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Mathematics achievement has been of great concern to researchers involved in mathematics education. This concern has resulted in research seeking to determine for example, the factors that positively or negatively contribute to student performance in mathematics. Many of the reported studies in the literature have investigated the factors within the context of mathematics teaching and learning in general. Very few studies have investigated the factors contributing to student achievement in mathematics when learning takes place in a computer aided environment. With the pervasiveness of computers in education in general, studies in this direction become imperative. The present study fills this gap in the literature by examining the extent to which selected variables (mathematics attitude, mathematics aptitude, computer attitude, computer prior experience, computer ownership, proficiency in language of instruction, and learning style) contribute to students' achievements in pre-calculus algebra classes that are supplemented with a computer lab program. The participants in the study were 120 students sampled from the population of students enrolled in the second pre-calculus algebra course at the preparatory year program of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals during the 2003/2004 academic session. The instruments used to measure the study constructs were the mathematics attitude scale (Aiken, 1979), the computer attitudes scale (Loyd & Gressard, 1984a), and the learning styles questionnaire (Honey & Mumford, 1992). New instruments to measure computer prior experience and computer ownership were developed for the present study. Hypotheses formulated for the study were tested using multiple regression and other statistical techniques. The results show that mathematics aptitudes and English language proficiency are the most significant contributors to students' mathematics achievement. No other variables show statistically significant effects on students' achievement. Together, the selected variables explain more than 41 percent of the total variance of students' achievement. Theoretical and policy-making implications of the results are outlined and discussed. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)

Text in English Summary in English, Tshivenda and Setswana / Rastafari (this term is preferred to Rastafarianism) is known as a movement which originated in Jamaica and has since spread throughout the world. The movement has attracted much attention from the public and media worldwide because of reggae music. This study set out to investigate the lived experiences of Rastafari women of Tshwane. The purpose of the study was to describe their experiences regarding their roles, duties and responsibilities. It paid particular attention to the behavioural patterns of women within what is often regarded as a patriarchal order. The study was qualitative in nature and made use of various data gathering techniques such as life histories, focus groups, semi-structured and unstructured in-depth interviews, observations and field notes. My findings are, firstly, that Rastafari pays very scant attention to women. Secondly, in contemporary times some practices enforced by their holy books feel oppressive. Lastly, the lived experience reveal that Rastafari as a culture changes with time and women influence the movement. / Rasiṱafari tshi ḓivhea sa tshigwada tshine vhubvo hatsho ha vha ngei Jamaica zwino tsho phaḓalala na ḽifhasi ḽoṱhe. Tshigwada tsho kunga vhunzhi ha zwitshavha na nyanḓadzamafhungo ḽifhasini ḽoṱhe nga nṱhani ha muzika wa rigei. Ngudo iyi yo dzudzanyelwa u ṱoḓisisa nga ha vhutshilo ha tshigwada tsho tsikeledzwaho tsha vhafumakadzi vha Rasiṱafari vho no wanala Tshwane. Ndivho ya ngudo iyi ndi u ṱalusa tshenzhemo yavho zwi tshi ya kha mishumo na vhuḓifhinduleli havho. Yo sedzesa kha kutshilele kwa vhafumakadzi kha sisiṱeme ya matshilisano hune vhanna vha dzhiwa sa vhone vhalanguli. Ngudo yo lavhelesa nga maanḓa kha u ṱanḓavhudza vhuvha ha tshithu ho shumiswa thekhiniki dzo fhambanaho dza u kuvhanganya data u fana na ḓivhazwakale dza vhutshilo, zwigwada zwo sedzeswaho khazwo, na inthaviyu dzine mbudziso dza vha dzo thoma dza dzudzanywa na inthaviyu ine mbudziso dza vha dzi songo dzudzanywa, kuvhonele na mafhungo e a kuvhanganywa kha vhupo. Mawanwa anga ndi, zwa u thoma, Rasiṱafari i sedzesa zwiṱuku kha vhafumakadzi. Zwa vhuvhili, zwazwino maitele ane a tevhedzwa nga maṅwalo makhethwa a pfala a tshi tsikeledza. Zwa u fhedzisela, vhutshilo ha tshigwada tsho tsikeledzwaho vhu dzumbulula uri mvelele ya Rasiṱafari ine vhadzulapo vha Afrika vha shela mulenzhe khayo I khou shushedzwa nga mvelele ya mashango a vhukovhela, i ne ya kunga na u ṱanganedzwa nga vhafumakadzi. Zwenezwo, Rasiṱafari sa tshigwada tsha mvusuludzo a yo ngo ima fhethu huthihi fhedzi i khou shanduka na tshifhinga. / Rastafari e itsege jaaka mokgatlho o o tlholegileng kwa Jamaica, mme go tloga foo wa anamela mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Mokgatlho o o nnile le kgogedi e kgolo mo bathong le bobegakgang lefatshe ka bophara ka ntlha ya mmino wa reggae. Patlisiso eno e ikaeletse go sekaseka maitemogelo a a tshedilweng ke basadi ba kwa Tshwane ba Rastafari. Maikemisetso a patlisiso ke go tlhalosa maitemogelo a bona mabapi le seabe, ditiro le maikarabelo a bona. E etse tlhoko thata mekgwa ya maitsholo ya basadi mo go se gantsi se kaiwang e le thulaganyo e e bayang banna kwa godimo. Patlisiso e ne e le e e lebeletseng go tlhaloganya mabaka le megopolo (qualitative) mme e dirisitse mekgwa e e farologaneng ya go kokoanya tshedimosetso go tshwana le hisetori ya botshelo, ditlhopha tsa puisano (focus groups), dipotsolotso tse di rulaganeng fela di sa tsepama (semi-structured interviews) le dipotsolotso tse di sa rulaganang tse di tsenelelang ko botennye jwa kgang, go ela tlhoko mmogo le dintlha tse di kwadilweng mo tsamaong ya patlisiso. Diphitlhelelo tsa me ke gore, sa ntlha, Rastafari e tsaya basadi tsia go se kae fela. Sa bobedi, mo dinakong tsa ga jaana, ditiro dingwe tse di laelwang ke dibuka tsa bona tse di boitshepo di utlwala di gatelela. Sa bofelo, maitemogelo a senola gore setso sa Rastafari se mo go sona Bantsho ba nang le seabe, se tshosediwa ke setso sa bophirima se se nang le kgogedi, mme se amogelwa ke basadi. Ka jalo, Rastafari jaaka mokgatlho wa tsosoloso, ga e a tsepama, mme e fetoga le dinako. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)

Abstracts in English, Southern Sotho and Swahili / The broad aim of this explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was to extend the extant literature by developing a weighted polychotomous accountability index (PAI) that, in turn, was used to measure and evaluate the extent and quality of integrated annual reports (IARs) prepared by the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies for the period 2013 to 2016. The study was motivated by a paucity of research on whether corporate accountability, through corporate reporting, has improved (extent and quality) under integrated reporting (<IR>) through improved integrated reporting quality (IRQ) scores. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was for developing the PAI through the Delphi Inquiry method. In the same phase, through qualitative and quantitative content analysis, the PAI was used to measure and evaluate the extent and quality of IARs for the JSE Top 100 companies over the four-year period (2013–2016). The second phase, in the form of semi-structured interviews, aimed at investigating the factors that contributed to the change in IRQ scores over that period. Eight respondents (preparers of IARs), representing five companies, were interviewed. Through the Delphi Inquiry method, the PAI was developed (major contribution of the study), which has eight categories, 44 constructs, a total possible score of 152 and a total weight of 100%. Furthermore, the PAI has a six-point ordinal scoring system from 0 to 5. For the IRQ scores, mean annual IRQ scores were computed as 52.45% for 2013, 58.48% for 2014, 64.72% for 2015 and 68.29% for 2016. As for the JSE sectors, the highest IRQ scores were 66.45%, 71.05%, 75% and 81.25% for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. From an industry perspective, the results showed highest IRQ scores of 66.45%, 72.37%, 70.72% and 62.42% for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The steady increase in the mean IRQ scores for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 shows that there is significant improvement in the extent and quality of IARs produced by the JSE listed companies. This improvement in the IRQs is due to different reasons, which include: preparers taking <IR> seriously, teamwork, benchmarking, training, experience, addressing stakeholder needs and understanding the principles before implementing <IR>. Moreover, some companies fail to produce quality IARs due to a number of factors that include: an inadequate understanding of <IR> by some preparers of IARs; some entities not seeing value in preparing quality IARs hence they present poor quality IARs; partial buy-in, especially by the executive management; a paucity of skills and resources; outsourcing that was identified as bringing with it poor quality work and some entities preferring to chase prestigious awards at the expense of the company’s actual <IR> philosophy, hampering the quality of IARs in the process. Different conclusions were reached. It was noted that some <IR> concepts and principles should be more synchronised so that they are not in conflict with each other. Rules should be introduced so that <IR> may be a blend of principles and rules as this could minimise preparer judgement. The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) must align its terminology with that of other guideline bodies, such as rating agencies, to give more meaning to <IR>. The IIRC needs to improve <IR> in order to suit companies in the service industry. Integrated reporting has to be more compatible with the digital world and not necessarily paper based. More research must be done about what users need to see in IARs to enhance the relevance of the IAR to different stakeholders. Furthermore, the IIRC must proactively educate decision-makers for an improved buy-in of <IR>. Pertaining to transformation, de facto and de jure transformation remain merely theoretical without substantial changes on the ground. Government and the JSE should consider the nature of current disincentives since these seem not to sufficiently challenge the current status quo. Finally, more training on capitals and business models should be conducted in order to improve the quality of reporting since these two constructs are perceived to be complex and hence difficult to implement, especially through quantification. / Maikaelelo a a anameng a thutopatlisiso eno e e tlhalosang ya mekgwa e e tswakantsweng ya tatelano e ne e le go atolosa dikwalo tse di gona ka go dira tshupane ya maikarabelo ya polychotomous (PAI) e morago e neng ya dirisediwa go lekanyetsa le go sekaseka bogolo le boleng jwa dipegelo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tse di golaganeng (diIAR) tse di rulaganngwang ke ditlamo tse di kwadisitsweng kwa Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) mo pakeng ya 2013 go fitlha 2016. Thutopatlisiso e rotloeditswe ke tlhaelo ya dipatlisiso tse di malebana le gore a maikarabelo a ditlamo, ka dipegelo tsa ditlamo, a tokafetse (bogolo le boleng) ka fa tlase ga dipegelo tse di golaganeng (<IR>) ka maduo a a tokafatseng a boleng jwa dipegelo tse di golaganeng (IRQ). Thutopatlisiso e dirilwe ka magato a le mabedi. Legato la ntlha e ne e le la go dira PAI ka mokgwa wa Delphi Inquiry. Mo legatong leo, ka tshekatsheko ya diteng go dirisiwa mokgwa o o lebelelang dipalopalo le o o lebelelang mabaka, go dirisitswe PAI go lekanyetsa le go sekaseka bogolo le boleng wa diIAR tsa ditlamo tse di kwa Godimo tse 100 tsa JSE mo pakeng ya dingwaga tse nne (2013–2016). Legato la bobedi, le le neng le le mo sebopegong sa dipotsolotso tse di batlileng di rulagana, le ne le ikaeletse go batlisisa dintlha tse di tshwaetseng mo diphetogong tsa maduo a IRQ mo pakeng eo. Go botsoloditswe batsibogi ba le robedi (barulaganyi ba diIAR), ba ba emetseng ditlamo di le tlhano. Ka mokgwa wa Delphi Inquiry, go tlhamilwe PAI (tshwaelo e kgolo ya thutopatlisiso), e e nang le dikarolo tse robedi, ka megopolo e le 44, maduo otlhe a a kgonagalang a 152 le boima jotlhe jwa 100%. Mo godimo ga moo, PAI e na le thulaganyo ya maduo ya dintlha tse thataro go tswa go 0 go ya go 5. Malebana le maduo a IRQ, palogare ya maduo a ngwaga le ngwaga a IRQ, e tlhakanyeditswe go nna 52.45% ka 2013, 58.48% ka 2014, 64.72% ka 2015 le 68.29% ka 2016. Malebana le maphata a JSE gona, maduo a a kwa godimodimo a IRQ e ne e le 66.45%, 71.05%, 75% le 81.25% ka 2013, 2014, 2015 le 2016 ka tatelano eo. Go ya ka indaseteri, dipoelo di bontshitse maduo a a kwa godimodimo a IRQ a 66.45%, 72.37%, 70.72% le 62.42% ka 2013, 2014, 2015 le 2016 ka tatelano eo. Koketsego ka iketlo ya palogare ya maduo a IRQ a 2013, 2014, 2015 le 2016 e bontsha gore go na le tokafalo e e bonalang mo bogolong le boleng jwa diIAR tse di tlhagisiwang ke ditlamo tse di kwadisitsweng mo JSE. Tokafalo eno ya diIRQ ke ka ntlha ya mabaka a a farologaneng, a a akaretsang: barulaganyi ba tsotelela <IR> thata, tirisanommogo ya setlhopha, go itshwantsha le ba bangwe, katiso, maitemogelo, go samagana le ditlhokego tsa baamegi le go tlhaloganya dintlhatheo pele ga go diragatsa <IR>. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlamo dingwe di palelwa ke go tlhagisa diIAR tsa boleng ka ntlha ya dintlha di le mmalwa tse di akaretsang: go tlhaloganya go go sa lekanang ga <IR> ke barulaganyi bangwe ba diIAR; ditheo dingwe di sa bone boleng jwa go baakanya diIAR tsa boleng mme seo se dira gore di tlhagise diIAR tsa boleng jo bo kwa tlase; tshegetso e e sa lekanang, bogolo segolo ya botsamaisikhuduthamaga; tlhaelo ya bokgoni le ditlamelo; theko ya ditirelo kwa ntle, e leng se se supilweng se tla ka boleng jo bo kwa tlase jwa tiro le ditheo dingwe di tlhopha go lelekisa dikgele tsa mabono mme di ikgatholosa filosofi ya nnete ya <IR> ya setlamo, mme ka go rialo di ama boleng jwa diIAR. Go fitlheletswe diphitlhelelo tse di farologaneng. Go lemogilwe gore megopolo mengwe le dintlhatheo tsa <IR> di tshwanetse go rulaganngwa ka tsamaisano gore di se ke tsa ganetsana. Go tshwanetse ga itsisewe melanwana gore <IR> e nne motswako wa dintlhatheo le melawana gonne seno se ka fokotsa go atlhola ga barulaganyi. Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšha la Dipegelo tse di Golaganeng (IIRC) le tshwanetse go lepalepanya mareo a lona le a ditheo tse dingwe tse di kaelang, go tshwana le ditheo tse di lekanyetsang, gore <IR> e nne le bokao jo bo oketsegileng. Lekgotla la IIRC le tshwanetse go tokafatsa <IR> gore e siamele ditlamo tse di mo indasetering ya ditirelo. Dipegelo tse di golaganeng di tshwanetse go tsamaelana le lefatshe la dijitale mme e seng fela gore e nne tse di mo dipampiring. Go tshwanetse ga dirwa dipatlisiso tse dingwe malebana le gore badirisi ba tlhoka go bona eng mo diIAR go tokafatsa bomaleba jwa IAR mo baameging ba ba farologaneng. Go feta foo, lekgotla la IIRC le tshwanetse go ruta batsayaditshwetso gore go nne le tshegetso e e tokafetseng ya <IR>. Malebana le diphetogo, diphetogo tse di gona le tsa tshwanelo e sala go nna tiori fela mme go se na diphetogo tse di bonalang. Puso le JSE ba tshwanetse go lebelela dintlha tsa ga jaana tse di kgobang marapo ka ntlha ya fa go sa bonale fa di gwetlha seemo sa ga jaana mo go lekaneng. Kwa bokhutlong, go tshwanetse ga dirwa katiso e nngwe ya letlotlo le dikao tsa kgwebo go tokafatsa boleng jwa go dira dipegelo ka ntlha ya fa megopolo eno e mebedi e lebega e le marara mme ka jalo go se bonolo go e diragatsa, bogolo segolo ka dipalo. / Ndivho khulwane ya ṱhalutshedzo iyi ya ngona yo ṱanganelanaho ya thevhekano ho vha u engedza maṅwalwa a zwino nga u bveledza indekisi ya vhuḓifhinduleli yo khethekanywaho (PAI) ine ya dovha ya, shumiswa u kala na u ela vhuphara na ndeme ya mivhigo ya ṅwaha nga ṅwaha yo ṱanganelanaho (dzi IAR) yo lugiswaho nga vha khamphani dzo ṅwaliswaho kha Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) lwa tshifhinga tsha vhukati ha 2013 u swika 2016. Ngudo dzo ṱuṱuwedzwa nga u shaea ha ṱhoḓisiso dza nga ha uri vhuḓifhinduleli, u mona na u vhiga ha tshiofisi ho no khwiṋisea na (vhuphara na ndeme) nga fhasi ha u vhiga ho ṱanganelanaho (<IR>) nga kha zwikoro zwa ndeme ya u vhiga ho ṱanganelanaho (IRQ). Ngudo dzo itwa fhethu huvhili nga maga mavhili. Ḽiga ḽa u thoma ḽo vha ḽi ḽa u bveledza PAI nga kha ngona dza Ṱhoḓisiso dza Delphi. Kha ḽiga ḽeneḽo, nga kha musaukanyo wa vhungomu wo sedzaho ndeme na tshivhalo, PAI yo shumiswa u kala na u ela vhuphara na ndeme ya dzi IAR kha khamphani dza 100 dza nṱha dza JSE kha tshifhinga tsha miṅwaha miṋa (2013–2016). Ḽiga ḽa vhuvhili nga tshivhumbeo tsha inthaviwu dzo dzudzanywaho zwiṱuku dzi sengulusaho zwivhumbi zwi dzhenelelaho kha tshanduko ya zwikoro zwa IRQ lwa tshifhinga. Vhafhinduli vha malo (vhadzudzanyi vha dzi IAR), vho imelaho khamphani ṱhanu vho vhudziswa. Nga kha Ngona ya Ṱhoḓisiso dza Delphi, ho bveledzwa PAI (zwidzheneleli zwihulwane kha ngudo), dzi re na khethekanyo dza malo, miṱalukanyo ya 44, ṱhanganyelo dza zwikoro zwine zwa nga vha hone zwa 152 na ṱhanganyelo ya tshileme ya 100%. Zwiṅwe hafhu, PAI dzi na sisiṱeme ya zwikoro ya odinaḽa zwa phoindi dza rathi u bva kha 0 u swika kha 5. U itela zwikoro zwa IRO, zwikoro zwa vhukati zwa ṅwaha nga ṅwaha zwo rekanywa zwa vha 52.45% nga 2013, 58.48% nga 2014, 64.72% nga 2015 na 68.29% for 2016. Kha sekithara dza JSE, zwikoro zwa nṱhesa zwa IRQ zwo vha zwi 66.45%, 71.05%, 75% na 81.25% nga 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2016 nga u tevhekana. U ya nga kuvhonele kwa nḓowetshumo, mvelelo dzo sumbedza zwikoro zwa nṱhesa zwa IRQ zwa 66.45%, 72.37%, 70.72% na 62.42% nga 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2016 nga u tevhekana. U gonya zwiṱuku kha zwikoro zwa vhukati zwa IRQ zwa 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2016 zwi sumbedza uri hu na u khwiṋisea hu hulwane kha vhuphara na ndeme ya dzi IAR dzo bveledzwaho vha khamphani dzi re kha JSE. U khwiṋisea uhu ha dzi IRQ ndi nga ṅwambo wa zwiitisi, zwine zwa katela vhadzudzanyi vha dzhielaho <IR> nṱha, u shuma sa thimu, u vhambedza, vhugudisi, tshenzhelo, u livhana na ṱhoḓea dza vhadzheneleli na u pfesesa milayo phanḓa ha musi i tshi shumiswa <IR>. Nṱhani ha izwo, dziṅwe khamphani dzi a kundelwa u bveledzwa dzi IAR nga ṅwambo zwa zwiitisi zwo vhalaho , zwi katelaho u sa pfesea lwo lingaho ha <IR> nga vhaṅwe vhadzudzanyi vha dzi IAR, zwiṅwe zwiimiswa zwi sa vhoni ndeme ya u ita dzi IAR dza ndeme zwa sia vha tshi bvledza dzi IAR dza ndeme i sa takadzi, u zwi ṱanganedza hu si nga mbilu dzoṱhe nga maanḓa vha vhalanguli vhahulwane; u shaea ha zwikili na zwiko; u ṱunḓa tshumelo nnḓa zwine zwo topolwa sa zwi ḓisaho mushumo wa ndeme i sa takadzi na zwiṅwe zwiimiswa zwi tshi funa u gidimisana na pfufho dza maimo hu sa dzhielwi nṱha fiḽosofi ya vhukuma ya <IR> dza khamphani, zwine zwa thivhela ndeme ya dzi IAR kha kuitele kwa zwithu. Ho swikelelwa khunyeledzo dzo fhambanaho. Ho vhonala uri miṅwe miṱalukanyo ya <IR> na milayo i tea u dzudzanywa u itela uri i sa vhe na khuḓano. Milayo i tea u ḓivhadzwa u itela uri <IR> dzi vha ṱhanganyelo ya milayo na maitele saizwi zwi tshi nga fhungudza khaṱhulo dza vhadzudzanyi. Khoro ya Dzitshakatshaka yo Ṱanganelanaho ya u Vhiga (IIRC) i tea u dzudzanya mathemo ayo na ayo a zwiimiswa nyendedzi, zwi nga ho sa mazhendedzi a u fhima, u ṋea ṱhalutshedzo ya khwiṋe kha <IR>. Vha IIRC vha tea u khwiṋisa <IR> u itela uri dzi elane na nḓowetshumo dza tshumelo. U vhiga ho ṱanganelanaho hu tea u elana vhukuma na ḽifhasi ḽa didzhithala nahone hu sa ḓisendeke nga bammbiri. Hu tea u itwa ṱhoḓisiso nga ha zwine vhashumisi vha vhona kha dzi IAR u khwaṱhisedza u tea ha IAR dza vhashumisani vho fhambanaho. Dziṅwe hafhu, IIRC i tea u funza vhadzhii vha tsheo lwo khwaṱhaho u itela u khwiṋisa u ḓidzhenisa kha <IR>. Zwi tshi elana na tshanduko, tshanduko ya de facto na ya de jure i sokou dzula i ya thyori hu si na tshanduko dzi vhonalaho ngeno fhasi. Muvhuso na JSE vha tea dzhiela nṱha lushaka lwa sa vha hone ha zwiṱuṱuwedzi saizwi izwi zwi tshi tou nga zwi ṋekedza khaedu lwo linganaho tshiimo tsha zwithu tsha zwino. Tsha u fhedzisela, vhugudisi kha zwiedza zwa pfuma na bindu vhu tea u itwa u itela u khwiṋisa ndeme ya u vhiga saizwi izwo zwifhaṱo zwivhili zwi tshi vhonala sa zwi konḓaho nahone zwi konḓaho u shumisa, nga maanḓa nga kha u vhekanya ndeme / Financial Accounting / D. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Sesotho and isiXhosa / The importance of investment information seeking cannot be overemphasised. Seeking information to support investment decision-making is a key component of every successful investment business. The literature review revealed that informed investors make greater use of accounting disclosures and non-earnings information in order to form more precise earnings expectations. By contrast, a lack of accurate investment information makes it difficult for investors to decide when to buy, hold or sell their investment. This study investigated information needs and seeking behaviour of black investors in the MTN Asonge scheme in Capricorn District of Limpopo Province. The study endeavoured to acquire understanding of investors’ information needs and how they seek information to support their investment decisions. To this end, a qualitative phenomenological research approach was followed. Purposive snowball sampling was applied to sample the study respondents who were later interviewed. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with six investors to collect data which were subsequently analysed thematically. The three types of information sources identified as core to investment decision-making include personal, online and printed information. The findings showed that although the majority of MTN Asonge investors were aware of different formats in which investment information is available, they did not use modern electronic information storing and retrieval strategies, such as conducting online internet searches to access information published on corporate websites. The respondents experienced various challenges when seeking investment information, opting to rely on personal sources such as friends, close relatives and colleagues. Furthermore, the investors appeared not to be aware of personal information sources such as investment advisors, information brokers, roundtables and one-on-one discussions. The study recommended intensive investor education as well as a comparative investigation of information seeking behaviour amongst other members of BEE investment schemes in South Africa. / Bohlokwa bja go nyaka tshedimošo ya peeletšo bo ka se gatelelwe go fetišiša. Go nyaka tshedimošo ya go thekga tšeo ya sephetho ke karolo ye bohlokwa ya kgwebo ye nngwe le ye nngwe ya peeletšo ye a atlegilego. Tshekatsheko ya dingwalo e utolotše gore babeeletši ba go ba le tsebo ba šomiša ka tshwanelo dikutullo tša tšhupamatlotlo le tshedimošo ye e sego ya go tsenya letseno, go bopa gagolo ditetelo tše itšeng tša letseno. Ka go le lengwe, tlhokego ya tshedimošo ya peeletšo ye e nepagetšego e dira gore go be boima go babeeletši go tšea sephetho sa gore ke neng mo ba rekago, swarelelago goba go rekiša peeletšo ya bona. Nyakišišo ye e nyakišišitše dinyakwa tša tshedimošo le mokgwa wa go nyaka tshedimošo ya babeeletši ba bathobaso ka gare ga sekema sa MTN Asonge ka seleteng sa Capricorn sa Profentshe ya Limpopo. Nyakišišo e lekile go hwetša kwešišo ya dinyakwa tša tshedimošo ya babeeletši le ka fao ba nyakang tshedimošo ya go thekga diphetho tša peeletšo ya bona. Go fihla mo, mokgwa wa khwalithethifi wa nyakišišo wa diponagalo o latetšwe. Go dira sampole ya koketšo ya nepo go šomišitšwe go dira sampole ya bakgathatema ba nyakišišo bao go boledišanwego nabo. Dipoledišano le batho ka o tee ka o tee tša dipotšišo tše di bulegilego di didirilwe ka babeeletši ba selela, go kgoboketša datha yeo morago e sekasekilwego ka tekanyetšo. Mehuta ye meraro ya methopo ya tshedimošo yeo e hlaotšwego bjalo ka ya motheo tšeong ya diphetho tša peeletšo e akaretša ya motho ka noši, onelaene le ya go gatišwa. Dikutullo di laeditše gore le ge bontši bja babeeletši ba MTN Asonge ba be ba lemoga mehuta ya go fapana yeo tshedimošo ya peeletšo e hwetšegago ka yona, ga se ba šomiše mekgwa ya sebjalebjale ya go hwetša le go lota tshedimošo ya ilektroniki, go swana le go dira diphuruphutšo tša inthanete tša onelaene go fihlelela tshedimošo ye e phatlaladitšwego diweposaeteng tša dikgwebo. Bakgathatema ba itemogetše ditlhohlo tša go fapana ge ba nyaka tshedimošo ya peeletšo, ba kgetha go tshepha methopo ya bona ka noši go swana le bagwera, maloko a kgauswi le bašomišane. Gape, babeeletši ba bonagetše ba sa lemoge methopo ya tshedimošo ya batho ka noši go swana le baeletši ba peeletšo, dientšente tša tshedimošo, dikopano le dipoledišano tša batho ka o tee ka o tee. Nyakišišo e šišintše thuto ya babeeletši ye e tseneletšego, le nyakišišo ya papetšo ka go mokgwa wa go nyaka tshedimošo magareng a maloko a mangwe a dikema tša peeletšo tša BEE ka Afrika Borwa. / Nkoka wa ku lava vuxokoxoko bya vuvekisi wu nga ka wu nga tsongahatiwi. Ku lavana na vuxokoxoko bya ku seketela ku endliwa ka swiboho hi vuvekisi i xiyenge xa nkoka swinene eka bindzu ra vuvekisi rin'wana na rin'wana ro humelela. Ku hlayiwa ka matsalwa swi kombe leswo vavekisi lava va nga na vutivi va tirhisa ngopfu ku paluxiwa ka vutivi hi swa malawulelo ya swa timali na vutivi lebyi byi nga vuyeseriku, ku endla leswo ku languteriwa vuvuyerisi byo kotlana swinene. Loko swi pimanisiwa, ku pfumaleka ka vutivi bya vuvekisi swi endla leswo swi nonon'hwa eka vavekisi ku endla swiboho loko va xava, va khoma kumbe ku xavisa vuvekisi bya vona. Dyondzo leyi yi endle vulavisisi hi swilaveko swa vutivi, na matikhomelo yo lava vutivi bya vavekisi va vantima eka xikimu xa MTN Asonge eka distriki ya le Capricorn eka xifundzhankulu xa Limpopo. Vulavisisi lebyi byi na xikongomelo xa ku kuma ku twisisa hi swilaveko swa vutivi eka vavekisi na leswo xana va byi lavisa ku yini vutivi ku seketela swiboho swa vona swa vuvekisi. Mayelana na leswi, ku landzeleriwe fambiselo ra ndzavisiso wa qualitative phenemenological. Ku tirhisiwe sampuli ya fambiselo ra purposeful snowball sampling ku kuma sampuli ya ndzavisiso hi vateka xiavo lava ku nga endliwa mabulu ya interview na vona. Ku endliwe ti-interview na vanhu hi wun'we wun'we leri vitaniwaka semi-structured interview, leswi nga endliwa na vavekisi va ntsevu, ku hlengeleta data, leyi endzhaku ka swona yi nga xopaxopiwa hi tinhlokomhaka to karhi. Minxaka minharhu ya swihlovo swa vutivi swi ve swi voniwa tani hi swa nkoka eka ku endla swiboho hi vuvekisi, ku nga leswi katsaka munhu xiviri, ku kuma vutivi eka inthanete (online) na leswi printiweke. Vuyelo lebyi kumiweke byi kombise leswo hambi loko vunyingi bya vavekisi va MTN Asonge a va twisisa hi tifomete to hambana laha ku kumekaku kona vuviti bya vuvekisi, vavekisi a va tirhisangi vutivi bya elektroniki lebyi hlayisiweke na maqhinga yo byi humesa vutivi bya kona, yo fana na ku secha eka online hi inthanete ku fikelela vutivi lebyi paluxiweke eka ti-website ta khampani. Lava nga hlamula swivutiso va ve na mintlhontlho yo hambana-hambana loko va lava vutivi bya vuvekisi, leswi nga endla leswo va tshembela eka vutivi bya vanhu xiviri, byo fana no byi kuma eka vanghana, va ndyangu na maxaka na vatirhikulobye. Ku ya emahlweni, vavekisi va kombisa ku kala ku twisisa hi swihlovo swa vuviti swo fana na vatsundzuxi hi swa vuvekisi, tibrokhara ta vutivi bya vuvekisi, tinhlengeletano ta vanhu to tsundzuxa na mabulu yo khoma na munhu hi wun'we wun'we. Dyondzo leyi ya ndzavisiso yi bumabumela leswo ku endliwa dyondzo ya vuvekisi, na tindlela to lava vutivi hi ku pimapimanisa eka swikimu swa BEE swa vuvekisi eAfrika Dzonga. / Information Science / M. Inf.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of alcohol abuse on intimate partner violence (IPV) committed in Kibera, Kenya. The study is premised on the high prevalence of IPV and alcohol abuse in Kenya, especially among informal settlement dwellers. Kenya is geographically located in Eastern Africa. Kibera is an informal settlement in the country’s capital city, Nairobi, and is plagued by extreme poverty, unemployment and crime. A qualitative approach was implemented and a case study research design employed. Non-probability sampling, using purposive and snowball techniques, was used to select research participants. A total of 32 female victims of IPV made up the sample used in the study. Although the study did not intend to exclude males from the sample, no male victims of IPV could be located. Semi-structured interviews were held individually with each participant. Ethical considerations were actively applied throughout the duration of the study. The raw data collected were thematically analysed. The findings of the study revealed that most of the participants were under 40 years old, married, and had at least one child. Their educational levels were limited, and their occupations as well as their partners’ occupations generated low incomes. Physical and psychological abuse were cited as the most common types of abuse. However, sexual abuse was still prevalent and in some cases was extended to the children. The physical and psychological impacts were identified as the most prevalent effects of IPV. The effects on the children and family were also explored. The study found a strong link between alcohol use and IPV. However, alcohol use and/or abuse could not be identified as the only causal factor of IPV. Interestingly, the participants’ experiences highlighted the patriarchal and cultural milieu significant to Kibera. It was found that the patriarchal nature maintained in Kibera is one of the factors contributing to IPV and its perpetuation. / Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza athari za pombe kwa dhuluma zinazosababishwa na mpenzi unayeshiriki naye ngono (IPV) katika eneo la Kibera nchini Kenya. Utafiti huu unatokana na kiwango cha juu cha hali ya IPV na unywaji wa pombe kupindukia nchini Kenya, hasa kwa wanaoishi kwenye mitaa ya mabanda. Kenya hupatikana katika eneo la kijiografia la Afrika Mashariki. Kibera ni mtaa wa mabanda ambao unapatikana katika mji mkuu wa Nairobi. Kibera inakabiliwa na umasikini uliokithiri, ukosefu wa ajira na uhalifu. Mbinu ya kutathmini ubora ilitumika, na uchunguzi kifani ulitumika. Sampuli isiyokuwa na welekeo wa uwezekano ilitumika, kwa kutumia mbinu za kimakusudi, na kwa kuongeza mambo utafiti unapoendelea wakati wa kuchagua watu wa kushiriki kwenye utafiti. Jumla ya waathiriwa wa IPV 32 wa kike walitumika kama sampuli katika utafiti huu. Ijapokuwa utafiti haukuwa na lengo la kutowashirikisha wanaume, hakuna muathiriwa wa IPV wa kiume alipatikana. Maswali yaliyokuwa na utaratibu maalum yalitumika kwa kila mshiriki. Maadili yalizingatiwa mno wakati wa mchakato mzima wa utafiti. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kwa kuzingatia mada. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalionyesha kuwa wengi wa washiriki waliokuwa na umri usiozidi miaka 40, walikuwa wameolewa na angalau mtoto mmoja. Hawakuwa wamesoma mno, na wao pamoja na wapenzi wao walikuwa na ajira zenye ujira duni. Kupigwa na kuteswa kisaikolojia ni dhuluma zilizojitokeza mno. Hata hivyo, unyanyasaji wa kimapenzi bado ulishuhudiwa na hata wakati mwingine ulifanyiwa watoto. Madhara kwa mwili na ya kisaikolojia yalijitokeza kama athari kuu za IPV. Athari kwa watoto na kwa familia pia zilichunguzwa. Utafiti huu ulionyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano mkuu kati ya matumizi ya pombe kupindukia na IPV. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya pombe/au kulewa kupindukia siyo tu mambo yanayosababisha IPV. Cha kushangaza, hali zilizoelezwa na washiriki zilionyesha umuhimu wa mfumo dume kwa utamaduni wa watu wa Kibera. Iligunduliwa kuwa mfumo wa udume unaoendelea katika eneo la kibera, ni mojawapo wa mambo yanayochangia IPV na kuendelezwa kwake Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza athari za pombe kwa dhuluma zinazosababishwa na mpenzi unayeshiriki naye ngono (IPV) katika eneo la Kibera nchini Kenya. Utafiti huu unatokana na kiwango cha juu cha hali ya IPV na unywaji wa pombe kupindukia nchini Kenya, hasa kwa wanaoishi kwenye mitaa ya mabanda. Kenya hupatikana katika eneo la kijiografia la Afrika Mashariki. Kibera ni mtaa wa mabanda ambao unapatikana katika mji mkuu wa Nairobi. Kibera inakabiliwa na umasikini uliokithiri, ukosefu wa ajira na uhalifu. Mbinu ya kutathmini ubora ilitumika, na uchunguzi kifani ulitumika. Sampuli isiyokuwa na welekeo wa uwezekano ilitumika, kwa kutumia mbinu za kimakusudi, na kwa kuongeza mambo utafiti unapoendelea wakati wa kuchagua watu wa kushiriki kwenye utafiti. Jumla ya waathiriwa wa IPV 32 wa kike walitumika kama sampuli katika utafiti huu. Ijapokuwa utafiti haukuwa na lengo la kutowashirikisha wanaume, hakuna muathiriwa wa IPV wa kiume alipatikana. Maswali yaliyokuwa na utaratibu maalum yalitumika kwa kila mshiriki. Maadili yalizingatiwa mno wakati wa mchakato mzima wa utafiti. Data iliyokusanywa ilichanganuliwa kwa kuzingatia mada. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yalionyesha kuwa wengi wa washiriki waliokuwa na umri usiozidi miaka 40, walikuwa wameolewa na angalau mtoto mmoja. Hawakuwa wamesoma mno, na wao pamoja na wapenzi wao walikuwa na ajira zenye ujira duni. Kupigwa na kuteswa kisaikolojia ni dhuluma zilizojitokeza mno. Hata hivyo, unyanyasaji wa kimapenzi bado ulishuhudiwa na hata wakati mwingine ulifanyiwa watoto. Madhara kwa mwili na ya kisaikolojia yalijitokeza kama athari kuu za IPV. Athari kwa watoto na kwa familia pia zilichunguzwa. Utafiti huu ulionyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano mkuu kati ya matumizi ya pombe kupindukia na IPV. Hata hivyo, matumizi ya pombe/au kulewa kupindukia siyo tu mambo yanayosababisha IPV. Cha kushangaza, hali zilizoelezwa na washiriki zilionyesha umuhimu wa mfumo dume kwa utamaduni wa watu wa Kibera. Iligunduliwa kuwa mfumo wa udume unaoendelea katika eneo la kibera, ni mojawapo wa mambo yanayochangia IPV na kuendelezwa kwake Utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa kwa waathiriwa wa IPV, jamii wanazotoka na watungaji wa sheria za kitaifa bila kusahau jamii ya watafiti wa kisayansi. / Maikemisetso a thutopatlisiso eno e ne e le go tlhotlhomisa tshusumetso ya tiriso e e botlhaswa ya nnotagi mo tirisodikgokeng ya balekane ba baratani (IPV) e e diragalang kwa Kibera, Kenya. Thutopatlisiso e theilwe mo tiragalong e e kwa godimo ya IPV le tiriso e e botlhaswa ya nnotagi kwa Kenya, bogolo segolo magareng ga banni ba mafelo a baipei. Kenya e fitlhelwa kwa Botlhaba jwa Aforika. Kibera ke lefelo la baipei mo motsemogolong wa naga, Nairobi, mme e aparetswe ke lehuma, botlhokatiro le bosenyi jo bo boitshegang. Go dirisitswe molebo o o lebelelang mabaka mme ga dirisiwa thadiso ya thutopatlisiso e e lebelelang kgetse. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa go tlhopha sampole moo baagi ba se nang tšhono e e tshwanang ya go nna le seabe le dithekeniki tsa go tlhopha sampole go ya ka maitlhomo le go letla banni-le-seabe ba pele go ngokela ba bangwe go tlhopha banni-le-seabe ba patlisiso. Palogotlhe ya batswasetlhabelo ba basadi ba IPV ba le 32 e nnile sampole e e dirisitsweng mo thutopatlisisong. Le fa thutopatlisiso e ne e sa ikaelela go se akaretse banna mo sampoleng, go ne go se na batswasetlhabelo bape ba IPV ba banna ba ba tlhageletseng. Go nnile le dipotsolotso tse di batlileng go rulagana tse di tshwerweng le monni-le-seabe mongwe le mongwe ka sebele. Go dirisitswe ntlha ya maitsholo a a siameng ka botlhaga mo tsamaong ya thutopatlisiso yotlhe. Data e e kokoantsweng e ne ya lokololwa go ya ka meono. Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di senotse gore bontsi jwa banni-le-seabe ba ne ba le dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga 40, ba nyetswe mme ba na le bonnye ngwana a le mongwe. Seelo sa bona sa thuto se ne se lekanyeditswe mme ditiro tsa bona gammogo le tsa balekane ba bona di ne di tsenya letseno le le kwa tlase. Tshotlakako ya mo mmeleng le ya maikutlo di tlhagisitswe jaaka mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata ya tshotlakako. Le gale, tshotlakako ya thobalano e ne e ntse e le teng mme mo mabakeng mangwe e ne e fetela le mo baneng. Ditlamorago tsa mo mmeleng le mo tlhaloganyong di supilwe jaaka ditlamorago tse di bonalang thata tsa IPV. Go lebeletswe le ditlamorago mo baneng le mo lelapeng. Thutopatlisiso e fitlhetse go na le kgolagano e e maatla magareng ga tiriso ya nnotagi le IPV. Le gale, tiriso le/gongwe tiriso e e botlhaswa ya nnotagi ga e a supiwa e le yona fela ntlha e e bakang xi IPV. Se se kgatlhisang ke gore maitemogelo a banni-le-seabe a senotse ka moo tsamaiso e e letlang banna go laola basadi le setso di laolang basadi ka gona mo loagong e leng se se maleba tota kwa Kiberia. Go fitlhetswe gore tsamaiso ya setšhaba e e letlang banna go laola basadi e e tswelediwang kwa Kiberia ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di tshwaelang le go etegetsa IPV. Thutopatlisiso e lebeletse go ungwela batswasetlhabelo ba IPV, baagi ba selegae le lekgotlataolo la bosetšhaba, gammogo le dipatlisiso tsa saense. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

Abstract in English with Afrikaans and SeTswana translation / Evidence from relevant literature indicates that abandoned and failed projects have become prevalent in the Botswana context. Poor stakeholder management has been identified as a salient contributor to this challenge. To this end, various stakeholder management (SM) frameworks, models and methodologies have been developed. Nevertheless, the increasing incidence of project failure and abandonment in the Botswana construction industry indicates significant underperformance of these SM methodologies. A cursory appraisal of SM models highlights the linearity of the stakeholder relationship management (SRM) curve, i.e. between the client, consultants and contractors, with SRM responsibilities being domiciled with the client or their representative in most cases. Also, the dynamics associated with changes in stakeholder attributes during project delivery are not catered for by extant SM and relationship management models. In addition, extant SM models focus on the relationship between the project stakeholders on the one hand and the external stakeholders on the other, and others cater for project stakeholders alone. This implies that the models currently deployed for SM in the Botswana construction context remain defective. Contracting organisations (contractors) have been blamed for their inability to manage relationships with projects and external stakeholders during project delivery. Yet, these entities are not at the epicentre of SRM on construction projects. This study provides answers to the gaps highlighted. As its central objective, this study set out to develop and validate a contractor-driven stakeholder relationship management framework (CSRMF) for the Botswana construction industry. The emergent framework which leverages on the attributes of the customer relationship model (CRM) overcomes the shortcomings mentioned previously. An interpretivist philosophical paradigm was adopted in this qualitative case study research study based on pre-determined case selection criteria. Owing to the need to attain analytic generalisation through adherence to replication logic, a multi-case study research design was utilised. Six contractor organisations categorised according to scale and operating within Gaborone were selected. The unit of analysis centred on the relationship between the contracting organisations and other project stakeholders on selected projects being procured and delivered under a diverse range of contracting strategies. Data was collected through a sequential multi-method approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with project managers representing these construction contracting organisations on the selected projects. To enable replication, care was taken to select two contracting organisations per level – large, medium and small according to prevalent grades. Samples across the different sizes of the contractors allowed for better generalisability. Relevant projects and organisational documents were reviewed. Furthermore, data from the various stages was analysed using the qualitative content analysis technique. The findings of the study show that most of the contractors in Botswana related to their project stakeholders without a model or framework when handling relationship management with project stakeholders. These findings are a reflection of the small, medium and large construction contractors in the Botswana construction industry. There was further indication that the small, medium and large contractors had a way of managing stakeholder relationships and resolving conflicts, and thus the level of experience and knowledge within the contracting firm had a significant influence on how they managed their project stakeholder relationships in the course of project procurement and delivery. In addition, the study findings demonstrate that the nature of contracting strategy had a significant influence on how various categories of contractors related to their stakeholders on construction projects. The traditional method was found to be the main procurement strategy used in the Botswana construction industry, and this approach was fairly rigid to implement effective contractor-driven stakeholder relationship management. Other procurement strategies, such as design-and-build, and construction management are used in Botswana with their positive and negative impacts on contractors’ capability to manage their project stakeholder relationships and related matters effectively. Further evaluation of the findings led to the identification of key success factors for CSRMF development to foster effective contractor-stakeholder relationship management. These key success factors are effective communication, collaboration, engagement and cooperation among clients and contractors and consultants’ commitment; employee (stakeholder) engagement and satisfaction and capacity building; in-depth understanding of all project stakeholders and their importance and influence; and strategies to manage their relationship effectively in the course of project design, procurement and delivery. Based on the evaluation of formulated propositions and analysis of empirical data and results tested in this study, the findings also support the following analytical generalisations: the construction contracting organisations in Botswana do not have any SRM frameworks in place for engaging with stakeholders in their different projects; contractors in Botswana recognise the need to do better in managing their project stakeholder relationships; and there is an apparent gap in technical skills and limited ability of contractors to manage relationships with project stakeholders. Premised on the findings, a contractor-driven stakeholder relationship management framework was developed. The CSRMF was validated by two focus groups, namely sampled project managers from the semi-structured interviews, and relevant professionals and other academics in the industry. The validation was done to assess the relevance of the CSRMF in their management of relations. The CSRMF will provide guidance for bridging the gaps identified. It will be adopted and utilised by contractors to achieve efficiencies in the management of relationships with stakeholders, thus saving time and costs and securing improved quality and, most of all, client satisfaction. / Volgens die literatuur misluk die meeste projekte in Botswana. Swak bestuur deur die belanghebbendes in die projekte is die hoofrede hiervoor. Talle raamwerke, modelle en metodologieë gemik op doeltreffende bestuur van belanghebbendes (BB) is as oplossing vir hierdie probleem voorgestel. Dat al hierdie BB-metodologieë egter gebrekkig is, blyk uit ʼn toename in die aantal mislukte projekte in die konstruksiebedryf wat laat vaar is. ʼn Oppervlakkige ondersoek van die BB-modelle het aan die lig gebring dat die belanghebbendeverhoudingsbestuur- (BVB) kromme afgeplat is. Hierdie kromme gee ʼn aanduiding van die verhouding tussen die kliënt, konsultante en kontrakteurs. Belanghebbendeverhoudingsbestuur berus meestal by kliënte of hulle verteenwoordigers. Die bestaande BB- en verhoudingsbestuurmodelle maak geensins vir veranderinge in die eienskappe van belanghebbendes tydens die lewering van ʼn projek voorsiening nie. Hierbenewens fokus sommige BB-modelle op die verhouding tussen eksterne belanghebbendes en projekbelanghebbendes, en party slegs op projekbelanghebbendes. Om hierdie rede is die modelle wat tans in Botswana se konstruksiebedryf toegepas word, ontoereikend. Kontrakteurorganisasies word dikwels daarvan beskuldig dat hulle nie tydens die lewering van ʼn projek in staat is om hulle verhouding tussen eksterne en projekbelanghebbendes te bestuur nie. Hierdie groepe staan egter nie in die brandpunt van konstruksieprojekte se BVB nie. Hierdie studie poog om oplossings te bied vir die tekortkomings wat aangetoon is. Die oogmerk is ʼn raamwerk vir kontrakteurgedrewe belanghebbendeverhoudingsbestuur (RKBVB) vir die konstruksiebedryf in Botswana. Hierdie raamwerk steun op die kliënteverhoudingsmodel (KVM) om die gemelde tekortkomings te verbeter. Hierdie kwalitatiewe gevallestudie berus op vooraf vasgestelde kriteria vir die keuse van gevalle. Daarby word ʼn interpretatiewe filosofiese paradigma in hierdie studie gevolg. Aangesien analitiese veralgemening volgens die eise van replikasielogika die doelwit was, behels die navorsingsontwerp veelvuldige gevallestudies. Ses kontrakteurorganisasies in Gaborone wat volgens ʼn skaal gekategoriseer is, is gekies. Die verhouding tussen hierdie kontrakteurorganisasies en die belanghebbendes in projekte wat volgens ʼn verskeidenheid kontrakstrategieë verkry en gelewer is, was die ontledingseenheid. Data is volgens ʼn sekwensiële multimetodebenadering ingewin, en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is met die projekbestuurders van hierdie ix konstruksiemaatskappye gevoer. Om replisering te vergemaklik, is twee kontrakteurorganisasies volgens hulle vlak – groot, middelslag en klein en graad gekies. Die onderskeid op grond die grootte van die kontrakteurs het tot veralgemening meegehelp. Insae is in die projek- en maatskappydokumente verkry. Die data wat in elke stadium ingewin is, is volgens die kwalitatiewe tegniek ontleed. Op grond van die bevindings het die meeste kontrakteurs sonder enige model of raamwerk hulle verhouding met die projekbelanghebbendes bestuur. Hulle verteenwoordig alle klein, middelslag en groot konstruksiekontrakteurs in Botswana. Die gebrek aan kennis en ervaring in die bestuur van hulle verhouding met belanghebbendes en die beslegting van geskille in die verkryging en lewering van projekte was ooglopend. Daar is voorts bevind dat die aard van die kontraktuele strategie ʼn beduidende invloed gehad het op hoe die onderskeie kategorieë van kontrakteurs verhoudings met die belanghebbendes in konstruksieprojekte aanknoop. Verder is bevind dat die konstruksiebedryf tradisionele verkrygingstrategie meestal volg. Hierdie strategie is taamlik rigied en bevorder nie juis kontrakteurgedrewe belanghebbendeverhoudingsbestuur nie. Ander verkrygingstrategieë, soos die ontwerp-en-boustrategie, en konstruksiebestuur word in Botswana toegepas, en kan kontrakteurs se vermoë om hulle verhouding met die belanghebbendes in projekte en aanverwantesake doeltreffend te bestuur, enersyds bevorder en andersyds belemmer. Verskeie suksesfaktore vir kontakteur-belanghebberverhoudingsbestuur (KBVB) is op grond van die bevindings onderskei, te wete effektiewe kommunikasie, medewerking, betrokkenheid en samewerking tussen kliënte en kontrakteurs asook konsultante se verbintenis; werknemer (belanghebbendes) se betrokkenheid, bevrediging en kapasiteitsbou; ʼn grondige begrip van alle belanghebbendes in ʼn projek en van hulle belang en invloed; en strategieë om verhoudings effektief in die ontwerp, verkryging en lewering van ʼn projek effektief te bestuur. Die bevindings, wat op die beoordeling van die geformuleerde voorstelle en ʼn ontleding van die empiriese data berus, het tot die volgende analitiese veralgemenings gelei: konstruksiemaatskappye in Botswana het geen BVB-raamwerk waarvolgens hulle met belanghebbers in projekte omgaan nie; hulle besef dat hulle hul verhouding met belanghebbendes in projekte beter behoort te bestuur; en kontrakteurs beskik blykbaar nie oor die tegniese vaardighede en vermoëns om hulle verhouding met belanghebbendes in projekte te bestuur nie. x ʼn Raamwerk vir kontrakteurgedrewe belanghebberverhoudingsbestuur (RKBVB) is op grond van die bevindings ontwikkel. Die RKBVB is deur twee fokusgroepe gevalideer, naamlik projekbestuurders enersyds en beroepslui en akademici in die bedryf andersyds, ten einde die relevansie van die RKBVB te toets. Die raamwerk help kontrakteurs om die genoemde probleme op te los. Aangesien dit kontrakteurs sal help om hulle verhouding met belanghebbendes doeltreffend te bestuur, sal dit nie alleen tyd en geld spaar nie, maar ook die gehalte van hulle werk en bowenal kliënttevredenheid verbeter. / Bosupi go tswa mo dikwalong tse di maleba bo supa gore diporojeke tse di phuagantsweng le tse di padileng di dintsi kwa Botswana. Go supilwe botsamaisi jo bo bokoa jwa baamegi jaaka setshwaedi se segolo mo kgwetlhong eno. Ka ntlha ya seno, go tlhamilwe matlhomeso a le mmalwa a botsamaisi jwa baamegi (SM), dikao le mekgwa. Le fa go le jalo, koketsego ya ditiragalo tsa go pala le go phuaganngwa ga diporojeke mo indasetering ya kago kwa Botswana e supa tiragatso e e bokowa thata ya mekgwa eno ya SM. Tshekatsheko ya ka bonako ya dikao tsa SM e bontsha tatelano ya segoro sa botsamaisi jwa dikamano le baamegi (SRM), k.g.r. magareng ga modirelwa, baemedi le bakonteraka, mme maikarabelo a SRM a patagantswe le badirelwa gongwe baemedi ba bona mo mabakeng a le mantsi. Gape dintlha tse di amanang le diphetogo mo diponagalong tsa baamegi mo tsamaong ya tlamelo ya porojeke ga di a akarediwa mo dikaong tsa ga jaana tsa SM le botsamaisi jwa dikamano. Go tlalaletsa foo, dikao tsa ga jaana tsa SM di totile dikamano magareng ga baamegi ba diporojeke ka fa letsogong je lengwe, le baamegi ba kwa ntle ka fa go je lengwe, mme tse dingwe di lebelela baamegi ba diporojeke fela. Seno se kaya gore dikao tse di dirisiwang ga jaana mo dikonterakeng tsa Botswana ga di a siama. Ditlamo tsa kago (bakonteraka) di latofalediwa go palelwa ke go tsamaisa dikamano tsa diporojeke le baamegi ba kwa ntle ka nako ya tsamaiso ya diporojeke. Fela, ditheo tseo ga di mo mookong wa SRM mo diporojekeng tsa kago. Thutopatlisiso e neela dikarabo tsa ditlhaelo tse di supilweng. Maikaelelomagolo a thutopatlisiso e ne e le go tlhamela le go tlhomamisetsa indaseteri ya kago ya Botswana letlhomeso la botsamaisi jwa dikamano tsa baamegi (CSRMF) le le tsamaisiwang ke mokonteraka. Letlhomeso le le tlhagelelang le le dirisang diponagalo tsa sekao sa dikamano tsa badirisi (CRM) le fenya ditlhaelo tse di kailweng fa pejana. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa filosofi o o ikaegileng ka go ranola le go tlhaloganya mo thutopatlisisong eno e e lebelelang mabaka mme go dirisitswe mokgwa wa go tlhopha dikgetse o o sweditsweng pele. Ka ntlha ya botlhokwa jwa go lebelela gore a diphitlhelelo tsa tshekatsheko di ka fetisega ka go obamela ntlha ya ntsifatso, go dirisitswe thadiso ya thutopatlisiso ya dikgetsidintsi. Go tlhophilwe ditheo di le thataro tsa dikonteraka tse di arogantsweng go ya ka seelo mme di dira kwa Gaborone. Tokololo e ne e ikaegile ka dikamano magareng ga ditheo tsa kago le baamegi ba bangwe ba diporojeke mo diporojekeng tse di tlhophilweng tse di rebotsweng le go xii diragadiwa ka ditogamaano tse di farologaneng tsa kago. Go kokoantswe data ka molebo wa mekgwamentsi o o dirang ka tatelano moo go dirilweng dipotsolotso tse di batlileng di rulagane le batsamaisi ba diporojeke ba ba neng ba emetse ditheo tseno tsa kago mo diporojekeng tse di tlhophilweng. Go kgontsha ntsifatso, go etswe tlhhoko gore go tlhophiwa ditheo tse pedi tsa kago mo legatong lengwe le lengwe – le legolo, le le magareng le le lennye go ya ka dikaroganyo tse di gona. Go dirisa disampole go ralala dikonteraka tsa bogolo jo bo farologaneng go dirile gore go akaretsa go nne botoka. Go sekasekilwe diporojeke le dikwalo tse di maleba tsa ditheo Mo godimo ga moo, go lokolotswe go tswa mo dateng ya magato a a farologaneng go dirisiwa thekeniki ya go lokolola diteng go lebeletswe mabaka. Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di bontsha gore bontsi jwa dikonteraka mo Botswana bo amana le baamegi ba diporojeke kwa ntle ga sekao gongwe letlhomeso fa bo tsamaisa dikamano le baamegi. Diphitlhelelo tseno di bontsha dikonteraka tse dinnye, tse dimagareng le tse dikgolo mo indasetering ya kago ya Botswana. Gape go na le sesupo se sengwe sa gore dikonteraka tse dinnye, tse dimagareng le tse dikgolo di na le tsela ya go tsamaisa dikamano le baamegi le go rarabolola dikgotlhang, mme ka jalo seelo sa maitemogelo le kitso mo difemeng tsa kago se na le tlhotlheletso mo go reng di tsamaisa jang dikamano tsa tsona le baamegi ba diporojeke mo tsamaong ya theko le tiragatso ya porojeke. Go tlaleletsa, diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di bontsha gore mofuta wa togamaano ya konteraka o na le tlhotlheletso e e bonalang mo go reng dikarolo tsa dikonteraka di amanang jang le baamegi ba tsona mo diporojekeng tsa kago. Mokgwa wa tlwaelo o fitlhetswe e le togamaano e kgolo ya theko e e dirisiwang mo indasetering ya kago ya Botswana, mme mokgwa ono o tsepame thata go ka diragatsa botsamaisi jo bo nonofileng jwa kamano ya baamegi e e tsamaisiwang ke mokonteraka. Go dirisiwa ditogamaano tse dingwe tsa go reka di tshwana le thadisa-o-age, le botsamaisi jwa kago mo Botswana ka ditlamorago tsa tsona tse di siameng le tse di sa siamang mo bokgoning jo bo nonofileng jwa mokonteraka go tsamaisa dikamano tsa gagwe tsa baamegi ba porojeke le dintlha tse dingwe tse di amanang. Tshekatsheko e nngwe ya diphitlhelelo e lebisitse kwa go supiweng ga dintlha tsa botlhokwa tsa katlego tsa go tlhamiwa ga CSRMF gore go nne le botsamaisi jo bo bokgoni jwa kamano ya mokonteraka le baamegi. Dintlha tseno tsa botlhokwa tsa katlego ke tlhaeletsano e e bokgoni, tirisanommogo, therisano le tirisano magareng ga badirelwa le bakonteraka mmogo xiii le maitlamo a moemedi; therisano le badiri (baamegi) le kgotsofalo mmogo le katiso; go tlhaloganya go go boteng ga baamegi botlhe ba porojeke mmogo le botlhokwa le tlhotlheletso ya bona; le ditogamaano tsa go tsamaisa dikamano ka bokgoni mo tsamaong ya thadiso ya porojeke, theko le tiragatso. Go ikaegilwe ka tshekatsheko ya ditshitshinyo tse di dirilweng le tokololo ya data ya maitemogelo le dipholo tse di tlhatlhobilweng mo thutopatlisisong eno, diphitlhelelo di tshegetsa dikakaretso tse di latelang: ditheo tsa dikonteraka kwa Botswana ga di na matlhomeso ape a SRM go rerisana le baamegi mo diporojekeng tse di farologaneng; bakonteraka ba Botswana ba lemoga tlhokego ya go dira botoka go tsamaisa dikamano tsa bona le baamegi ba diporojeke; mme go na le phatlha e e bonalang ya bokgoni jwa setegeniki le bokgoni jo bo lekanyediitsweng jwa bakonteraka go tsamaisa dikamano tsa bona le baamegi ba diporojeke. Go ikaegilwe ka diphitlhelelo, go tlhamilwe letlhomeso la botsamaisi jwa dikamano tsa baamegi tse di tsamaisiwang ke mokonteraka. Letlhomeso (CSRMF) le tlhomamisitswe ke ditlhopha tse pedi tse go buisanweng natso, e leng, batsamaisi ba diporojeke ba ba neng ba le mo sampoleng go tswa mo dipotsolotsong tse di batlileng di rulagane, le baporofešenale ba ba maleba mmogo le barutegi ba bangwe mo indasetering. Tlhomamiso e ne e direlwa go sekaseka bomaleba jwa CSRMF mo tsamaisong ya dikamano. Letlhomeso (CSRMF) le tlaa tlamela ka kaedi ya go fokotsa phatlha e e supilweng. Le tlaa amogelwa le go dirisiwa ke bakonteraka go fitlhelela dinonofo mo tsamaisong ya dikamano le baamegi, mme ka go rialo ba boloka nako le ditshenyegelo le go netefatsa boleng jo bo tokafetseng le, go feta tsotlhe, kgotsofalo ya badirelwa. / Business Management / D. B. L.

Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Setswana / The study was prompted by the decline in accounting enrolments and the ongoing criticism due to learners’ poor performance in the Accounting subject in South Africa. Given the increasing need for accounting graduates and, more importantly, qualified accounting professionals, this study investigated the preconceived perceptions participating high school learners in selected schools in the Mafikeng area had about the accounting profession at the time of this study. The study drew on a rich body of existing literature and adopted the social cognitive career theory of Lent, Brown and Hackett (1994) to explore the factors influencing career interests of learners in accounting as a career path. A quantitative research approach with a survey questionnaire, framed within a positivist paradigm, was used to elicit opinions from learners. The findings revealed that work satisfaction, earnings potential, self-efficacy, personal interest, offering Accounting as a subject and having an accountant in the family are among the factors that significantly influenced participating learners’ career interests in accounting. / Die studie is aangespoor deur die afname in rekeningkunde-inskrywings en die deurlopende kritiek van leerders se swak prestasie in rekeningkunde in Suid-Afrika. Gegewe die toenemende behoefte vir rekeningkundegegradueerdes en, meer belangrik, gekwalifiseerde rekeningkundepraktisyns, ondersoek hierdie studie die huidige vooropgestelde persepsies wat hoërskoolleerders in Suid-Afrika van die rekeningkundige beroep het. Die studie benut die omvattende bestaande literatuur en aanvaar die sosiaal kognitiewe loopbaanteorie van Lent, Brown en Hackett (1994) om die faktore te ondersoek wat die belangstelling van leerders in rekeningkunde as 'n loopbaanrigting beïnvloed. 'n Kwantitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met 'n opnamevraelys, binne 'n positivistiese paradigma, is gebruik om menings van leerders te ontlok. Die bevindings het gewys dat werksbevrediging, verdienstepotensiaal, selfwerksaamheid, persoonlike belang, die aanbied van rekeningkunde as 'n vak en 'n rekeningkundige in die gesin van die faktore is wat leerders se loopbaanbelangstelling in rekeningkunde beduidend beïnvloed / Thutopatlisiso e tlhotlheleditswe ke kwelotlase ya ikwadiso ya dithuto tsa Palotlotlo le go kgalwa go go tswelelang pele ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya barutwana mo Palotlotlong mo Aforikaborwa. Ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegang ya dialogane tsa Palotlotlo le, sa botlhokwa tota, baporofešenale ba ba nang le borutegi jwa palotlotlo, thutopatlisiso eno e batlisisa megopolo e e gona ya ga jaana ya barutwana ba dikolo tse dikgolwane mo Aforikaborwa malebana le porofešene ya bobalatlotlo. Thutopatlisiso e dirisa letlotlo le le gona la dikwalo mme e dirisa tiori ya tselana ya tiro ya tlhaloganyo ya loago ya ga Lent, Brown le Hackett (1994) go sekaseka dintlha tse di susumetsang kgatlhego ya tselana ya tiro ya barutwana mo palotlotlong jaaka tselana ya tiro. Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa patlisiso o o lebelelang dipalopalo ka dipotsolotso tsa tshekatsheko, mme e agilwe mo mokgweng wa kelotlhoko go bona megopolo ya barutwana. Diphitlhelelo di bontsha gore go kgotsofalela tiro, kgonagalo ya letseno, go ikemela, dikgatlhego tsa sebele, go rebolelwa Palotlotlo jaaka serutwa le go nna le mmalatlotlo mo lelapeng ke dingwe tsa dintlha tse di nang le tshusumetso e kgolo mo dikgatlhegong tsa barutwana tsa tselana ya tiro mo palotlotlong. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Thesis (PhD (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis undertakes a comparative examination of South African and Kenyan auto/biographical narratives of crime and imprisonment. Although some attention is paid to narratives of political imprisonment, the study focuses primarily on autobiographical accounts by criminals, confessional narratives, popular fiction about crime and prison experience, and journalistic accounts of prison life. There is very little critical work at this moment that refers to these forms of prison writing in South Africa and Kenya. Popular prison narratives and to a certain extent the autobiographical in general are characterised by an under-theorised dialecticism. As academic concepts, both the popular and the autobiographical form are characterised by an unstable duality. While the popular has been theorised as being both a field of resistance to power and of consent to its demands, the autobiographical occupies a similar precariously divided position, in this case between fact and fiction, a place where the „I‟ that narrates is simultaneously the subject and object of the narrative. In examining an eclectic body of texts that share the prison as common denominator, my study problematises the tension between self and world, popular and canonical, political and criminal, factual and fictional. In both settings, South Africa and Kenya, the prison as a material and discursive space does not only mirror society but effects shifts and changes in society, and becomes a space of dynamic adaptation and also a locus that disturbs certain hegemonic relations. The way in which the experience of prison opens up to a fundamentally unsettling ambiguity resonates with the ambivalence that characterises both autobiography as genre and the popular as a theoretical concept. My thesis argues that during the entire historical period covered by the narratives that I examine there is a certain excess that attends on the social production of criminality and the practice of imprisonment, both as material realities and as discursive concepts, which allows them to have a haunting effect both on individuals‟ notions of „the self‟ and the constitution of national identities and nationhoods. I argue that the distinction between the colonial and the postcolonial prison is hazy. Therefore a comparative study of Kenyan and South African prison literature helps us understand how modern prisons and notions of criminality in contemporary Africa are intertwined with the broad European colonial project, reflecting larger issues of state power and control over the populace. In relation to South Africa, my study begins with Ruth First‟s 117 Days (1963), and makes a selection of other prisons narratives throughout the apartheid era up to the post-apartheid period which was ushered in by Mandela‟s Long Walk to Freedom (1994). Moving beyond Mandela, I examine other forms of South African crime and prison narratives which have emerged since the publication of Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela‟s A Human Being Died that Night (2003) and Jonny Steinberg‟s The Number (2004). In Kenya, I begin with Ngugi wa Thiongo‟s Detained (1981). I then focus on popular narratives of crime and imprisonment which began with the publication of John Kiriamiti‟s My Life in Crime (1984) up to the first decade of the 21st century, marked yet again by the publication of Kiriamiti‟s My Life in Prison (2004). Besides Kiriamiti‟s two narratives, the other Kenyan texts which I examine are John Kiggia Kimani‟s Life and Times of a Bank Robber (1988) and Prison is not a Holiday Camp (1994), Benjamin Garth Bundeh‟s Birds of Kamiti (1991), and Charles Githae‟s, Comrade Inmate (1994). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: My proefskrif onderneem ‟n vergelykende studie van Suid-Afrikaanse en Keniaanse auto/biografiese narratiewe van misdaad en gevangeneskap. Hoewel aandag tot ‟n mate geskenk word aan verhale van politieke gevangeneskap, is die primêre fokus van die studie eerder op autobiografiese narratiewe deur misdadigers, konfessionele narratiewe, populêre fiksie met betrekking tot misdaad en gevangenis-ondervindinge, sowel as joernalistieke verslae oor gevangenes se lewens agter tralies. Min kritiese werk is tot dusver in verband met hierdie vorme van gevangenis-narratiewe in Suid-Afrika en Kenia gedoen. Populêre prisoniers-narratiewe, en tot ‟n mate autobiografieë oor die algemeen, word deur ‟n onder-geteoriseerde dialektisisme gekenmerk. As akademiese konsepte word beide die populêre en die autobiografiese vorme deur ‟n onstabiele dualisme gekenmerk. Terwyl die populêre tipe geteoretiseer word as sowel ‟n vorm van weerstand teen mag as van toegee daaraan, word aan die autobiografiese tipe ‟n soortgelyke onstabiele, verdeelde rol toegeskryf – in hierdie geval, tussen feitelikheid en fiksie, ‟n plek waar die “ek” wat vertel terselfdertyd die subjek en objek van die verhaal is. Deur middel van ‟n eklektiese versameling van tekste wat die gevangenis as verwysingspunt deel, problematiseer my verhandeling die spanning tussen self en wêreld, die populêre en die gekanoniseerde, die politieke en die kriminele, die feitelike en die fiktiewe. In beide kontekste, Suid-Afrika en Kenia, weerspieël die gevangenis as diskursiewe spasie nie alleenlik die gemeenskapsomgewing nie, maar veroorsaak dit ook veranderings en verskuiwings in die gemeenskap – sodoende word die gevangenis self ‟n ruimte van dinamiese verandering en ‟n plek wat sekere hegemoniese verhoudings versteur. Die manier waarop die ondervinding van gevangeneskap lei tot ‟n fundamentele versteurende dubbelsinningheid resoneer met die dubbelsinnigheid wat beide die autobiografiese as genre en die populêre as teoretiese konsep karakteriseer. My tesis voer aan dat, gedurende die ganse historiese tydperk wat gedek word deur die narratiewe wat ek hier betrag, daar ‟n sekere oormaat is wat die sosiale produksie van misdaad en die toepassing van gevangesetting begelei, beide as stoflike werklikhede en as diskursiewe konsepte, wat hulle toelaat om ‟n kwellende effek uit te oefen beide of individuele mense se sin van „self‟ en die samestelling van nasionale identiteite en nasionaliteite. Ek voer aan dat die onderskeid tussen die koloniale en die postkoloniale gevangenis onduidelik is, en dat ‟n vergelykende studie van Keniaanse en Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenes-narratiewe ons dus help om te verstaan hoe moderne tronke en idees oor misdaad in Afrika deureengevleg is met die breë Europese koloniale projek, en groter kwessies van staatsmag en beheer oor die bevolking weerspieël. In Suid Afrika begin my studie met Ruth First se 117 Days (1963), en maak dan ‟n seleksie van ander gevangenes-narratiewe van die apartheid-era tot en met die post-apartheid oomblik wat deur Mandela se Long Walk to Freedom ingelui word. Ek vestig dan my aandag op ander vorme van Suid-Afrikaanse misdaad- en gevangenes-narratiewe wat sedert die publikasie van Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela se A Human Being Died that Night (2003) en Jonny Steinberg se The Number (2004) verskyn het. In Kenia begin ek met Ngugi wa Thiongo se Detained (1981), en kyk dan ten slotte na populêre narratiewe van misdaad en gevangeneskap wat hulle aanvang vind met die publikasie van John Kiriamiti se My Life in Crime (1984) tot en met die eerste dekade van die 21ste eeu, nogmaals gemerk deur die publikasie van Kiriamiti se My Life in Prison (2004).