Les Colis Standards de Déchets Compactés (CSD-C) sont des déchets issus du retraitement des assemblages de combustibles nucléaires. Ils sont en partie constitués des gaines oxydées de Zircaloy-4. Ces pièces métalliques sont cisaillées avant d'être placées dans un étui en acier et compactées sous forme de galettes. Ces galettes contiennent des traces de produits d'activation, de produits de fission et d'actinides présents à la surface du Zircaloy-4 oxydé. Dans l'hypothèse d'un éventuel stockage en couche géologique profond, le relâchement des radioéléments contenus dans les CSD-C s'effectuerait après l'altération des pièces métalliques par corrosion au contact de l'eau de re-saturation du site. En effet, cette eau, sous forme vapeur lors de l'entreposage (due à l'humidité résiduelle), puis liquide pendant le stockage sera irradiée. L'irradiation provoque le phénomène de radiolyse de l'eau susceptible d'accélérer les processus de corrosion du Zircaloy-4 oxydé. Cette thèse a pour objectifs de comprendre les mécanismes d'altération du Zircaloy-4 oxydé au contact de l'air humide et de l'eau liquide soumis à des rayonnements ionisants. Nous avons choisi de porter notre attention sur l'impact de la radiolyse induite par irradiations protons et par irradiations gamma. Pour cela, différentes atmosphères gazeuses et différents milieux aqueux ont été utilisés. Pour l'atmosphère gazeuse, nous avons fait varier la pression partielle de vapeur d'eau présente dans un mélange représentatif de l'air. Pour l'eau, l'effet de trois compositions de solutions aqueuses sur le comportement du Zircaloy-4 oxydé a été étudié (eau déminéralisée, eau basique et eau simulant l'eau de re-saturation). Nous avons également fait varier l'énergie déposée dans la solution. Deux comportements distincts ont été mis en évidence dans les conditions expérimentales étudiées. La radiolyse de l'air humide donne lieu à des réactions chimiques en surface du Zircaloy-4 oxydé conduisant à la formation du composé Sn3(OH)4(NO3)2 et du complexe [Zr4 (OH)8 (H2 O) 16]8+ . La radiolyse de l'eau augmente la vitesse de dissolution du Zircaloy-4. Ce phénomène semble s'effectuer par formation de l'ion HZrO−3 à la surface de l'oxyde puis par sa mise en solution. Les vitesses de dissolution dépendent des conditions d'irradiations et de la composition initiale de la solution aqueuse. Elles sont de l'ordre de quelques nanomètres par an à quelques micromètres par an. / Pas de résumé donné.

The aim of this project is to examine the welding of the upper arm of the current collector - the pantograph of the electric locomotive according the the CSN EN 15085 norm. The first part of this thesis dealt with the elaboration of all needed WPS and with the proposal of the current preparation that is going to be realized. The experimental part dealt with the practical execution of the welding as defined in the first part. The macrostructure of weldings and the process of hardening have been evaluated based on the welding samples.

This research engages with debates about globalizing IR and studies of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda established by the UN in the year of 2000. There have for many years been a lot of literature that is focused on the Agenda in the West using theories which are also established in the same region. This thesis therefore wants to contribute by looking at the WPS Agenda outside the West. This study does so by looking at the Southeast Asian countries of Timor Leste, Indonesia, and the Philippines with a normative investigation. This study adopts questions of how the Southeast Asian region has accepted norms and ideas from the resolution into their own National Action Plans (NAPs) and wants to investigate how these plans conform and differ from the original WPS Agenda. What this thesis finds are a lacking adoption and acceptance of norms in the Philippine, Indonesia, and Timor Leste National Action Plan (NAP). By conducting a conventional content analysis and using the norm-life cycle as a theoretical model this thesis concludes that there are some varying levels of norm acceptance and that the three countries are yet to fully implement the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda (WPS). What the findings also presents is that the local context and culture of a particular country is very important in determining the extent of adoption to international norms and concepts such as those proposed in the WPS Agenda. This means that we need to globalize the study of norms within IR, and we cannot assume that all countries will adopt norms in the same way, or in the same way as the Western states. Based on these findings the research has a small contribution to the larger globalization of IR, Global Political Economy, and studies of the WPS Agenda in the Southeast Asian countries. This thesis recommends future research of other agendas and for additional regions to enhance further knowledge within the normative field of research.

Even after the introduction of the UNSCR 1325 and subsequent resolutions, women’s leadership in the context of the WPS Agenda remains very low, despite the clear stance of the UN towards a support of an increased participation of women in peace and security processes. The aim of this thesis is to specifically address women’s leadership in the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) in the framework of peacekeeping operations, looking at the way the gender perspective is applied in the SAF through the introduction of the Handbok Gender, adopted in 2016. Since the focus of this research is on women, the theoretical perspective utilised as reference point is feminism and specifically a feminist constructivist approach with an institutional focus. Mixed research methods have been applied in order to collect the data, while the main centre of attention of this project has been a critical discourse analysis of the mentioned gender policy. Sweden has been chosen as case study because of the relevance of its singular feminist policies (Wallström’s statement that Sweden is pursuing a feminist foreign policy is a clear example), nevertheless the conclusions appear to be quite contradictory because even in a country which officially identifies as feminist women’s leadership in peacekeeping operations is very low.

Conflict is a gendered phenomenon and in later years research have discovered how women play several different roles in conflict. They can experience it as victims and hence be vulnerable to forms of violence, as well as agents where the women are either a warring actor or works an agent of change. However, when knowledge about what kinds of roles women experiences in conflict goes unrecognized, it leads to consequences. The consequences can be such as not taken women’s experiences and needs into consideration when making post- conflict programmes. By conducting a qualitative content analysis, this thesis examines how women’s experiences are taken into consideration in post-conflict programming. The analysis is based on a feminist perspective. The theoretical framework consists of three themes which are Gender and Power, Intersectionality and Victimhood and Agency. The same themes are the basis for the analysis. By analysing the Government of Nepal’s National Action Plan on implementing Resolution 1325 and Resolution 1820 in a post-conflict society, it is found that women’s diverse experiences are to some degree considered. However, a deeper analysis of the complex positions and several axes are not found to be considered by the Government of Nepal.

Climate change can exacerbate violent conflict, create risks to human security, and prevent conflict recovery and peacebuilding in different contexts. Climate change nor conflict is rarely fair and have been argued to have different impacts on gender.In 2000, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1325 on ‘Women, Peace and Security’ which promoted the advancement of women’s position in national agendas of peace and security. It has become increasingly clear that the climate-gender-conflict nexus is critical to both peacebuilding efforts and developing strong communities resilient to climate change impacts. While previous research on the nexus has been dominated by statistical quantitative studies, this seeks to contribute to qualitative research by adopting a qualitative content analysis. Of concern for this study is the implication of vulnerabilities and capacities in National Action Plans that support the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Leaning on the CAV Analytical Framework by March et al. 1999, vulnerabilities and capacities have been identified along different categories that focus on different dimensions of power dynamics. The study finds that climate change has primarily been recognized as contributing to the intensification and exacerbation of conflicts over access to natural resources, which in turn has caused vulnerabilities to become greater within all categories of the analysis. Other findings point to a major focus on women's vulnerabilities above those of men, and lastly how implementing bodies have developed promising methods for successful implementation.

Le développement des systèmes de communication et de localisation et les progrès des dispositifs mobiles rendent possible la mise en œuvre de nouvelles applications et services, permettant l'accès à des informations temps réel et l'amélioration de l'intégration des personnes aveugles. Dans ce contexte, la thèse a contribué au développement d'un système d'information et de guidage destiné aux personnes aveugles dans les transports en commun. La thèse a porté sur deux aspects critiques de ce type de systèmes: la fiabilité de la transmission de données et la capacité à localiser et à guider l'utilisateur de manière robuste. Elle a d'autre part développé un environnement de simulation pour le prototypage et l'analyse du fonctionnement de l'application nomade ainsi que l'étude des aspects réseaux de communication mobile. Les travaux se sont appuyés sur les acquis des projets RAMPE et INFOMOVILLE / The development of communication and locating systems and the progress of mobile devices have made possible new applications and services, allowing access to real-time information and improving the integration of blind people. ln this context, the thesis has contributed to the development of an information and guidance system to be used by blind travellers in public transports. The work has focused on two critical aspects for this kind of systems: the reliability of data transmission and the ability of localizing and guiding the user in an efficient way. A simulation environment has also been developed that can be used for the prototyping and the analysis of the mobile application as well as for the study of communication over the wireless network. The thesis is based on the results of the RAMPE and INFOMOVILLE projects

This paper takes its point of departure in the skewed attention towards the ‘protection’ of women rather than the ‘participation’ of women when talking about ‘Women, Peace &Security’ (WPS) in the UN Security Council. Given the centrality of Sweden, as the first country in the world with a feminist foreign policy, this thesis fills a gap in the current research as it investigates whether this skewed attention was reflected during Sweden’s time as a non-permanent member in the UNSC 2017-2018 or not. A quantitative content analysis of 318 Swedish statements in the UNSC 2017-2018 conducted in this paper shows an overall result where Sweden mentions women in the context of participation more frequently than protection. This outcome is further explained by three Government Officials active during Sweden’s time in the UNSC, as resulting from the Swedish strategy and the feminist foreign policy. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate a change in how frequently Sweden refers to participation over protection between 2017 and 2018; the strategy of attaching larger focus to participation is significantly clearer the second year. The interviewees explain that this was due to the increased experience in the UNSC and increased credibility for Sweden among the other member states. The current stage of the conflict or peacekeeping operation in question, i.e. in the country of discussion in the UNSC, was also considered as a large part of the strategy, suggesting the nature of the conflict to be of importance for the results and hence relevant to analyze in future research on the attention payed to participation versus protection in the UNSC.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to design and implement web mapping service Web Processing Service. The purpose of this service is to provide geospatial oriented calculations on the internet. Introduction part is dedicated to analysis of existing mapping services implementations and defined standards. Thereafter conclusion was drawn and the service was implemented, with respect to computing system efficiency, pluggable design and simplicity of integration in client applications. The interface for work with geographic information system GRASS GIS is also part of the implemented service and it brings the possibility to use the tool from service. The last chapter describes the testing of implemented service in term of functional and performance tests.

Para a certificação de um procedimento de soldagem, quer seja de alta responsabilidade na soldagem de oleodutos e gasodutos em tubulações de aço carbono ou para um uso rotineiro e diário em fábricas e oficinas, deve ser realizada uma análise profunda dos fenômenos ocorridos no material de base (MB), no metal de adição (MA) e na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC). Por meio desta análise criteriosa na qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem, o procedimento é liberado para ser utilizado, seja qual for o objetivo final da soldagem. Apenas com a Especificação do Procedimento de Soldagem (EPS) qualificada em mãos é possível iniciar os trabalhos de soldagem, e caso esta seja seguida integralmente, o sucesso do processo está a um passo de se concretizar. Para demonstração desta interação existente entre qualificação, análise dos resultados, aprovação dos ensaios e aprovação da especificação, foi desenvolvido este trabalho utilizando o material de base na forma tubular API 5L Gr. B soldado com os processos eletrodo revestido (SMAW) e arame tubular autoprotegido (FCAW-S). Foi utilizada uma junta tubular como exemplo de estudo e qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem baseado na documentação contida na norma da Petrobrás N-2301 e em outros códigos e normas, que regem a qualificação do processo de soldagem utilizado em refinarias e plantas de produção brasileiras. Foram estudados em conjunto os resultados obtidos por meio de ensaios mecânicos, ensaios não destrutivos e microestruturais. Ambas as Especificações dos Procedimentos de Soldagem preliminares (pEPS), estabelecidas antes do início da soldagem dos dois processos de soldagem, foram aprovadas e qualificadas, satisfazendo as características macro e microscópicas, metalúrgicas e mecânicas da junta soldada. / A comprehensive analysis of the phenomena occurring in the base metal (MB), filler metal (FM) and the heat affected zone (HAZ) should be conducted to provide the qualification of the welding procedure, either in high-demand carbon steel oil & gas pipelines or standard factory & workshop daily, usual operation. By means of this thorough welding procedure qualification, the process will be released, whatever the ultimate goal of welding. Only after the welding procedure specification (WPS) is qualified, is possible to start any welding work, and being the norm fully observed, the process is nearly to start successfully. The present work has been elaborated to demonstrate the interaction of qualification, result analysis, tests and specification approval, by applying the following elements: tubular base metal API 5L grade B welded with Shielded Metal Arc Welding process (SMAW) and self-shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding process (FCAW-S). A tubular joint was used as sample for a welding procedure qualification studies based on technical documentation specified on Petrobras N-2301, a Brazilian standard, and any others codes and standards that rule welding qualification on refineries & production plants of this company. The results obtained through mechanical testing, non-destructive testing and microstructure were studied together. Both preliminary welding procedure specifications (pWPS) established before the welding of these two welding processes, have been approved and qualified. The support given by welding qualification record (WQR) allows the joints to be welded in production, and result in reliable weld bead that satisfy the macro & microscopic, metallurgical and mechanical characteristics.