grades based on the recommended follow-up procedures. Grades 0 (score 0) and I (scores 1 to 4) require no additional follow-up, but those with a grade II (score 5 to 8) or III (score 9) should be referred to neurosurgical consultation with reoperation considered at least in cases of grade III bone flap resorption. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöstyössä selvitettiin potilaan omalla kylmäsäilytetyllä luuistutteella tehtyjen kallon luupuutosten ensikertaisten korjausleikkausten tuloksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Erityisesti tarkasteltiin luuistutteen liukenemisen, erään tärkeän, joskin heikosti ymmärretyn komplikaation ennustavia tekijöitä, etenemistä ja määritelmää. Tutkimuksessa I selvitettiin luuistutteen poiston ja liukenemisen yleisyyttä ja näihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä suomalaisessa takautuvassa monikeskusaineistossa. Potilaista 40 %:lle kehittyi komplikaatio. Komplikaatioista puolet johti istutteen poistoon. Luuistutteen liukeneminen ja leikkausalueinfektiot muodostivat 90 % poistoon johtaneista komplikaatioista. Sekä infektioiden että istutteen liukenemi¬sen esiintyvyys oli 9 %. Nuori ikä altisti istutteen liukenemiselle ja tupakointi leikkausalueinfektiolle. Tutkimuksessa II sovellettiin tietokonetomografiaan perustuvaa tilavuusmittausta luuistutteen oireettoman liukenemisen esiintyvyyden ja etenemistaipumuksen selvittämiseksi. Seurannassa 90 %:lla potilaista todettiin alentunut luuistutteen tilavuus viitaten asteeltaan vaihtelevaan istutteen liukenemiseen. Koko tutkimusjoukon tasolla istutteiden liukeneminen ei kuitenkaan edennyt lineaarisesti seuranta-ajan funktiona, joten rutiininomainen seuranta kuvantamistutkimuksin ei vaikuta perustellulta. Suurin osa luuistutteista liukeni niin vähän, ettei uutta leikkausta tarvittu pitkässäkään seurannassa. Tutkimuksessa III käsiteltiin luuistutteen liukenemisen nykyisellään epäselvää määritelmää ja kehitettiin uusi tietokonetomografiaan perustuva pisteytysjärjestelmä (Oulu resorption score) tarkoituksena vakioida radiologisten luuistutteen liukenemislöydösten tulkinta ja ohjata hoitolinjan valintaa. Pisteytysarvot vaihtelevat välillä 0-9. Kasvava arvo kuvaa luuistutteen liukenemisen vaikeusasteen kasvua. Luokitus yhdistettiin riippumattomien neurokirurgien radiologisiin arvioihin, joiden perusteella pistemäärä ≥5 määriteltiin kliinisesti merkitykselliseksi. Pistemäärät jaettiin neljään luokkaan suositeltujen jatkotoimenpiteiden mukaisesti. Luokkia 0 (0 pistettä) ja I (1–4 pistettä) vastaava luuistutteen liukeneminen ei vaadi jatkotoimenpiteitä. Luokkia II (5–8 pistettä) ja III (9 pistettä) vastaavasta luuistutteen liukenemisesta suositellaan konsultoitavan neurokirurgia. Uusintaleikkausta suositellaan harkittavan ainakin luokan III tapauksissa.