This study examines how modern language teachers in secondary schools in Sweden reflect on their capacities and motivation to implement Education for Sustainable Development [ESD] (lärande för hållbar utveckling [LHU]) in their lessons. Based on the theoretical framework of teachers´ beliefs, a postal survey was prepared, combining a Likert scale with open questions. As for now, the teachers in German in this study are seemingly unaware of the connection between ESD and their subject´s main purpose, which is to prepare the students to initiate and participate in authentic, communicative situations in the target language, and the requirement to foster intercultural dialogs within Europe. Neither are they aware of how the neuropsychological processes involved in foreign language learning are linked to the global sustainable goals SDG 4.7, SDG 16, and SDG 17 within Agenda 2030. Instead, the study confirms how the historical development of the term sustainability and ESD (LHU) has left a trail of confusion behind itself. As a result, six attitude types could be defined, each with different challenges based on the teachers' understanding of ESD and their underlying philosophical, ideological, and professional convictions. Besides the difficulties of placing their own subject within ESD, most teachers are convinced about the importance of sustainable development for mankind, which creates a dilemma of intrinsic incoherence and therefore less engagement. To increase their sense of capacity, they are unified falling back on former, contra-productive practices and turning to texts- and workbooks for help. The study concludes that there is a risk, that when language teachers are not given access to relevant knowledge and professional learning communities, in which they can explore the connection between their subject, ESD, and Agenda 2030, the Swedish society and schools will further lose the subject´s values and its unique neuropsychological related potential. This potential includes the ability and motivation to initiate and participate in peace-building intercultural dialogues within and outside Sweden, even if one´s language standards are still inadequate, as well as an individual prerequisite for empathy and compassion.

Résumé : L’utilisation des cendres volantes générées par la combustion de biomasse présente une solution très prometteuse pour la conception de bétons écologiques de haute performance. Cependant, leur comportement dans un milieu cimentaire est encore peu étudié. Ce projet est concentré sur la compréhension des processus d’hydratation d’un système cimentaire contenant les cendres volantes de biomasse disponibles localement. Lors du programme expérimental, la caractérisation physico-chimique des cendres volantes étudiées a d’abord été réalisée. Ensuite, leur effet sur les propriétés rhéologiques, la cinétique d’hydratation, l’évolution des hydrates avec le temps et le développement des résistances ont été examinés. Les systèmes étudiés sont des pâtes et des mortiers avec différents taux de remplacement de ciment par les cendres volantes et deux rapports eau/liant de 0,5 et 0,4 en absence et en présence de superplastifiant. La variation des propriétés physico-chimiques de différents échantillons des cendres volantes (finesse, teneur en chaux libre, en sulfates et en calcite) a été utilisée pour déterminer l’effet de chacun de ces paramètres sur les performances des mélanges. Le remplacement partiel du ciment par les cendres volantes de biomasse entraine des changements sur la rhéologie, la cinétique d’hydratation, la composition des hydrates et la microstructure des pâtes hydratées. De plus, certains problèmes de compatibilité entre les cendres volantes et les superplastifiants sont observés. En se basant sur l’analyse des résultats obtenus, les explications des phénomènes qui se produisent dans les systèmes cimentaires contenant les cendres volantes de biomasse sont proposées. / Abstract : The use of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) represents a very promising solution for ecological high performance concrete design. However, the effect of WSA on cementitious systems properties is still insufficiently studied. The present project intends to understand the hydration process in Portland cement systems containing locally available WSA. The experimental program begins with characterization of WSA physico-chemical properties. Then, the effect of WSA on rheology, hydration kinetics, hydration products evolution over time and strength development in cement blends is investigated. The systems discussed here are cement pastes and mortars with different cement replacement by WSA ratio and two water to binder ratio (0,5 and 0,4) with and without superplasticizer. The variation of physico-chemical properties (fineness; free lime, sulphate and calcite content) between different WSA samples was used to determine the effect of each of these parameters on blended cement performances. Partial cement replacement by WSA leads to changes in rheology, hydration kinetics, composition of the hydrates and microstructure of hydrated pastes. Moreover, some incompatibility problems between WSA and superplasticizers used are observed. Based on experimental results analysis, the explanations of the phenomena taking place in cement systems containing WSA are proposed.

The subject of diploma thesis is the evaluation of commercial chains, cheese category, in Czech Republic. The methodology is based on the multicriteria rating of alternatives. In the evaluation of commercial chains may take into account the large number of criteria are used, here are 26, which evaluates 14 alternatives (stores). To evaluate the commercial chains are used preferences of general public and experts. The main objective of the diploma thesis is to determine which store is the best for customers (general public) and for professionals, and then to compare the results.Secondary objective is to explore the possibility of using the multicriteria rating of alternatives methods in praxis.