Most intensified competitions among international markets are accompanied with free trade and economic globalization. Enterprises have created a business style of ordering and manufacturing in large scale, global purchasing, zero inventory and real time producing, anticipating the Customs in response to strengthen scientific management and promote clearance facilitation. The Customs¡¦ enforcing and advancing customs-related affairs, focuses its two main functions on anti-smuggling and tax levying. As competitions among international markets grow more and more fierce, and global trade continues to boom¡Athe business volume dealt with by the Customs increases significantly. Furthermore, to feed the state-need of international cooperation and self-development, the Customs has broadened its administrative sphere from traditional fields of anti-smuggling and tax levying to environmental protection, social security, information resources and strategic weapon proliferation. Business load as well as scope of customs custody expands, however with relatively limited and inadequate human resource. The contradictory problem has drawn a phenomenon that managing resources, executive regulations and officers¡¦ intellectual structure extremely do not accommodate. International organization codes require the customs provide proprietors with a clearance environment of transparency, facilitation and simplification, and cut down customs-barriers which aren¡¦t necessary. Additionally, some rules in Kyoto Convention were revised to define the essence of risk management. The Customs takes the advantage of extracted information to locate the potential problem-links and then makes priority scrutiny, encouraging enterprises to comply with laws and get rewards of facilitation. To deal with the mentioned contradictory, the Customs introduce the risk-management measure to elevate efficiency in terms of physical custody under the customs. Since Taiwan owns the membership of WTO and APEC, frequently participating global-trade activities, she is obliged to abide by all the codes and agreements stipulated by international organizations, and dedicated to world trade security and facilitation. This study suggests Taiwan customs take the following approaches to facilitate clearance procedures¡GFirstly, make timely reviews of all regulations to determine if improper. Secondly, negotiate with concerned authorities to loosen or simplify related regulations. Thirdly, put the risk management into practice, develop scientific equipment actively, cultivate the personnel of specialty, and practice internal integrity and ethic of all the officers to decrease possible risk. With all these done, customs clearance could be more facilitated, and the purpose of risk management to efficiently execute customs custody and anti-smuggling achieved.

On Sept. 11, 2001, three planes crashed into the upper floors of Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It was an apparent terrorist¡¦s attack on U.S.A. The terrorist¡¦s attacks have caused thousands of people¡¦s death. The world-wide aftermath of this catastrophe has also brought about massive changes in the way of life. Many countries have further acknowledgement of the importance of society¡¦ security and country¡¦s border control. This is especially true in the perception of social security and people¡¦s privacy. Customs is a symbol of sovereignty and a country¡¦s border control. It not only takes charge of duty collection and smuggling interdiction, but also protects national security and social stability. Furthermore, Customs executes trade policies, curbs counterfeit goods, and enforces environmental protection policies. At the beginning of the new millennium, the global village has gradually formulated a mainstream concept that international interactions will be more and more pervasive. In the future, Customs will play an even greater role in national financial administration. ¡§International Regime¡¨theory is a very important point at international relation issue, ¡§International Regime¡¨can be defined as a set of implicit or explicit principles¡Bnorms¡Brules¡Band decision-making procedures in which actor¡¦s expectations converge in a given area of international relations. ¡§World Customs Organization¡¨is the best symbol to reveal International Regime theory and the function of Customs. The missions of World Customs Organization (WCO) are as follows: 1. WCO establishes, maintains, supports and promotes international instruments for the harmonization and uniforms application of simplified and effective Customs systems and procedures governing the movement of commodities, people and conveyances across Customs frontiers. 2. WCO reinforces its¡¦ members¡¦ efforts to secure compliance with their legislation, by endeavoring to maximize the level of effectiveness of members¡¦ co-operation with one another and with international organizations in order to combat Customs violations and other transnational offences. 3. WCO assists its¡¦ members in their efforts of meeting the challenges of the modern business environment and efforts of adapting to the changing circumstances. WCO also promotes communication and co-operation among members or with other international organizations. It can effectively foster integrity, human resource development, Customs transparency, management improvements and working methods. This thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis on Taiwan Strait, both sides¡¦ Customs legal base, organization level, clearance & revenue collection, anti-smuggling, anti-terrorism, and other subjects. The analysis is based from 1949, the year of dividing sovereignty across the Taiwan Strait. For years, the two Customs administrations across the Taiwan Strait have enforced their own different systems under the authority of their respective government. Although reciprocal contacts and communications have been slow and symbolical in the past, both sides still have the same language and same race. Most of all, both Customs authorities have the sameness: the major and concurrent missions of duty collection, anti-smuggling and anti-terrorism etc. Therefore, by utilizing international regime¡¦s cooperation institute system, Customs between Mainland China and Taiwan can construct pragmatic and existing institutes for mutual benefits. In order to meet the rules after both sides¡¦ entering WTO in 2002, both sides Customs will review their organization with new administration. Under norms of international Customs practice, we will progressively reform Customs operation, enhance administrative efficiency and upgrade the quality of service to achieve our goals of barrier-free clearance, and to facilitate our national economic growth. Depending on international trade, economy norms and Customs function- co-operations, both sides shall be establishing systematized rules and bilateral mechanism in the near future. Moreover, both sides will be able to reach a consensus so that a win-win situation can be created. This thesis is written to be expected for the contributions as below: 1. We will acknowledge that Customs is a symbol of sovereignty and an organization of a country¡¦s border control. After USA 911 disaster, anti-terrorism and anti-smuggling of illegal articles on border have become the focus of Customs missions. 2. World Customs Organization (WCO) is an essential institution at international trade and economy relation issue. It could frame a norm basis to facilitate two sides¡¦ Customs cooperation. 3. Across the Taiwan Strait, two sides¡¦ Customs should shoulder the bridge role of economy cooperation and provide mutual smuggle information to each other so as to combat drug smuggling and illegal activities. 4. Customs could be a frontier of country diplomacy. When Mainland China & Taiwan¡¦s diplomacy relations can¡¦t make a breakthrough in difficult situations and positions, Customs may assist government in playing a role of negotiator on trade and economy matters. 5. As the work of ¡§Three Links¡¨ is related as closely as to the Customs business, constructing Interactive Mechanism of Customs between Mainland China and Taiwan is an absolute necessity.

Atualmente, o uso de óleo e gordura residual (OGR) de fritura de alimentos como matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel no Brasil representa menos de 1% do total. O principal limitante é que após o processo de fritura o óleo pode adquirir características que o tornam inadequado para obtenção de biocombustível pela via de produção tradicional. Para viabilizar economicamente o reaproveitamento de OGR, é importante o desenvolvimento de métodos simples e de baixo custo capazes de avaliar seu potencial de uso como matéria prima. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do nariz eletrônico na seleção de OGR destinado à produção de biodiesel, em substituição aos métodos convencionais de análises físico-químicas. Foram selecionadas 36 amostras de OGR provenientes de uso doméstico e comercial, cujas características físico-químicas foram obtidas pela análise do índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, densidade e viscosidade cinemática. Biodiesel foi produzido a partir do OGR, por meio da transesterificação alcalina na temperatura de 60°C e tempo de 2h, utilizando etanol na razão molar OGR/álcool de 1/9 e hidróxido de potássio (KOH) como catalisador na quantidade de 1% m/m. As amostras de biodiesel foram caracterizadas de acordo com especificações da pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), em relação ao teor de éster, índice de acidez, densidade e viscosidade cinemática. As amostras de OGR foram caracterizadas em termos do seu perfil olfativo, através do nariz eletrônico, interpretados por aplicação do modelo estocástico e análise discriminante quadrática. O modelo permitiu uma avaliação qualitativa de parâmetros de interesse sem a necessidade de testes físicoquímicos, com precisão de 80% a 92%. Os resultados demonstraram que o nariz eletrônico é uma ferramenta promissora na predição da qualidade do biodiesel com base no perfil olfativo de uma amostra de OGR. / Currently, the use of waste cooking oil (WCO) as raw material in the production of biodiesel in Brazil represents less than 1% of the total. The main limitation is that after the frying process the oil can acquire characteristics that make it unsuitable for obtaining biofuel through the traditional way of production. In order to economically make feasible the reuse of OGR, it is important to develop simple and low cost methods capable of evaluating its potential use as raw material. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the use of electronic nose in the selection of WCO for biodiesel production, replacing the conventional methods of physical-chemical analysis. 36 samples of WCO from domestic and commercial use were selected, whose physicochemical characteristics were obtained by the analysis of acidity level, peroxide level, density and kinematic viscosity. Biodiesel was produced from the OGR by means of the alkaline transesterification at 60°C and time of 2h using ethanol in the molar ratio OGR / alcohol of 1/9 and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst in the amount of 1% m/m. The biodiesel samples were characterized according to specifications of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), in relation to the ester content, acidity level, density and kinematic viscosity. The WCO samples were characterized in terms of their olfactory profile through the electronic nose, interpreted by the stochastic model and quadratic discriminant analysis. The model allowed a qualitative evaluation of parameters of interest without the need of physicalchemical tests, with precision of 80% to 92%. The results demonstrate that e-nose is a promising tool in the prediction of biodiesel quality based on the olfactory profile of a sample of WCO.

通關便捷化與反恐皆是目前全球的重要趨勢。通關便捷化可降低企業經營成本，提高國際市場競爭力，並吸引各國企業投資；而反恐則可預先篩選過濾高風險危害，保護國土安全，避免貿易癱瘓。大勢所趨，我國無法自外於潮流，必須儘所能尋求反恐成效與整體通關效率兩者兼顧的有效措施，提升關務行政效能及增進國際貿易競爭力，以保障我國未來經濟之穩定與成長。 通關反恐與通關便捷其實很難兩全其美，一味講求通關便捷固然會疏於反恐，因而影響貿易安全，然過於嚴格的反恐措施亦必影響通關便捷化。因此，如何兼顧通關便捷與安全，是全球海關未來的重要課題，本研究乃基於剖析通關便捷化與911後之通關反恐，進一步推導出兼顧通關便捷及貿易安全之策略，並選定目前蔚為世界趨勢的WCO SAFE標準架構作為所需兼顧策略的探討內容，從WCO SAFE標準架構之國際發展趨勢、各國導入WCO SAFE標準架構之情形、其他國際性供應鏈安全計畫等諸項，分析出兼顧通關便捷及貿易安全趨勢我國應有的策略和具體做法。 本研究對於如何真正做到通關無紙化、如何落實廉政海關、ECFA所遭遇的問題及如何透過ECFA與世界接軌、如何以京都公約的做法加強通關便捷化、我國執行反恐的重點、如何協助國內廠商通過國際安全標準認證、如何參酌國際規範適時修正我國關稅法規並調整關稅措施、如何提升我國海關通關效能等關鍵問題，均提出具體可行建議和可行細節規劃。 / Customs clearance Facilitation and anti-terrorism are important trends at present in the world. Clearance Facilitation can reduce enterprise's operation costs, raise the competitiveness of international markets, and attract enterprise investments from other countries. Through the anti-terrorism mechanism most high- risk factors could be sifted out prior to the importation of goods or the arrival of people, so we may protect the security of the territory, prevent trade from being paralyzed. Taiwan, a member of the global village, can never exclude itself from the global trends, and must seek the effective measures to attain both anti-terrorism effect and clearance efficiency, improve customs administrative efficiency and promote international trade competitiveness, in order to ensure Taiwan’s economic stabilization and growth in the future. It seems very difficult to strike a balance between Customs clearance facilitation and anti-terrorism; i.e. getting both of the two tasks done well is really a challenge to a country. While simply stressing clearance facilitation will undoubtedly be negligent of anti-terrorism, and even sacrifice trade security, but overly strict anti-terrorism measures will affect clearance facilitation. So, how to attain both clearance facilitation and security is an important task for world Customs as a whole. This study is to analyze clearance facilitation and anti-terrorism after the 911, then derives further the strategies to attain both clearance facilitation and security, and it selects WCO SAFE standards, which are a leading guide for world trade procedures, to be the discussion content necessary for the eclectic strategies. This study tries to derive the strategies and concrete procedures that Taiwan may adopt to attain clearance facilitation and trade security based on the trends of international development of WCO SAFE standards, the situation various countries adopt WCO SAFE standard structure, other international supply chain safety plans, etc. This study proposes feasible suggestions and detailed plans in regard to how to accomplish paperless customs clearance, how to put customs integrity into practice, the problems the ECFA encounters and how to integrate with the world through ECFA, how to strengthen clearance facilitation with the implementation of the Kyoto Convention, the focal point of Taiwan executing the anti-terrorism policy, how to help the domestic manufacturers to pass international safety standard authentication, how to revise Taiwan’s Customs regulations and adjust tariff measures in consultation with international norms at the right time, how to improve customs clearance efficiency, etc.

The smuggling action is a kind of illegally criminal behavior, that¡¦s inference not only can make our society in trouble and let the economic development slowdown, even make a great effect upon the country¡¦s policies, but also due to our national badly side reactions in the international society. It¡¦s also making the region of international regime in trouble. Base above reason, all of countries in the world have same the goal that enforcement tracking and crackdown the illegally smuggling actions. Unfortunately the illegally smuggling actions from time to time occur frequently in some special area of the across strait between Taiwan and Mainland China. Actually in above area the illegally smuggling actions are as famous as ¡§The Golden Triangle¡¨ in the world. Our customs anti-smuggling parties, they do their best in order to crackdown the illegally smuggling actions near the several years, but the result is not so good. Most the people want to know ¡§Why do the people want to smuggle¡¨? The answers are following reasons. ¡§The first reason is easily to get rich and the second reason is easily to pass the special path¡¨. It is the reason why, the most of people would rather venture than continue for waiting chance. I got the other reason, that because the most of smuggling people are very understand all the situation of the environment which area of the across strait. The smuggling people also understand ¡§Both of government of across strait are had quite different political situation, and both of government are lack a nice communication regime and path¡¨. Cause of the same reason, much more global illegally criminal organizations rather like to do some illegally smuggling actions in above area, especially in near several years. According to the Customs Law¡¦s regulations: Customs are the main organization on crackdown smuggling. So that they have to do it¡¦s well. Our customs really hard to work in order to get much more crackdown smuggling cases, and they also have got a lot of smuggling goods (which cargo never finish duties) in the past several years too. But actually the illegally smuggling actions still active in same area and continue to harm our country and our social security right now. All the data of this research report are including following two different situations. The first are according to across strait customs anti-smuggling actions they confiscated from smuggling people in past several years. And the second are collected from some smuggling people are able to choose the way of accomplish goal in near some years. But I am sure that all of them are real things. Especially we can get some knowledge base from different regime and different method of crackdown smuggling process in Mainland China customs. We hope that our customs can learn from above ¡§knowledge base¡¨ and to use for our anti-smuggling actions in the near future. I think it could be nice to our customs business of smuggling crackdown.

Abstract In 2002, Kaohsiung Port has become the fifth largest container world port in world rank, losing to Korea¡¦s Pusan Port the third time and to the Mainland¡¦s Shanghai Port the first. Under the fierce threat of global ports¡¦ competitions, Kaohsiung Port now is also facing the challenges from other new ports along the Mainland¡¦s coastline. Therefore, it might not even keep the fifth in rank if there is no any other managing strategy more effective to confront global ports¡¦ competitions. As a part of the Port, Kaohsiung Customs has the responsibility for helping it on the issues of three links and direct transport, planning free-trade portal zone and fulfilling obligations after entering WTO. Moreover, the Customs can render help to revitalize the Port as vigorous as before. In compliance with the Port¡¦s strategy, the Customs should know: how to use the synergy gained from knowledge management and innovation to simplify the administrative work, how to utilize the newest and most effective enforcement, and how to introduce the newest technology and instrument to reach the demand of Customs modernization¡Xa barrier-free clearance environment¡Xso as to raise the business sectors and the port¡¦s international competitiveness ¡Xall are testing the expertise and wisdom of the Port¡¦s authorities in business strategy. Nominal Group Technique (NGT), applied in a group, an organization, an enterprise, a community or a society, has certain performance of solving unstructured problems which are important, complex, badly communicated with, or controversial. According to general research, using NGT to operate interactive management has the effects such as effective participation of team workers, realizing and identifying an issue, reaching a consensus and conclusion, as well as restructuring recognition from interactive learning. This research proceeded with interviewing local experts, and compiling their opinions those were used not only to verify the research¡¦s assumptions but also to develop a subsequent NGT interactive questionnaire. This questionnaire was to test the interactive NGT participants. With the same questionnaire they were tested twice¡Xbefore and after the interaction. Thus, we can examine the degree of interactive learning satisfaction to verify the achievement of NGT interaction. Therefore, the NGT effects can both be the proof of the theoretical basis and the research discovering, which leads to a conclusion and research suggestions. The concrete achievements of NGT interaction include the big ten preferential strategies and an enhanced structural drawing. The structural drawing is a tangible achievement of the research operated by NGT. Moreover, the research collected and analyzed information through the editorials of domestic major newspapers in order to testify the intensity of which the big ten strategies and the structural drawing were converged on the strategy of ¡§three links and direct transport¡¨. The conclusion points out that it will help Kaohsiung Port strive for becoming a hub of global logistical centers. The complexity of the Customs affairs has certain influence over the development of a port¡¦s competition. Nowadays, the issue of the Customs modernization has become a new trend for every country in the world since the US Congress passed the Customs Modernization Act in 1993. How are the results of the two Customs modernization across the strait? This research collected relevant information to analyze and to compare. In conclusion, we found that the achievement of NGT interaction can be verified by general research. Besides, either by expert-interviewing method or by inviting relevant participants to involve the NGT interaction, the final conclusions have the following suggestions those are utilizing knowledge management and innovation to improve the Customs clearance operations, integrating the information between the harbor & Customs, applying risk management to reduce the Customs interference, launching the direct sea transport, decreasing the operation cost of port, legislating as soon as possible for establishing free-trade portal zone¡Ketc. All above will have the most enforceable effects on the competition and development of Kaohsiung Port. The strategy of ¡§Cross-strait three links and direct transport¡¨ will have the most effect on Kaohsiung Port that becomes the hub of global logistic centers.

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A água, assim como o ar, é vital à sobrevivência dos seres bióticos. Para muitos autores há distinção entre "água" e "recurso hídrico". O termo "água" designa o elemento natural, enquanto a expressão "recurso hídrico" representa o valor econômico; assim, compreendido como direito fundamental e mercadoria, respectivamente. Os recursos hídricos transfronteiriços internacionais (que banham mais de um estado soberano) são classificados em superficiais (rios, lagos, represas, açudes, entre outros) ou subterrâneos (aqüíferos); As reservas hídricas superficiais são de mais fácil acesso, porém escassas; já as reservas subterrâneas são de difícil acesso, mas abundantes; contudo, em ambos os casos a utilização deverá ser racional. A escassez dos recursos hídricos é quanti-qualitativa. O ser humano enquanto pessoa consciente é capaz de alterar o rumo do planeta, por meio da construção de uma nova identidade, influindo na formação de uma nova cultura. Conceitos como supranacionalidade e transnacionalidades passam a ser aceitos em nome da preservação da biodiversidade e conseqüência do próprio homem, enquanto parte do sistema ambiental, ou seja, a sociedade global passa da fase de coexistência a fase de cooperação e solidariedade. Isso porque, as relações econômicas, políticas, sociais, culturas e tecnológicas são hoje transnacionais, assim como os impactos ambientais. Assim, a proposta de elaboração da Organização Mundial da Água (OMA), organismo supranacional de proteção dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços internacionais, e do Fundo Monetário Internacional de Proteção à Água (FMIPA) desempenha significativo papel na conscientização dos seres humanos quanto à importância e a necessidade de mudanças urgentes em relação ao tema. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T17:38:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karen Muller Flores.pdf: 686263 bytes, checksum: f76de38999e5377f0a04c5521df8d73d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T17:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karen Muller Flores.pdf: 686263 bytes, checksum: f76de38999e5377f0a04c5521df8d73d (MD5)

A água, assim como o ar, é vital à sobrevivência dos seres bióticos. Para muitos autores há distinção entre "água" e "recurso hídrico". O termo "água" designa o elemento natural, enquanto a expressão "recurso hídrico" representa o valor econômico; assim, compreendido como direito fundamental e mercadoria, respectivamente. Os recursos hídricos transfronteiriços internacionais (que banham mais de um estado soberano) são classificados em superficiais (rios, lagos, represas, açudes, entre outros) ou subterrâneos (aqüíferos); As reservas hídricas superficiais são de mais fácil acesso, porém escassas; já as reservas subterrâneas são de difícil acesso, mas abundantes; contudo, em ambos os casos a utilização deverá ser racional. A escassez dos recursos hídricos é quanti-qualitativa. O ser humano enquanto pessoa consciente é capaz de alterar o rumo do planeta, por meio da construção de uma nova identidade, influindo na formação de uma nova cultura. Conceitos como supranacionalidade e transnacionalidades passam a ser aceitos em nome da preservação da biodiversidade e conseqüência do próprio homem, enquanto parte do sistema ambiental, ou seja, a sociedade global passa da fase de coexistência a fase de cooperação e solidariedade. Isso porque, as relações econômicas, políticas, sociais, culturas e tecnológicas são hoje transnacionais, assim como os impactos ambientais. Assim, a proposta de elaboração da Organização Mundial da Água (OMA), organismo supranacional de proteção dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços internacionais, e do Fundo Monetário Internacional de Proteção à Água (FMIPA) desempenha significativo papel na conscientização dos seres humanos quanto à importância e a necessidade de mudanças urgentes em relação ao tema.

No description available.