When history is written is often concluded to most people that the version that is being told is the only frame that’s exist, but not only that most readers don´t reflect that the story they reading could have more than one cause and effect. This paper is trying to answer if and if so why seven different authors have different conclusions when they are describing the right to vote reform in Sweden during the period between 1880 and 1918. The papers source material will be from seven books from and they will range from a neutral standpoint to the history by trying to tell the story in a neutral manner to some books witch clearly has a specific angle when describing the process. The specific angle is that they focus on a single organisation or a specific group of people, which could change how the author describe the voting history. The most important conclusion that could be drawn from this study is that most authors have in most cases framed the same narrative when it comes to the voting right history. The story they tell will differentiate a bit, because that the focus they have when writing the book will not be the same, but still some portion of the story will remain the same. Some parts of the voting right history will be excluded and forgotten by most authors and this paper has tried to answer the question why that’s the case.

The Exercise of the Voting Right in a Join-Stock Company Abstract The submitted thesis analyses the voting right of a shareholder and the exercise of the voting right in a joint-stock company. In the last few years, a tendency to encourage the engagement of shareholders and to broaden the scope of decision rights of shareholders can be seen. Nevertheless, some authors underestimate the importance of the shareholders' right to vote and conclude that real decision-making power lies with the management or administrative board. The main hypothesis to be proven or rebutted is that the shareholder's voting right is not insignificant and vesting decision-making power in shareholders can have a positive influence on the effectiveness of the management of the company notwithstanding the broad liberty of the shareholder to both freely exercise and dispose of the voting right (the shares) and notwithstanding the existence of deviations from the principle of proportionality. The thesis aims to examine the voting right in its complexity, in contrast to the prevailing approach of contemporary Czech jurisprudence, and to contribute to academic knowledge with original arguments and conclusions. This goal is achieved by extensive use of foreign legal sources, mainly French and Belgian literature and case law, since the...

This study aims to describe the composition of people who held voting power in the municipality Växjö landsförsamling in the years 1882 and 1911. One system for the voting right was in place in 1882 and was replaced by a different system before 1911. The difference between the systems shows a movement towards a more democratic society, both between the sexes and economic classes. With intersectionality in mind, the study shows how both women and the economically disfavoured lose voting power through many mechanisms within the voting systems in place. Apart from there being fewer women than men with voting power in total, their income is generally lower, and their votes are fewer. Women also received fewer votes per unit of income in comparison to men. Female nurses were a group especially disfavoured by the voting systems in place, having a mean income which barely reaches the income threshold for more voting power. The study also describes the differences in voting power for people with different, showing how most of the actual votes are concentrated to the municipality’s richest people.

A dissertação tem como objeto o abuso do direito de voto na assembleia geral de credores. A Lei de Recuperação e Falência pauta-se pela adoção de soluções consensuais entre o devedor em crise e seus credores. Para tanto, cabe aos credores aceitar ou não o plano de recuperação judicial proposto pelo devedor. Entretanto, embora a lei seja pródiga em declarações de princípios, é sucinta quanto à estruturação do procedimento deliberativo. Confia-se na regra majoritária, e não são estabelecidas garantias estruturais à higidez do procedimento. A adoção da regra majoritária, contudo, nem sempre proporciona soluções equânimes. O direito societário dá exemplos de que o direito de voto pode ser exercido como instrumento para a obtenção de benefícios particulares ou para infligir danos à coletividade ou aos seus membros. Esse tipo de comportamento abusivo deve ser reprimido pelo direito. A dissertação busca determinar, dessa forma, em que situações o exercício do direito de voto pelos credores na deliberação acerca do plano de recuperação judicial poderá ser considerado abusivo. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, investiga-se a natureza da coletividade de credores, concluindo-se que constitui uma comunhão de interesses. Em decorrência do início do procedimento concursal, surgem entre os credores deveres recíprocos de lealdade. No segundo capítulo, o instituto do abuso do direito é analisado em sua evolução histórica, demonstrando que também o abuso do direito de voto pelo credor é proibido pelo ordenamento jurídico. Questiona-se, então, a quais limites está adstrito o credor no exercício do voto. Em excurso necessário, ressalta-se a necessidade de que, além de ser avaliado o abuso do direito do voto pelo credor, seja avaliada a legalidade do plano. No terceiro capítulo, são abordadas as hipóteses de impedimento de voto, que delimitam quais credores são legitimados ao voto; ademais, discutem-se a possibilidade de aplicação analógica de regras societárias de impedimento de voto à assembleia de credores e hipóteses polêmicas de impedimento de voto pouco abordadas pela doutrina. No capítulo quatro, cerne do trabalho, apresenta-se casuística do abuso do direito de voto, e discutem-se quais os critérios para sua aferição. No capítulo quinto, são analisadas as possíveis sanções ao abuso do direito de voto. / This study aims to analyse the abuse of voting rights within the creditors meeting. The Brazilian Insolvency Law Act fosters the adoption of consensual agreements between the debtor facing an economic crisis and his creditors. For achieving this end, creditors must deliberate about the judicial recuperation plan proposed by the debtor. The Act provides declarations of principles, but it has limited concern regarding the structure of the voting procedure. Furthermore, it contains the belief that the majority of the creditors will decide for the best result. There are practically no structural guarantees being provided for with regard to the procedure. However, the majority principle does not always yields adequate solutions. Corporate law offers many examples illustrating the misuse of voting rights, either to obtain personal benefits or to inflict damages on the collectivity. This kind of behavior is condemned by Law. This study establishes the situations in which the exercise of voting rights in the creditors meeting may be regarded as abusive. The study is divided into five chapters. In the first one, the nature of the collectivity of creditors is investigated, concluding that a community of interests emerges as a result of the begin of the insolvency procedure. Based on this community of interests, fidutiary duties upon the creditors arise. In the second chapter, the institute of the abuse of right is historically analysed, with the conclusion that the abuse of voting rights by the creditors is prohibited. The parameters for the proper use of voting rights are analised . In a necessary excursus, it is showed that the legality of the plan must be also analysed by the court. In the third chapter, cases of voting prohibition are discussed, and so is the possibility of analogically applying corporate law rules on voting prohibition. In addition, some polemical cases are presented. In the fourth chapter, core of this study, both cases of abuse of voting rights and criteria for measuring this abuse are discussed. In the fifth chapter, possible sanctions to the abuse of voting rights are described.

A dissertação tem como objeto o abuso do direito de voto na assembleia geral de credores. A Lei de Recuperação e Falência pauta-se pela adoção de soluções consensuais entre o devedor em crise e seus credores. Para tanto, cabe aos credores aceitar ou não o plano de recuperação judicial proposto pelo devedor. Entretanto, embora a lei seja pródiga em declarações de princípios, é sucinta quanto à estruturação do procedimento deliberativo. Confia-se na regra majoritária, e não são estabelecidas garantias estruturais à higidez do procedimento. A adoção da regra majoritária, contudo, nem sempre proporciona soluções equânimes. O direito societário dá exemplos de que o direito de voto pode ser exercido como instrumento para a obtenção de benefícios particulares ou para infligir danos à coletividade ou aos seus membros. Esse tipo de comportamento abusivo deve ser reprimido pelo direito. A dissertação busca determinar, dessa forma, em que situações o exercício do direito de voto pelos credores na deliberação acerca do plano de recuperação judicial poderá ser considerado abusivo. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, investiga-se a natureza da coletividade de credores, concluindo-se que constitui uma comunhão de interesses. Em decorrência do início do procedimento concursal, surgem entre os credores deveres recíprocos de lealdade. No segundo capítulo, o instituto do abuso do direito é analisado em sua evolução histórica, demonstrando que também o abuso do direito de voto pelo credor é proibido pelo ordenamento jurídico. Questiona-se, então, a quais limites está adstrito o credor no exercício do voto. Em excurso necessário, ressalta-se a necessidade de que, além de ser avaliado o abuso do direito do voto pelo credor, seja avaliada a legalidade do plano. No terceiro capítulo, são abordadas as hipóteses de impedimento de voto, que delimitam quais credores são legitimados ao voto; ademais, discutem-se a possibilidade de aplicação analógica de regras societárias de impedimento de voto à assembleia de credores e hipóteses polêmicas de impedimento de voto pouco abordadas pela doutrina. No capítulo quatro, cerne do trabalho, apresenta-se casuística do abuso do direito de voto, e discutem-se quais os critérios para sua aferição. No capítulo quinto, são analisadas as possíveis sanções ao abuso do direito de voto. / This study aims to analyse the abuse of voting rights within the creditors meeting. The Brazilian Insolvency Law Act fosters the adoption of consensual agreements between the debtor facing an economic crisis and his creditors. For achieving this end, creditors must deliberate about the judicial recuperation plan proposed by the debtor. The Act provides declarations of principles, but it has limited concern regarding the structure of the voting procedure. Furthermore, it contains the belief that the majority of the creditors will decide for the best result. There are practically no structural guarantees being provided for with regard to the procedure. However, the majority principle does not always yields adequate solutions. Corporate law offers many examples illustrating the misuse of voting rights, either to obtain personal benefits or to inflict damages on the collectivity. This kind of behavior is condemned by Law. This study establishes the situations in which the exercise of voting rights in the creditors meeting may be regarded as abusive. The study is divided into five chapters. In the first one, the nature of the collectivity of creditors is investigated, concluding that a community of interests emerges as a result of the begin of the insolvency procedure. Based on this community of interests, fidutiary duties upon the creditors arise. In the second chapter, the institute of the abuse of right is historically analysed, with the conclusion that the abuse of voting rights by the creditors is prohibited. The parameters for the proper use of voting rights are analised . In a necessary excursus, it is showed that the legality of the plan must be also analysed by the court. In the third chapter, cases of voting prohibition are discussed, and so is the possibility of analogically applying corporate law rules on voting prohibition. In addition, some polemical cases are presented. In the fourth chapter, core of this study, both cases of abuse of voting rights and criteria for measuring this abuse are discussed. In the fifth chapter, possible sanctions to the abuse of voting rights are described.

L’article 1844 C. civ. suggère que seuls les associés sont titulaires du droit de vote. Une telle affirmation suscite cependant des interrogations. Elle laisse insatisfait, de prime abord, au vu de l’imprécision des contours de la notion d’associé. Elle invite, en outre, à s’interroger sur sa justification. Une analyse attentive des textes montre que pour déterminer le titulaire du droit de vote, ceux-ci se réfèrent indifféremment, à la qualité d’associé ou à la qualité de propriétaire de parts sociales ou d’actions – les deux étant censées se confondre. Et cela s’explique par le fait que les associés sont supposés supporter l’aléa social, aléa inhérent à la propriété de parts sociales ou d’actions. Mais seule la propriété dotée de l’absolutisme que les rédacteurs du Code civil voulaient lui conférer permet de présumer l’aléa social. Or le développement de propriétés temporaires ou pour autrui a conduit à attribuer le droit de vote à des associés ne le supportant pas, ébranlant ainsi la construction sociétaire. A cela, s’ajoutent des pratiques permettant à un non-associé de voter, sans garantie qu’il agisse pour le compte d’un associé. La recherche d’une solution cohérente et complète invite à redéfinir la notion d’associé en la fondant sur l’aléa social. Le droit de vote bénéficierait ainsi aux seuls acteurs courant un tel aléa. Cette solution peut être aisément mise en oeuvre moyennant quelques aménagements des modalités de reconnaissance de la qualité d’associé et des prérogatives sociales. Un encadrement spécifique des mécanismes d’accès au vote par un non-associé reste cependant nécessaire. / Article 1844 of the Civil Code suggests that only shareholders hold voting rights. Such an assertion gives rise to several questions. It leaves dissatisfied, prima facie, considering the vagueness of the concept of shareholder. In addition, it leads to a question about the justification of the allocation of voting rights to shareholders. A careful analysis of the texts shows that, in view of defining the holders of voting rights, they indifferently refer to the capacity of shareholder or to the capacity of owner of shares – as both are supposed to coincide. And this can be explained by the idea that shareholders are meant to bear the corporate hazard. However, this hazard can only be inferred from an ownership corresponding to the absolutist conception of the Civil Code’s authors. Yet, the development of temporary ownerships or ownerships for others has lead to assign voting rights to shareholders who do not bear this hazard, and has undermined the corporate construction. In addition to this, practices allowing a non-shareholder to vote, without assurance that the vote will be cast on behalf of a shareholder, have a similar effect. The pursuit of a coherent and complete solution prompts to redefine the notion of shareholder, basing it on the concept of corporate hazard. Voting rights would thus only benefit to persons who bear such a hazard. This solution can easily be implemented by slightly adapting the current methods for recognizing shareholder’s capacity and corporate rights. Nevertheless, a specific legal framework for devices allowing non-shareholder to vote remains necessary.

« De plus en plus les sociétés coopératives deviennent de plus en plus des sociétés et de moins en moins des coopératives » : Jacques Mestre, Marie-Eve Pancrazi, Isabelle Arnaud-Grossi, Laure Merland et Nancy Tagliarino-Vignal, Droit commercial / Droit interne et aspect de droit international, 29ème édition, n°650, éditeur L.G.D.J.. Construite pendant des siècles en opposition aux modes traditionnels entrepreneuriat, la société coopérative suit en effet depuis quelques années le chemin inverse et glisse progressivement vers les sociétés que l’on peut qualifier de « classiques » ; sociétésanonymes, sociétés par actions simplifiées ou bien encore sociétés à responsabilité limitée notamment. Néanmoins s’agissant du principe « un homme, une voix », qui veut que chaque associé dispose d’une seule et unique voix et cela quel que soit son apport, composant si ce n’est essentiel en tout cas totalement indispensable de l’originalité des sociétés coopératives celui-ci reste omniprésent. Aussi bien dans la loi du 10 septembre 1947 formant le statut général de la coopération que dans les plus importants types de sociétés coopératives, sociétés coopératives agricoles, banques coopératives, sociétés coopératives de commerçants détaillants entre autres le principe « un homme, une voix » reste la règle sur laquelle s’appuie la répartition des voix dans les sociétés coopératives et ce même si celui-ci n’est plus toutseul… / « More and more cooperative societies become more and more societies and less and less cooperatives » : Jacques Mestre, Marie-Eve Pancrazi, Isabelle Arnaud-Grossi, Laure Merland et Nancy Tagliarino-Vignal, Droit commercial / Droit interne et aspect de droit international, 29th edition, n° 650, L.G.D.J. editor. Built during centuries in opposition to the traditional modes of entrepreneurship, the cooperative society indeed follows since a few years the inverse way and slides gradually towards the societies which we can qualify as « classics » ; sociétés anonymes, sociétés par actions simplifiées either still sociétés à responsabilité limitée in particular. Nevertheless as regards the principle « a man, a voice », which wants that every partner has only one voice and it whatever is his contribution, component if it is not essential in any case totally essential of the originality of cooperative societies this one remains omnipresent. However in the law of September 10th, 1947 forming the general status of the cooperation in the most important structure of cooperative societies, sociétés coopératives agricoles, banques coopératives, sociétés coopératives de commerçants détaillants among others things the principle « a man, a voice » stays the rule on which leans the distribution of the voices in cooperative societieseven if this one is not alone any more …

This thesis looks at the emergence of women's equal rights movement in Czech society and its transformation in the curriculum. It centers on the evolution of female movement and women's emancipation from the initial efforts of informal equality, initiated by Bozena Nemcova, to the achievement of formal liberation and equal rights for women in the society in Czechoslovak republic, in 1920, by achieving an active voting rights, in other words by full and equal citizenship. The theoretical part examines sociological terminology and findings, describes secondary literature by various female writers who focus on the women's movement and gender, and describes women's action in 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The thesis discusses men who played a role in the women's civil rights movement, and also places the topic in the European context. It stresses the importance of women's work, particularly female writers, teachers and politicians. In the practical section the thesis centers on placing the topic within the curriculum reform. It highlights places of remembrance which can be valuable for low secondary school pupils, outlines Czech female emancipation in the context of Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education and summarizes information about gender in educational setting. This is...

This diploma thesis focuses on the exercising of voting rights by people with intellectual disabilities. The thesis aims to present the topic of voting rights of people with intellectual disabilities within the domestic and international legislative framework and to explore the perception of elections and voting rights from the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities by applying qualitative research. The theoretical part describes elections, voting rights, specific features of people with intellectual disabilities, and availability of the support to vote. The essential part of the diploma thesis also contains a legislative overview, which anchors the voting rights of people with disabilities. The practical part of the thesis deals with the topic of perception of elections and voting rights from the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities. The partial aims of the research are to find out: how do the people with disabilities evaluate the importance of elections; which factors influence their political choice; which knowledge about the topic of limiting the exercise of the voting right through limiting legal capacity do people with intellectual disabilities have; how do people with intellectual disabilities evaluate the availability of information and support to vote. The...

企業股東基於法律與契約對於所投資之公司，通常享有股利分配權、新股優先認購權、剩餘財產分配權、股東投票權等基本權利，本文以股東權利基礎來重新詮釋Ohlson模式與Easton模式。基於股東權利基礎，Ohlson模式（價格模式）可重新表示為盈餘、帳面價值、投票權價值之線性模式；Easton模式（報酬模式）可重新表示為盈餘水準、盈餘變動、投票權價值變動之線性模式。本文依上述理論基礎發展相關之研究假說，為彌補單用當期盈餘資訊之不足本文於實證模式中將再加入未來盈餘變數，並以臺灣市場之資料來驗證各項假說。首先，本文實證價格模式與報酬模式之各項變數，對於股價及報酬是否具有解釋力。其次，本文實證當經濟環境不同時，上述實證結果是否會受到影響。 價格模式之實證結果指出：（1）各項價格變數對於股價皆具有顯著的正向解釋力。（2）當公司盈餘為負數或者盈餘持續性低時，當期盈餘對於股價的解釋力會降低。（3）當產業前景較差時，當期盈餘、帳面價值等會計資訊較不被注意，故比較不會反應在股價；管理者可由公司獲取的私有利益也會較少，故投票權價值與股價之關聯也會較低。（4）當產業生命週期較短時，當期盈餘資訊較被注意，此與其較易取得與計算有關。（5）當總體經濟情況不同時，各項變數對股價的解釋力並無顯著差異，此現象可能與研究期間內總體經濟情況好壞的差異並不明顯所致。（6）當通貨膨脹率較高時，公司所傳達之會計資訊會有高估的現象，故當期盈餘與股價之關聯會較低。 報酬模式之實證結果指出：（1）各項報酬變數對於報酬皆具有顯著的正向解釋力。（2）當公司盈餘為負數或者盈餘持續性低時，盈餘水準對於報酬的解釋力會降低，盈餘變動對於報酬的解釋力則會提高。（3）當產業前景較差時，由於盈餘水準、未來盈餘價值指標等會計資訊較不被注意，故比較不會反應在股價報酬；管理者可獲取的私有利益也會減少，故其與股價之關聯會降低。（4）當產業生命週期不同時，各項變數對報酬的解釋力並無顯著差異。（5）當總體經濟情況較差時，盈餘變動的資訊性顯著較低，此現象應與總體經濟情況較差時盈餘通常為負數所致，投票權價值指標也有相同的現象。（6）當通貨膨脹率不同時，各項變數對報酬的解釋力並無顯著差異，此現象可能與研究期間內通貨膨脹率高低的差異並不明顯所致。 綜上所述，股東權利基礎評價模式之各項變數確實能解釋股價或報酬，而且在不同的經濟情境下，上述變數對股價或報酬之解釋力確實會有不同，因此未來從事股權價值或股價報酬評估時，研究者應再進行相關的情境分析。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與方法 5 第三節 論文貢獻 7 第四節 論文架構 9 第二章 文獻探討 10 第一節 股利分配權價值之相關文獻 12 第二節 剩餘財產分配權價值之相關文獻 14 第三節 新股優先認購權價值之相關文獻 19 第四節 股東投票權價值之相關文獻 26 第五節 情境式分析研究法之相關文獻 31 第三章 研究方法 33 第一節 股東權利基礎評價模式之建構 34 第二節 研究假說與實證模式 38 第三節 變數定義 47 第四節 樣本與資料選取 55 第四章 實證結果分析 59 第一節 價格模式之實證結果 60 第二節 報酬模式之實證結果 63 第三節 價格模式之情境分析結果 66 第四節 報酬模式之情境分析結果 80 第五章 結論與建議 94 第一節 研究結論 95 第二節 研究建議 101 第三節 研究限制 102 參考文獻 103 / When investors buy stock, they acquire all common and specific rights granted by the laws and contracts. Shareholders usually have the right to receive dividends, the preemptive right, the right to claim the residuals assets, and the right to vote at shareholders’ meetings. The paper uses the base of shareholders’ rights to re-explain the empirical meanings of Ohlson model and Easton model. According to the base of shareholders’ rights, Ohlson model（price model）can be rewritten as the linear model of earnings, book valve, and voting right premium. In the same way, Easton model（return model）can be rewritten as the linear model of earnings level, earnings change, and voting right premium change. According to the theory base above, this paper develops related research hypotheses. Not only current earnings but also future earnings are included in empirical models, and I use Taiwanese data to test the hypotheses. First, the paper tests whether each variable in price model or return model can explain stock price or return. Second, the paper investigates whether the results mentioned above will be affected by different contexts. The empirical evidence of the price model can be summarized as follows. First, each price variable has significantly positive explanatory power with respect to stock price. Second, when earnings is negative or earnings persistence is low, the value-relevance of current earnings will decrease. Third, when industry prospect becomes worse, market pays little attention to current earnings and book value and manager gets less private benefits, thus the association between current earnings, book value, voting right premium and stock price is low. Fourth, when industry life cycle is shorter, more attention is paid to current earnings, which is related to availability of data. Fifth, when macroeconomic circumstance is different, the explanatory power of each variable is not significantly different, this phenomenon may be due to little significant difference among macroeconomic circumstance during research periods. Sixth, when inflation rate is high, accounting information signaled by firm is overstated, which reduces the association between current earnings and stock price. The empirical evidence of the return model can be summarized as follows. First, each return variable has significantly positive explanatory power with respect to stock return. Second, when earnings is negative or earnings persistence is low, the value-relevance of earnings level will decrease, while the value-relevance of earnings change will increase. Third, when industry prospect is not good, market pays little attention to earnings level and future earnings indicator and manager gets less private benefits, thus the association between earnings level, future earnings indicator, voting right premium indicator and stock return is low. Fourth, when industry life cycle is not the same, the explanatory power of each variable is not significantly different. Fifth, when macroeconomic circumstance becomes worse, the informativeness of earnings change is significantly low, this phenomenon may be due to positive correlation between macroeconomic circumstance and earnings. Voting right premium indicator also has the same phenomenon. Sixth, when inflation rate is different, the explanatory power of each variable is not significantly different, this phenomenon is likely due to little significant difference among inflation rate during research periods. In summary, the variables in shareholders’ rights-based valuation models can explain stock price or stock return. In the different contexts, the explanatory power of variables mentioned above with respected to stock price or stock return is significantly different. The results imply the importance of contextual analysis when researchers are engaged in the valuation of stock price or stock return.