This essay studies wage differentials between foreign born and native players in Swedish soccer. For this essay, panel data for the years 2001-2015 on all clubs and players in top Swedish soccer leagues Allvenskan and Superettan have been collected. The data is examined by applying a market-test approach to test for any significant wage differentials. The results show that foreign born players earn a significant salary premium compared to native players of similar productivity. There is no evidence of salary or fan discrimination against foreign born players. Results can be explained by market imperfections and/or risk-seeking behavior from team managers although this could be further investigated in future studies.

Workers who earn wage premiums for adverse job characteristics face a higher tax-price than peers of equal human capital working under more favorable conditions. Facing a higher cost per unit for public goods, they in turn demand a relatively small public sector. This may explain patterns of political affiliation across industries where differences in nonpecuniary aspects are often significant. I test this with county level data on fatality rates and support for the Republican candidate in the 2004 US Presidential election, finding that fatality rates remain positive and significant drivers of GOP support through various regression specifications. These results are robust to cross-sectional and panel data on individual contributions reported to the Federal Election Commission for the 2004, 2008, and 2012 US Presidential elections.

The gender wage gap in the labour market has long been a topic of study, highlighting the disadvantages faced by women in terms of earningscompared to men. This study aims to investigate if the Great Recession had additional impacts on women's earnings differentials. Using census data from 2006 to 2012 in the US, two different quantile regressions were conducted for various income quantiles. One regression excluded variables, while the other included socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate clear wage differences for women before, during, and after the Great Recession.The first regression shows statistically significant negative correlations between logarithmic income and gender. The quantile regressions also reveal decrease in the gender wage gap during the recession, with education returns favouring women in 2008 and 2009 before returning to pre-recession levels. Additionally, the results suggest that married women and women with children tend to have lower earnings compared to their male counterparts.These findings provide evidence of a glass ceiling in the US labour market, which may have been exacerbated by the exogenous shock of the Great Recession.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The welfare challenge that faces South Africa in the post-apartheid period is, at its core, defined by the high levels of poverty and inequality in the society. The labour market, as a provider of wages to individuals and ultimately households, remains the key transmitter of these poverty and inequality outcomes in the society. This specific line of reasoning is the underlying intellectual thrust of this thesis: namely that the state of poverty and inequality in a society is mirrored by, and perhaps more strongly - determined and shaped - by the state of its labour market. The thesis therefore focuses in the first instance on employment trends in South Africa since 1970, across two discrete time periods. The intention is to sketch the changing patterns of labour demand in South Africa, with a particular focus on how these patterns have yielded differential gains for different occupation, race, gender and education cohorts. Ultimately, these uneven employment patterns remain one of the most significant factors shaping South Africa's poverty and inequality challenges. The inequality challenge, so often thought of in terms of households only, is analysed here purely in terms of the employed. The starting point once again, is that it is precisely these earnings that contribute to the extraordinarily high inequality levels in South Africa. This analysis imparts information about the manner in which intra-employed wage inequality is structured and furthermore, how South Africa compares in the international context. A major contribution of the thesis is to, through more formal measures of poverty, apply these to labour market-defined individuals, rather than households, which is the norm in the literature. The point of departure is of course that poverty, or vulnerability, expresses itself through individuals in the labour market, and is thereby transmitted at the household level. Hence a significant component of the dissertation attempts a formal measurement and modelling of the degree of poverty and vulnerability in the South African labour market. These welfare challenges for a society though, should not only be analysed, but rather solved as well. Hence the final two chapters of the dissertation attempts to examine two very recent policy options mooted in South Africa, and through using simulation techniques, attempts to estimate both the costs and benefits of instituting these two alternatives which are explicitly aimed at reducing poverty, vulnerability and inequality in the society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se welvaartsvraagstuk in die na-apartheidsperiode word deur die hoë vlakke van armoede en ongelykheid in die samelewing bepaal. Die arbeidsmark, as voorsiener van lone aan individue en uiteindelik ook huishoudings, is die belangrikste bepaler van die oordrag van armoede- en ongelykheidsuitkomste in die samelewing. Die sleuteluitgangspunt van hierdie proefskrif is dat die stand van armoede en ongelykheid in 'n samelewing in sy arbeidsmark weerspieël en selfs daardeur bepaal en gevorm word. Die proefskrif fokus daarom veralop Suid- Afrikaanse indiensnemingstendense sedert die sewentigerjare, in twee diskrete periodes. Die doel is om die veranderende Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsvraagpatroon te skets, veral die ongelyke voordele wat hierdie patrone vir verskillende beroeps-, rasse-, gestags- en opvoedkundige groepe meegebring het. Hierdie ongelyke indiensnemingspatrone is uiteindelik belangrike determinante van Suid-Afrika se armoede- en ongelykheidsvraagstuk. Hierdie analise verskaf inligting omtrent die struktuur van loonongelykheid onder werkendes en hoe Suid-Afrika internasionaal vergelyk. 'n Belangrike bydrae is die toepassing van formele armoedemaatstawwe op individue in die arbeidsmark, eerder as die konvensionele toepassing op huishoudings. Die uitgangspunt is natuurlik dat armoede of weerloosheid in die arbeidsmark op die vlak van die individu ervaar word, en dat dit daarna na die huishouding oorgedra word. Daarom is 'n groot deel van die proefskrif op die formele meting en modellering van die omvangvan armoede en weerloosheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark toegespits. Hierdie welsynsvraagstukke moet natuurlik nie net ontleed word nie, maar ook opgelos word. Daarom poog die laaste twee hoofstukke om die implikasies van twee onlangse beleidsvoorstelle te ontleed. Deur simulasietegnieke word probeer om die kostes en voordele van hierdie twee alternatiewe beleidsvoorstelle gemik op die vermindering van armoede, ongelykheid en weerloosheid in die samelewing te beraam.

This thesis examines inter-industry wage differentials in the Czech Republic, using the European Union - Statistics on Income and Living (EU-SILC 2009) survey as our primary data source. Findings show that even after controlling for large number of workers and jobs characteristics wage differences based on industry affiliation still persist. The variation of the inter-industry wage differentials amounts to approximately 5 percent with the maximum wage level difference of 25 percent between the financial sector and agriculture. By applying two distinct methodologies we tested the hypothesis that the inter-industry wage differentials are actually caused by higher concentration of workers with better unmeasured abilities in higher-paying industries. Neither of the two methods rejected the unobserved ability hypothesis. Finally, our analysis also shows that the inter-industry wage differentials can be to a certain extent attributed to rent-sharing and different labour turnover costs across sectors.

A presente tese tem por objetivo geral apresentar dois ensaios sobre os acidentes do trabalho à luz da teoria dos diferenciais salariais compensatórios sobre os empregos de risco no Brasil. Para tanto, a partir da base de dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), fornecida pelo Ministério do Trabalho (MT), são construídas variáveis relacionadas às taxas de ocorrência de acidentes do trabalho (fatal, lesão e doença) para as subclasses da Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas (CNAE). No primeiro, intitulado \"O Valor estatístico de uma vida: estimativas para o Brasil\", é calculado o valor estatístico de uma vida para diferentes amostras de trabalhadores (homens, mulheres e trabalhadores blue-collars) com o objetivo de fornecer um parâmetro financeiro referente às indenizações a serem pagas a trabalhadores (e às suas famílias, em caso de acidentes fatais) que sofreram algum dos tipos de acidentes listados anteriormente no exercício de sua atividade laboral. No segundo ensaio, intitulado \"O impacto da \"Lei do Descanso\" nas horas trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho dos caminhoneiros brasileiros\", é estimado o método de diferenças em diferenças generalizadas para avaliar se a Lei de Descanso, implementada em 2012 no Brasil, visando regular a jornada diária de trabalho e de descanso dos caminhoneiros brasileiros, com o intuito de melhorar as condições de trabalho e de reduzir os acidentes envolvendo estes profissionais, gerou diferenças estatísticas nas horas mensais trabalhadas, nos salários e nos acidentes não-fatais do trabalho (por lesão ou doença) destes trabalhadores. / The purpose of this thesis is to present two essays on labor accidents in the light of the theory of compensatory wage differentials on hazardous jobs in Brazil. To do so, based on the data base of the \"Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), provided by the Ministry of Labor (MT), I use variables related to the rates of occurrence of labor accidents (fatal, injury and illness) constructed for the subclasses of the \"Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas\" (CNAE). In the first essay, entitled \"The Value of a Statistical Life: Estimates for Brazil\", the value of a statistical life is estimated for different samples of workers (men, women and blue-collar workers) with the objective of providing a financial parameter related to the indemnities to be paid to workers (and their families in case of fatal accidents) who suffered any of the types of accidents listed, previously, in the exercise of their work activity. In the second essay, entitled \"The Impact of the \"Rest by Law\" on hours worked, wages, and non-fatal accidents of Brazilian truck drivers\", the method of generalized differences-in-differences is estimated to assess whether the \"Rest by Law\", implemented in 2012 in Brazil, aimed to properly regulate the daily work of the Brazilian truck drivers, with the purpose of improving their working conditions and reducing accidents involving these professionals, generated statistical differences on monthly hours worked, in wages and in non-fatal accidents of work (injury or illness) of these workers.

Le taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement supérieur au Cambodge augmente rapidement dans les deux dernières décennies. Cette augmentation est associée, pourtant, avec des inquiétudes sur la difficulté des diplômés à trouver des emplois correspondant à leur niveau et domaine d'études, ce que l'on appelle les inadéquations verticales et horizontales.Cette thèse vise à examiner les impacts des inadéquations éducatives dans les pays en développement avec un accent particulier sur le Cambodge.Le chapitre 1 examine le lien entre les risques des inadéquations et la durée du chômage. Théoriquement, en supposant que les chercheurs d'emploi ne peuvent accéder qu'à des informations imparfaites sur les offres d'emploi disponibles, les individus font face à deux choix alternatifs : accepter la première offre d'emploi qui pourrait être inadéquate à leur qualification ou rester au chômage pour attendre un emploi plus adéquat. En revanche, si les travailleurs sont hétérogènes et les opportunités d'emplois sont limitées, il est possible que certains travailleurs ne parviennent pas à trouver une position adéquate et restent au chômage pour une durée plus longue.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature sur trois points. Premièrement, nous étendons la recherche au pays en développement. Deuxièmement, nous tenons compte l’endogénéité des inadéquations éducatives et considérons ces inadéquations dans les deux formes et dans toutes les dimensions. Troisièmement, nous proposons une analyse sous deux angles : un modèle théorique et empirique appliquée sur une enquête en 2011 auprès de dix-neuf universités au Cambodge. Les résultats soulignent que la durée du chômage augmente avec les risques d'inadéquations éducatives.Le chapitre 2 examine si les inadéquations diminuent les salaires. Il existe un consensus théorique sur l’impact négatif des inadéquations sur le salaire. En effet, travailler dans un emploi inadéquat ne permettrait pas les travailleurs d'exploiter leurs compétences potentielles, et par conséquent, ils seraient moins productifs et gagneraient moins (Sattinger, 1993). Pourtant, des limites existent encore dans les études empiriques.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en trois points. Premièrement, il analyse un autre cas de pays en développement, alors que les études existantes concernent les pays relativement plus avancés. Deuxièmement, il analyse les effets combinés des inadéquations verticales et horizontales. Troisièmement, nous tenons compte le problème du biais de sélection en proposant un modèle de Heckman ordonné, appliqué sur les données d’enquêtes en 2014 de huit universités au Cambodge. Les résultats économétriques nous permettent de conclure que le salaire diminue avec le niveau des inadéquations.Le chapitre 3 examine les impacts de la suréducation sur la croissance économique au sein de trente-huit pays en développement. D’un point de vue théorique, deux approches s’affrontent. D’abord, la productivité d'un travailleur dépend à la fois des attributs du travail et des caractéristiques individuelles. Ainsi, les travailleurs suréduqués sont plus productifs que leurs collègues dans le même emploi, ce qui est favorable à la croissance économique. Pourtant, les travailleurs suréduqués peuvent être insatisfaits de leur travail, ce qui induit des comportements contre-productifs tels que des taux élevés d'absentéisme et de roulement, et donc négatif pour la croissance.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en deux points. Premièrement, ce chapitre contribue en termes de données sur le taux de suréducation dans des différents pays en développement, ce qui permet d’analyser les impacts de la suréducation au niveau macroéconomique sur ces pays. Deuxièmement, ce chapitre traite l'hétérogénéité non observée des pays et l'endogénéité de la suréducation en employant la méthode des moindres carrés en deux étapes avec des effets fixes. Le résultat montre que la suréducation a un effet négatif sur la croissance / The enrollment rate in higher education in Cambodia has risen rapidly in the last two decades. Nevertheless, concerns on the graduates' employability exist: University graduates seem to be more and more struggled to find jobs corresponding to their level and field of education, the so-called vertical and horizontal mismatches.This thesis aims at examining the impacts of educational mismatches among graduates in developing countries with a special attention to the Cambodia's case.Chapter 1 examines the relation between education-job mismatches and unemployment duration among graduates in Cambodia. Theoretically, by assuming that job seekers can only access to limited information about the available job opportunities, they face two alternative choices between accepting the first job offer that can be mismatched to their qualification and staying unemployed to wait for a better suitable job. In contrast, if workers are heterogeneous and the job opportunities are limited, it is possible that some workers may fail to find a matched position and stay unemployed for a longer duration.This chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, we extend the research into the developing country. Second, we take into account the endogeneity of educational mismatches and consider them in their both forms and all dimensions: Vertical or horizontal, single or double mismatch. Third, we propose an analysis from two angles: A theoretical model and an empirical model applied on a survey data in 2011 from nineteen higher education institutions (HEI) in Cambodia. The results underline that unemployment duration increases with the risks of mismatches.Chapter 2 examines whether education-job mismatches lower individual wages. There exists a theoretical consensus on the negative impact of mismatches on wages. Indeed, working in a mismatched job would not allow workers to exploit their potential skills, and consequently they would be less productive and earn less than if they were employed in a matched occupation. Yet, some limits remain in empirical studies.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, it analyzes another case of developing country, while the existing studies focus on relatively more advanced countries. Second, it analyzes the combination effects of vertical and horizontal mismatches. Third, we take into account the selection bias problem by proposing an ordered Heckman model applied on a survey data from eight HEI in Cambodia in 2014. The econometric results allow us concluding that wages decrease with the level of mismatches.Chapter 3 examines the impacts of overeducation on economics growth in thirty-eight developing countries. Two theoretical approaches confront each another. First, a worker's productivity depends on both job attributes and individual characteristics. Thus, overeducated workers are more productive than their counterparts in the same job, which is good for the economic growth. In contrast, overeducated workers may be dissatisfied with their jobs, which induces to counterproductive behaviors, such as high rates of absenteeism and turnover, that is bad for the growth outcome.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in two points. First, this chapter contributes in terms of data, allowing to analyze the impacts of overeducation on economic growth in developing countries. Second, this chapter deals with unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of overeducation by employing two-stage least squares regression with country fixed-effects. The results show that overeducation has a negative impact on economic growth

Diese Arbeit besteht aus empirischen und methodischen Beiträgen zur Literatur über den deutschen Lohnunterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen. Bisher war es aus Mangel an geeigneten Daten nicht möglich, den potentiellen Einfluss von Arbeitgebern bzw. Firmen auf diesen Lohnunterschied zu untersuchen. Auf der Basis neuer Linked Employer-Employee Daten wird dies in drei empirischen Studien untersucht. Die erste Studie wendet sich dem innerbetrieblichen Lohnunterschied zu. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dieser stark über die Firmen schwankt. Demnach weisen Unternehmen mit einem Betriebsrat und solche, die Tarifverträge anwenden, geringere Lohnunterschiede auf. Firmen, die einem starken Wettbewerbsdruck ausgesetzt sind, nehmen weniger Entlohnungsunterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern vor. In der zweiten Studie steht die Frage, wie viel des beobachteten Lohnunterschieds durch verschiedene individuelle Merkmale und wie viel durch die Selektion in unterschiedliche Betriebe erklärt werden kann, im Mittelpunkt. Dazu wird eine Zerlegung in vier Komponenten mit einem Verfahren von Machado und Mata (2005) über die ganze Lohnverteilung vorgenommen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass der Lohnunterschied am unteren Rand der Lohnverteilung am höchsten ist. Dies ist auf die Segregation von Frauen in weniger erfolgreiche und produktive Firmen zurückzuführen. Dagegen haben Unterschiede in der Humankapitalausstattung nur einen geringen Einfluss. In der dritten Studie wird die Beziehung zwischen dem Frauenanteil in Unternehmen und dem Lohn untersucht. Ein hoher Frauenanteil innerhalb von Unternehmen könnte eine für Frauen attraktive Arbeitsumgebung, geringe Qualifikationsanforderungen von Seiten der Arbeitgeber oder weniger Diskriminierung gegenüber Frauen widerspiegeln. Die Analyse zeigt, dass auch bei sukzessiver Berücksichtigung von individuellen und Firmenmerkmalen, der Frauenanteil einen negativen Einfluss auf den Lohn hat. Insbesondere eine attraktive Arbeitsumgebung führt zu einem geringen Lohn in frauendominierten Firmen. / This thesis consists of empirical and methodological contributions to the literature on the German gender wage gap. Due to a lack of appropriate data, previous studies have been unable to document the potential impact of employers and establishments on the gender wage gap. We investigate these issues using a newly available Linked Employer-Employee Dataset. The first study pays attention to the gender wage gap within establishments. We find that the gender wage gap varies tremendously across establishments. Establishments with work councils and those covered by collective wage agreements are found to have a smaller wage gap. Furthermore, establishments operating under strong product market competition behave in a more egalitarian way. In the second study, the key issue is to disentangle gender differences in human capital endowment and the segregation of men and women in different types of establishments as sources of wage inequality. Using an approach of Machado and Mata (2005), we apply a decomposition method extended to four terms across the entire wage distribution. The analysis shows that the gap is highest in the lower part of the wage distribution. This is largely explained by segregation of women into less successful and productive firms. Gender differences in the human capital endowment have a lesser impact upon the gap. The third study comprises an investigation of the relationship between the share of women in establishments and the wages of both sexes. For this correlation, hypotheses are formulated as to what a high proportion of women in an establishment can indicate: attractive working conditions for women, lower qualification requirements or less discrimination against women. The results show, that even when including worker and establishment covariates, a higher share of female employees reduces wages for both males and females. In particular, attractive working conditions lead to lower wages in female dominated establishments.

利用“甘肃基础教育调查(The Gansu Survey of Children and Families, 2007)提供的数据，以特征工资理论(Hedonic Wage Theory)为基础，本研究建构了一个从个人特征和岗位特征两方面解读甘肃农村公办教师工资差异形成机制和潜在后果的解释框架。 / 本研究利用科学抽样的微观数据，以特征工资理论的投资假说和消费假说为基础，探讨甘肃农村教师收入差异的前因后果。运用多层线性技术对“特征的逐层分解凸显了环境结构变量对教师工资的层次性影响。研究的主要内容如下：(1)教师个人特征和教职岗位特征在工资及差异结构中的影响性质和强度；(2)工资和包括工作条件及生活环境在内的教职岗位特征在教师职业效用中的替代性及其办学成本意义；(3)地区政策与教师工资差异格局及其教育财政涵义。 / 通过对甘肃这个边远贫穷地区农村教师工资进行微观计量分析，本研究得出如下主要结论： / 教师个人特征和教职岗位特征均是工资差异来源的主成因素。个人特征和岗位特征在收入差异形成过程中分别对应特征工资理论之投资性收益和消费性补偿。一方面，个人素质越高，收入越高；另一方面，与优越的岗位环境相联系的是更低的工资收入。换言之，艰苦的条件对应补偿性工资差异。 / 工资与教职岗位环境特征在教师职业效用偏好结构中具有替代性。岗位环境与工资的替代率介于-0.03和0.05间。负值代表教师愿意接受较低的工资以换取更优越的工作环境和社区设施，即为在某优越的县(区)工作而承受的工资损失。因此，教学条件和生活环境更艰苦的边穷地区需提供等效用的经济补偿才能保证师资质量。 / 出于经济补偿的考虑，扶贫政策比边远艰苦地区津补贴方案更有效地鉴别了岗位环境的恶劣程度。贫困地区的教学条件和生活环境更艰苦，由此带来的心理负效用反映在消费性补偿中。与“贫困相联系的不良岗位属性产生的负效用折合成工资约15%。 / 结合教师偏好和地区政策，更边远艰苦或贫困地区可以通过教师工资成本指数的形式，将额外聘用成本加权到教育财政预算中，以实现均衡发展和社会公平。国贫县聘用一名同等质量的普通合格教师，边际成本高于平均水平10%。但办学成本与边远艰苦等级的关系没有固定规律：更边远的三类地区招聘一名教师的成本只相当于平均水平的74%；而二类地区则需多花3.6-11.8%的附加成本。 / 本研究的政策启示包括： / 第一，边远艰苦地区政策和扶贫政策的针对性不同。虽然边远艰苦地区津补贴政策所鉴定的县(区)地理属性可能具有重要的公共财政意义，但扶贫政策有更明显的区分度，可提供更清晰的教育财政政策启示。 / 第二，将原始资源禀赋等外部不可控因素造成的额外人员开支纳入财政方案中，并以教师工资成本指数的形式提升其预算等级，是保障各地师资配置从而实现教育均衡和机会均等的公平而有效方法。 / Based on the Gansu Survey of Children and Families(GSCF, 2007), this thesis investigates the hierarchical effects of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes as determinants of wages and sources of variations from the perspective of Hedonic Wage Theory. / Based on the Hedonic Wage Theory, this study has made use of a scientific sampled micro data set to analyze teacher wage disparities in rural Gansu, which is a typical less-developed northwestern remote province in Mainland China. Hierarchical Linear Modeling(HLM) is employed to study the regional effects. Major foci of this thesis consist of: (1)The nature and strength of economic values of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes. (2)The substitution between pecuniary rewards from wages and non-pecuniary benefit derived from working conditions and living amenities, and its implications for teacher personnel costs. (3)How regional policies are related to teacher wage variations and what can government do to narrow the consequential gap in education service. / The conclusions of the study include: / Both teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes are major determining factors of wages. Human capital components proxying higher teacher quality are positively compensated, while better daily working and living conditions are paid in the form of lower wages. In other words, hardships are associated with compensating wage differentials. / Working conditions in schools and living conditions in community where the teaching position is located are substitutable with wages. The substitution between wages and job conditions varies from -0.03 to 0.05. Negative values mean that teachers are willing to accept lower wages to work in a better-off county. It costs more for hard-to-staff regions to recruit a comparable teacher. / In consideration of wage compensations, the “Helping the Poor policy can give a better indication than the “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme. Dis-utilities from uncomfortable working and living environment in poor counties cost 15% extra wage expenditures. / Accounting for teacher utility preference, disadvantageous counties classified by economic-geographic features should be financially aided based on teacher cost index(TCI) to recruit and retain quality teachers. Simulation implies that counties labeled as “poor should be provided 10% more marginal personnel budget in order to hire an average teacher who meets the basic education requirements. However, fiscal assistances based on degree of remoteness do not show consistent patterns. The most remote counties can hire a comparable teacher at a cost of only 74% of the average, while those second most remote ones pay 3.6-11.8% more. / There are two major policy implications from the results of the study: / (1)The “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme and the “Helping the Poor policy have different focuses. Though the former scheme may have public-goods considerations, the latter can give a clear and differentiative policy implication for education finance. / (2)It would be an equitable and efficient way to incorporate uncontrollable external factors into a teacher wage index(TCI), and to use it to adjust education financial strategies to these difficult areas. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 馬紅梅. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-173) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ma Hongmei. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究问题与背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一节 --- 问题陈述 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究问题 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究目的 --- p.3 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究意义 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二节 --- 研究背景 --- p.7 / Chapter 一、 --- 现实背景 --- p.7 / Chapter 二、 --- 政策背景 --- p.12 / Chapter 第三节 --- 论文结构 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献综述 --- p.27 / Chapter 第一节 --- 特征工资理论的内容概要 --- p.27 / Chapter 一、 --- 特征二因素主张 --- p.28 / Chapter 二、 --- 特征的双重补偿 --- p.29 / Chapter 三、 --- 职业效用最大化 --- p.32 / Chapter 第二节 --- 特征工资理论之消费假说 --- p.33 / Chapter 一、 --- 消费性补偿的工资理论 --- p.33 / Chapter 二、 --- 消费性补偿经济学分析 --- p.34 / Chapter 三、 --- 消费性补偿的现实意义 --- p.39 / Chapter 第三节 --- 教师工资特征性补偿综述 --- p.44 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究概况 --- p.44 / Chapter 二、 --- 教师特征 --- p.47 / Chapter 三、 --- 教职特征 --- p.48 / Chapter 第四节 --- 教师工资分解的研究启示 --- p.50 / Chapter 一、 --- 国外文献 --- p.51 / Chapter 二、 --- 国内文献 --- p.52 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究设计 --- p.56 / Chapter 第一节 --- 研究方法 --- p.56 / Chapter 第二节 --- 数据描述 --- p.60 / Chapter 一、 --- 数据来源 --- p.60 / Chapter 二、 --- 样本信息 --- p.61 / Chapter 第三节 --- 变量界定与分布 --- p.64 / Chapter 一、 --- 因变量：教师月工资 --- p.65 / Chapter 二、 --- 自变量：个人特征和岗位特征 --- p.68 / Chapter 第四节 --- 研究架构 --- p.85 / Chapter 一、 --- 分析结构 --- p.85 / Chapter 二、 --- 模型界定 --- p.86 / Chapter 第四章 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制 --- p.89 / Chapter 第一节 --- 教师工资的影响因素 --- p.89 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师个人特征：主导因素 --- p.89 / Chapter 二、 --- 教职岗位特征：关键因素 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：决定教师工资的双重特征 --- p.91 / Chapter 第二节 --- 基于教师个人特征的投资性收益 --- p.92 / Chapter 一、 --- 解释变量：人力资本特征 --- p.92 / Chapter 二、 --- 控制变量：个人背景特征 --- p.97 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教师个人特征对工资的影响 --- p.103 / Chapter 第三节 --- 基于教职岗位特征的消费性补偿 --- p.104 / Chapter 一、 --- 学校实时工作环境 --- p.104 / Chapter 二、 --- 县(区)社区人居环境 --- p.111 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教职岗位特征对工资的影响 --- p.117 / Chapter 第四节 --- 本章小结 --- p.119 / Chapter 第五章 --- 国家政策对教师工资的影响 --- p.125 / Chapter 第一节 --- 地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125 / Chapter 一、 --- 边远艰苦地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125 / Chapter 二、 --- 国家扶贫政策与教师工资 --- p.131 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策与教师工资 --- p.134 / Chapter 第二节 --- 地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.136 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师人员成本指数的建构 --- p.136 / Chapter 二、 --- 边穷属性的成本指数 --- p.138 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.143 / Chapter 第三节 --- 本章小结 --- p.145 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.148 / Chapter 第一节 --- 主要实证结果 --- p.148 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师工资差异的影响因素：个人特征与岗位特征 --- p.148 / Chapter 二、 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制：特征性双重补偿 --- p.149 / Chapter 三、 --- 边穷地区政策与教师工资的关系：消费性补偿 --- p.151 / Chapter 四、 --- 地区政策的教育财政意义：教师工资成本指数化 --- p.152 / Chapter 第二节 --- 政策启示 --- p.153 / Chapter 一、 --- 教育财政意义 --- p.153 / Chapter 二、 --- 完善地区政策 --- p.154 / Chapter 第三节 --- 研究总结 --- p.155 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究贡献 --- p.155 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究不足 --- p.157 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究展望 --- p.158 / 参考文献 --- p.160 / 附录 --- p.160