Reverse genetics is an innovative molecular biology tool that enables the manipulation of viral genomes at the cDNA level in order to generate particular mutants or artificial viruses. The reverse genetics system for the influenza virus is arguably one of the best illustrations of the potential power of this technology. This reverse genetics system is the basis for the ability to regularly adapt influenza vaccines strains. Today, reverse genetic systems have been developed for many animal RNA viruses. Selection-free reverse genetics systems have been developed for the members of the Reoviridae family including, African horsesickness virus, bluetongue virus and orthoreovirus. This ground-breaking technology has led to the generation of valuable evidence regarding the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses. Unfortunately, extrapolating either the plasmid-based or transcript-based reverse genetics systems to rotavirus has not yet been successful. The development of a selection-free rotavirus reverse genetics system will enable the systematic investigation of poorly understood aspects of the rotavirus replication cycle and aid the development of more effective vaccines, amongst other research avenues. This study investigated the importance of co-expressed rotavirus proteins in the development of a selection-free rotavirus reverse genetics system. The consensus sequences of the rotavirus strains Wa (RVA/Human-tc/USA/WaCS/1974/G1P[8]) and SA11 (RVA/Simian-tc/ZAF/SA11/1958/G3P[2]) where used to design rotavirus expression plasmids. The consensus nucleotide sequence of a human rotavirus Wa strain was determined by sequence-independent cDNA synthesis and amplification combined with next-generation 454® pyrosequencing. A total of 4 novel nucleotide changes, which also resulted in amino acid changes, were detected in genome segment 7 (NSP3), genome segment 9 (VP7) and genome segment 10 (NSP4). In silico analysis indicated that none of the detected nucleotide changes, and consequent amino acid variations, had any significant effect on viral structure. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the sequenced rotavirus WaCS was closely related to the ParWa and VirWa variants, which were derived from the original 1974 Wa isolate. Despite serial passaging in animals, as well as cell cultures, the Wa genome seems to be stable. Considering that the current reference sequence for the Wa strain is a composite sequence of various Wa variants, the rotavirus WaCS may be a more appropriate reference sequence. The rotavirus Wa and SA11 strains were selected for plasmid-based expression of rotavirus proteins, under control of a T7 promoter sequence, due to the fact that they propagate well in MA104 cells and the availability of their consensus sequences. The T7 RNA polymerase was provided by a recombinant fowlpox virus. After extensive transfection optimisation on a variety of mammalian cell lines, MA104 cells proved to be the best suited for the expression rotavirus proteins from plasmids. The expression of rotavirus Wa and SA11 VP1, VP6, NSP2 and NSP5 could be confirmed with immunostaining in MA104 and HEK 293H cells. Another approach involved the codon-optimised expression of the rotavirus replication complex scaffold in MA104 cells under the control of a CMV promoter sequence. This system was independent from the recombinant fowlpox virus. All three plasmid expression sets were designed to be used in combination with the transcript-based reverse genetics system in order to improve the odds of developing a successful rotavirus reverse genetics system. Rotavirus transcripts were generated using transcriptively active rotavirus SA11 double layered particles (DLPs). MA104 and HEK293H cells proved to be the best suited for the expression of rotavirus transcripts although expression of rotavirus VP6 could be demonstrated in all cell cultures examined (MA104, HEK 293H, BSR and COS-7) using immunostaining. In addition, the expression of transcript derived rotavirus VP1, NSP2 and NSP5 could be confirmed with immunofluorescence in MA104 and HEK 293H cells. This is the first report of rotavirus transcripts being translated in cultured cells. A peculiar cell death pattern was observed within 24 hours in response to transfection of rotavirus transcripts. This observed cell death, however does not seem to be related to normal viral cytopathic effect as no viable rotavirus could be recovered. In an effort to combine the transcript- and plasmid systems, a dual transfection strategy was followed where plasmids encoding rotavirus proteins were transfected first followed, 12 hours later, by the transfection of rotavirus SA11 transcripts. The codon- optimised plasmid system was designed as it was postulated that expression of the DLP-complex (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP6), the rotavirus replication complex would form and assist with replication and/or packaging. Transfecting codon- optimized plasmids first noticeably delayed the mass cell death observed when transfecting rotavirus transcripts on their own. None of the examined coexpression systems were able to produce a viable rotavirus. Finally, the innate immune responses elicited by rotavirus transcripts and plasmid-derived rotavirus Wa and SA11 proteins were investigated. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments indicated that rotavirus transcripts induced high levels of the expression of the cytokines IFN- α1, IFN-1β, IFN-λ1 and CXCL10. The expression of certain viral proteins from plasmids (VP3, VP7 and NSP5/6) was more likely to stimulate specific interferon responses, while other viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP4 and NSP1) seem to be able to actively suppress the expression of certain cytokines. In the light of these suppression results, specific rotavirus proteins were expressed from transfected plasmids to investigate their potential in supressing the interferon responses provoked by rotavirus transcripts. qRT-PCR results indicated that cells transfected with the plasmids encoding NSP1, NSP2 or a combination of NSP2 and NSP5 significantly reduced the expression of specific cytokines induced by rotavirus transcripts. These findings point to other possible viral innate suppression mechanisms in addition to the degradation of interferon regulatory factors by NSP1. The suppression of the strong innate immune response elicited by rotavirus transcripts might well prove to be vital in the quest to better understand the replication cycle of this virus and eventually lead to the development of a selection-free reverse genetics system for rotavirus. / PhD (Biochemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Reverse genetics is an innovative molecular biology tool that enables the manipulation of viral genomes at the cDNA level in order to generate particular mutants or artificial viruses. The reverse genetics system for the influenza virus is arguably one of the best illustrations of the potential power of this technology. This reverse genetics system is the basis for the ability to regularly adapt influenza vaccines strains. Today, reverse genetic systems have been developed for many animal RNA viruses. Selection-free reverse genetics systems have been developed for the members of the Reoviridae family including, African horsesickness virus, bluetongue virus and orthoreovirus. This ground-breaking technology has led to the generation of valuable evidence regarding the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses. Unfortunately, extrapolating either the plasmid-based or transcript-based reverse genetics systems to rotavirus has not yet been successful. The development of a selection-free rotavirus reverse genetics system will enable the systematic investigation of poorly understood aspects of the rotavirus replication cycle and aid the development of more effective vaccines, amongst other research avenues. This study investigated the importance of co-expressed rotavirus proteins in the development of a selection-free rotavirus reverse genetics system. The consensus sequences of the rotavirus strains Wa (RVA/Human-tc/USA/WaCS/1974/G1P[8]) and SA11 (RVA/Simian-tc/ZAF/SA11/1958/G3P[2]) where used to design rotavirus expression plasmids. The consensus nucleotide sequence of a human rotavirus Wa strain was determined by sequence-independent cDNA synthesis and amplification combined with next-generation 454® pyrosequencing. A total of 4 novel nucleotide changes, which also resulted in amino acid changes, were detected in genome segment 7 (NSP3), genome segment 9 (VP7) and genome segment 10 (NSP4). In silico analysis indicated that none of the detected nucleotide changes, and consequent amino acid variations, had any significant effect on viral structure. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the sequenced rotavirus WaCS was closely related to the ParWa and VirWa variants, which were derived from the original 1974 Wa isolate. Despite serial passaging in animals, as well as cell cultures, the Wa genome seems to be stable. Considering that the current reference sequence for the Wa strain is a composite sequence of various Wa variants, the rotavirus WaCS may be a more appropriate reference sequence. The rotavirus Wa and SA11 strains were selected for plasmid-based expression of rotavirus proteins, under control of a T7 promoter sequence, due to the fact that they propagate well in MA104 cells and the availability of their consensus sequences. The T7 RNA polymerase was provided by a recombinant fowlpox virus. After extensive transfection optimisation on a variety of mammalian cell lines, MA104 cells proved to be the best suited for the expression rotavirus proteins from plasmids. The expression of rotavirus Wa and SA11 VP1, VP6, NSP2 and NSP5 could be confirmed with immunostaining in MA104 and HEK 293H cells. Another approach involved the codon-optimised expression of the rotavirus replication complex scaffold in MA104 cells under the control of a CMV promoter sequence. This system was independent from the recombinant fowlpox virus. All three plasmid expression sets were designed to be used in combination with the transcript-based reverse genetics system in order to improve the odds of developing a successful rotavirus reverse genetics system. Rotavirus transcripts were generated using transcriptively active rotavirus SA11 double layered particles (DLPs). MA104 and HEK293H cells proved to be the best suited for the expression of rotavirus transcripts although expression of rotavirus VP6 could be demonstrated in all cell cultures examined (MA104, HEK 293H, BSR and COS-7) using immunostaining. In addition, the expression of transcript derived rotavirus VP1, NSP2 and NSP5 could be confirmed with immunofluorescence in MA104 and HEK 293H cells. This is the first report of rotavirus transcripts being translated in cultured cells. A peculiar cell death pattern was observed within 24 hours in response to transfection of rotavirus transcripts. This observed cell death, however does not seem to be related to normal viral cytopathic effect as no viable rotavirus could be recovered. In an effort to combine the transcript- and plasmid systems, a dual transfection strategy was followed where plasmids encoding rotavirus proteins were transfected first followed, 12 hours later, by the transfection of rotavirus SA11 transcripts. The codon- optimised plasmid system was designed as it was postulated that expression of the DLP-complex (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP6), the rotavirus replication complex would form and assist with replication and/or packaging. Transfecting codon- optimized plasmids first noticeably delayed the mass cell death observed when transfecting rotavirus transcripts on their own. None of the examined coexpression systems were able to produce a viable rotavirus. Finally, the innate immune responses elicited by rotavirus transcripts and plasmid-derived rotavirus Wa and SA11 proteins were investigated. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments indicated that rotavirus transcripts induced high levels of the expression of the cytokines IFN- α1, IFN-1β, IFN-λ1 and CXCL10. The expression of certain viral proteins from plasmids (VP3, VP7 and NSP5/6) was more likely to stimulate specific interferon responses, while other viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP4 and NSP1) seem to be able to actively suppress the expression of certain cytokines. In the light of these suppression results, specific rotavirus proteins were expressed from transfected plasmids to investigate their potential in supressing the interferon responses provoked by rotavirus transcripts. qRT-PCR results indicated that cells transfected with the plasmids encoding NSP1, NSP2 or a combination of NSP2 and NSP5 significantly reduced the expression of specific cytokines induced by rotavirus transcripts. These findings point to other possible viral innate suppression mechanisms in addition to the degradation of interferon regulatory factors by NSP1. The suppression of the strong innate immune response elicited by rotavirus transcripts might well prove to be vital in the quest to better understand the replication cycle of this virus and eventually lead to the development of a selection-free reverse genetics system for rotavirus. / PhD (Biochemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

No description available.

Abstracts and keywords in English, Afrikaans, Zulu and Northern Sotho / The main aim of this study is to obtain the MASTER OF ARTS degree. Secondly this study gives clarity on the study of long-term offenders in a maximum security prison. Offenders detained in maximum security prisons are given long-term imprisonment by the court of law. Long-term imprisonment goes along with high level of stress in correctional facilities. As a result, the development and treatment programs offered for inmates form part of the study. This study is important for the South African correctional system due to some of the categories of offenders in maximum security prisons. / Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie studie is om ʼn MAGISTER-graad te verwerf. Die studie gee tweedens duidelikheid oor die bestudering van langtermynoortreders in ʼn maksimumsekuriteittronk. Oortreders wat in maksimumsekuriteittronke aangehou word, word langtermyngevangenisstraf opgelê deur ʼn geregshof. Langtermyngevangenisstraf word geassosieer met hoë stresvlakke in korrektiewe fasiliteite. Die ontwikkeling- en behandelingprogramme wat aan gevangenes gebied word, vorm deel van hierdie studie. Hierdie studie is belangrik vir die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe stelsel en sommige van die kategorieë van oortreders in maksimumsekuriteittronke. / Okuyiyona nhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo ngukuthola iziqu zemiyezane ye-MASTER OF ARTS. Okwesibili, lolu cwaningo luyacacisa mayelana nokucwaninga ngezaphulamthetho ezingahle zibuye ziphinde (long-term offenders), ezisuke sisejele elinokuvikeleka okuseqophelweni eliphezulu. Izaphulamthetho eziboshelwe emajele anokuvikeleka okuseqophelweni eliphezulu zisuke zigwetshwe yinkantolo yomthetho ukuthi zihlale ejele isikhathi eside. Ezindaweni zokuhlumelelisa izimilo, ukuboshwa isikhathi eside kuhambelana namazinga aphezulu engcindezi (stress). Izinhlelo ezakhelwe ukuthuthukisa kanye nokwelapha iziboshwa ziyizinto eziyingxenye yalolu cwaningo. Lolu cwaningo lusemqoka maqondana nohlelo lwaseNingizimu Afrika lokuhlumelelisa izimilo kanye nakwezinye izigaba zezaphulamthetho emajele anokuvikeleka okuseqophelweni eliphezulu. / Maikemišetšo a magolo a nyakišišo ye ke go hwetša lengwalo la thuto la MASTASE (MA). Sa bobedi, nyakišišo ye e fa tlhaloso ka ga nyakišišo ya basenyi ba paka ye telele ka kgolegong ya bagolegwa bao ba lego kotsi kudu. Basenyi bao ba golegilwego ka dikgolegong tša bagolegwa bao ba lego kotsi kudu ba fiwa kahlolo ya paka ye telele ke kgorotsheko ya molao. Kahlolo ya paka ye telele e amantšhwa le maemo a godimo a kgatelelo ka gare ga mafelo a tshokollo. Mananeo a tshwaro le tshokollo ao a abelwago bagolegwammogo a bopa karolo ya nyakišišo. Nyakišišo ye e bohlokwa go mokgwa wa Afrika Borwa wa tshokollo le go magoro a mangwe a basenyi ka gare ga dikgolego tša bagolegwa bao ba lego kotsi kudu. / Corrections Management / M.A. (Corrections Management)

Abstracts in English, Zulu and Southern Sotho / The advent of Basel II Capital Accord has revolutionised credit risk measurement (CRM) to the extent that the once “perceived riskier bank assets” are now accommodated for lending. The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector has been traditionally perceived as a riskier and unprofitable asset for lending activity by Commercial Banks, in particular. But empirical studies on the implementation of the Basel II internal-ratings-based (IRB) framework have demonstrated that SME credit risk is measurable. Banks are still finding it difficult to forecast SME loan default and to provide credit to the sector that meet Basel’s capital requirements. The thesis proposes to construct an empirical credit risk measurement (CRM) model, specifically for SMEs, to ameliorate the adverse effects of SME credit inaccessibility due to high information asymmetry between financial institutions (FI) and SMEs in Zimbabwe. A well-performing and accurate CRM helps FIs to control their risk exposure through selective granting of credit based on a thorough statistical analysis of historical customer data. This thesis develops a CRM model, built on a statistically random sample, known-good-bad (KGB) sample, which is a better representation of the through-the-door (TTD) population of SME loan applicants. The KGB sample incorporates both accepted and rejected applications, through reject inference (RI). A model-based bound and collapse (BC) reject inference methodology was empirically used to correct selectivity bias inherent in CRM domain. The results have shown great improvement in the classification power and aggregate supply of credit supply to the SME portfolio of the case-studied bank, as evidenced by substantial decrease of bad rates across models developed; from the preliminary model to final model designed for the case-studied bank. The final model was validated using both bad rate, confusion matrix metrics and Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) curve to assess the classification power of the model within-sample and out-of-sample. The AUROC for the final model (weak model) was found to be 0.9782 whilst bad rate was found to be 14.69%. There was 28.76% improvement in the bad rate in the final model in comparison with the current CRM model being used by the case-studied bank. / Isivumelwano seBasel II Capital Accord sesishintshe indlela yokulinganisa ubungozi bokunikezana ngesikweletu credit risk measurement (CRM) kwaze kwafika ezingeni lapho izimpahla ezazithathwa njengamagugu anobungozi “riskier bank assets” sezimukelwa njengesibambiso sokuboleka imali. Umkhakha wezamaBhizinisi Amancane naSafufusayo, phecelezi, Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) kudala uqondakala njengomkhakha onobungozi obukhulu futhi njengomkhakha ongangenisi inzuzo, ikakhulu njengesibambiso sokubolekwa imali ngamabhange ahwebayo. Kodwa izifundo zocwaningo ezimayelana nokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo iBasel II internal-ratings-based (IRB) sezikhombisile ukuthi ubungozi bokunikeza isikweletu kumabhizinisi amancane nasafufusayo (SME) sebuyalinganiseka. Yize kunjalo, amabhange asathola ukuthi kusenzima ukubona ngaphambili inkinga yokungabhadeleki kahle kwezikweletu kanye nokunikeza isikweletu imikhakha enemigomo edingekayo yezimali kaBasel. Lolu cwaningo beluphakamisa ukwakha uhlelo imodeli ephathekayo yokulinganisa izinga lobungozi bokubolekisa ngemali (CRM) kwihlelo lokuxhasa ngezimali ama-SME, okuyihlelo elilawulwa yiziko lezimali ezweni laseZimbabwe. Imodeli ye-CRM esebenza kahle futhi eshaya khona inceda amaziko ezimali ukugwema ubungozi bokunikezana ngezikweletu ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokunikeza isikweletu ababoleki abakhethekile, lokhu kususelwa ohlelweni oluhlaziya amanani edatha engumlando wekhasimende. Imodeli ye-CRM ephakanyisiwe yaqala yakhiwa ngohlelo lwamanani, phecelezi istatistically random sample, okuluphawu olungcono olumele uhlelo lwe through-the-door (TTD) population lokukhetha abafakizicelo zokubolekwa imali bama SME, kanti lokhu kuxuba zona zombili izicelo eziphumelele kanye nezingaphumelelanga. Indlela yokukhetha abafakizicelo, phecelezi model-based bound-and-collapse (BC) reject-inference methodology isetshenzisiwe ukulungisa indlela yokukhetha ngokukhetha ngendlela yokucwasa kwisizinda seCRM. Imiphumela iye yakhombisa intuthuko enkulu mayelana namandla okwehlukanisa kanye nokunikezwa kwezikweletu kuma SME okungamamabhange enziwe ucwaningo lotho., njengoba lokhu kufakazelwa ukuncipha okukhulu kwe-bad rate kuwo wonke amamodeli athuthukisiwe. Imodeli yokuqala kanye neyokugcina zazidizayinelwe ibhange. Imodeli yokugcina yaqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa zombili indlela isikweletu esingagculisi kanye negrafu ye-Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) ukulinganisa ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla emodeli engaphakathi kwesampuli nangaphandle kwesampuli. Uhlelo lwe-AUROC lwemodeli yokugcina (weak model) lwatholakala ukuthi luyi 0.9782, kanti ibad rate yatholakala ukuthi yenza i-14.69%. Kwaba khona ukuthuthuka nge-28.76% kwi-bad rate kwimodeli yokugcina uma iqhathaniswa nemodeli yamanje iCRM model ukuba isetshenziswe yibhange elithile. / Basel II Capital Accord e fetotse tekanyo ya kotsi ya mokitlane (credit risk measurement (CRM)) hoo “thepa e kotsi ya dibanka” ka moo e neng e bonwa ka teng, e seng e fuwa sebaka dikadimong. Lekala la Dikgwebo tse Nyane le tse Mahareng (SME) le bonwa ka tlwaelo jwalo ka lekala le kotsi e hodimo le senang ditswala bakeng sa ditshebetso tsa dikadimo haholo ke dibanka tsa kgwebo. Empa dipatlisiso tse thehilweng hodima se bonweng kapa se etsahetseng tsa tshebetso ya moralo wa Basel II internal-ratings-based (IRB) di supile hore kotsi ya mokitlane ya SME e kgona ho lekanngwa. Leha ho le jwalo, dibanka di ntse di thatafallwa ke ho bonelapele palo ya ditlholeho tsa ho lefa tsa diSME le ho fana ka mokitla lekaleng leo le kgotsofatsang ditlhoko tsa Basel tsa ditjhelete. Phuputso ena e ne sisinya ho etsa tekanyo ya se bonwang ho mmotlolo wa kotsi ya mokitlane (CRM) tshebetsong ya phano ya tjhelete ya diSME e etswang ke setsi sa ditjhelete (FI) ho la Zimbabwe. Mmotlolo o sebetsang hantle hape o fanang ka dipalo tse nepahetseng o dusa diFI hore di laole pepeso ya tsona ho kotsi ka phano e kgethang ya mokitlane, e thehilweng hodima manollo ya dipalopalo ya dintlha tsa histori ya bareki. Mmotlolo o sisingwang wa CRM o hlahisitswe ho tswa ho sampole e sa hlophiswang, e leng pontsho e betere ya setjhaba se ikenelang le monyako (TTD) ya batho bao e kang bakadimi ba tjhelete ho diSME, hobane e kenyelletsa bakopi ba amohetsweng le ba hannweng. Mokgwatshebetso wa bound-and-collapse (BC) reject-inference o kentswe tshebetsong ho nepahatsa tshekamelo ya kgetho e leng teng ho lekala la CRM. Diphetho tsena di bontshitse ntlafalo e kgolo ho matla a tlhophiso le palohare ya phano ya mokitlane ho diSME tsa banka eo ho ithutilweng ka yona, jwalo ka ha ho pakilwe ke ho phokotseho ya direite tse mpe ho pharalla le dimmotlolo tse hlahisitsweng. Mmotlolo wa ho qala le wa ho qetela e ile ya ralwa bakeng sa banka. Mmotlolo wa ho qetela o ile wa netefatswa ka tshebediso ya bobedi reite e mpe le mothinya wa Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) ho lekanya matla a kenyo mekgahlelong a mmotlolo kahare ho sampole le kantle ho yona. AUROC bakeng sa mmotlo wa ho qetela (mmotlolo o fokotseng) e fumanwe e le 0.9782, ha reite e mpe e fumanwe e le 14.69%. Ho bile le ntlafalo ya 28.76% ho reite e mpe bakeng sa mmotlolo wa ho qetela ha ho bapiswa le mmotlolo wa CRM ha o sebediswa bankeng yona eo. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Tswana with keywords in English and Tswana / Displacement in the South African context is a complex and diverse phenomenon which is under-researched, particularly from the point of view of post-resettlement stress. The Meetse-a-tala community from Groenwater, Northern Cape, was resettled in 1964 and returned in 1999 to their ancestral land after a 25 year struggle to do so. The community anticipated that the land would present all the natural resources they had in 1964, but unfortunately, when they returned, the outlook seemed a lot different. / Verskuiwing in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is ‘n diverse en komplekse verskynsel wat nog nie voldoende nagevors is, veral vanuit die oogpunt van post-hervestigingsstres nie. Die Meetse-a-tala-gemeenskap van Groenwater in Noord-Kaap is in 1964 hervestig en het in 1999 teruggekeer na die land van hul voorouers na ‘n 25 jaarlange stryd om dit te bewerkstellig. Die gemeenskap het verwag dat die gebied weer al die natuurlike hulpbronne sou aanbied wat hulle in 1964 gehad het, maar ongelukkig, met hul terugkeer, het die vooruitsigte heel anders gelyk. / Tiragalo ya go fudusiwa ka dikgoka mo bokaong jwa Aforikaborwa e tlhagisa marara a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya dipatlisiso tse di lekanyeditsweng malebana le kgatelelo ya maikutlo e e amanang le morago ga go fudusiwa. Baagi ba Meetse-a-tala go tswa kwa Groenwater, kwa Kapabokone, ba itemogetse tiragalo ya go fudusiwa ka 1964 mme morago ga go kgaratlha dingwaga tse 25 go boela kwa lefatsheng la badimo ba bona, ba boetse ka 1999. Baagi ba ne ba solofetse gore lefatshe le tlaa ba neela ditlamelo tsotlhe tsa tlholego tse ba neng ba na natso fa ba tsamaya ka 1964, mme ka bomadimabe, e rile fa ba bowa, ba fitlhela le lebega le farologane thata. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

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No description available.