<p>Problem: The Swedish wage-setting has changed since the time for the breakthrough of the industrialism until today. Before that, wages often consisted of perquisites or goods that could be exchanged against other goods. Rural people were often self-sufficient. In some cases the farmer owned the land, in other cases they where tenants. At the time for the breakthrough of industrialism the demand for similar labour were increased. This situation in combination with urbanization leads to an increasing demand for money as means of payment. The wage-setting runs all through the story and is important for the development of a society. The cooperation between employers and employees is important and the institutions is a great part in these game. The question is how the wage-setting has developed from the middle of 19th century until today, and what the most important elements for development are.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to describe the Swedish wagesetting between 1850-2009, from an institutional point of view, and analyse important factors for these changings.</p><p>Results: The Swedish wage-setting between 1850-2009 has gone from a situation with pure theory in the middle of the 1900 century, to a more complicated system for wage-setting in the middle of 20th century. After 1970 we can see a development towards the pure theory for wage-setting that is presented by Olivier Blanchard. Some reasons for that is the change from industrial society to service society, women are introduced on the labourmarket, globalization and an increasing competition from other countries outside Europe, and an increased public sector.</p>

Problem: The Swedish wage-setting has changed since the time for the breakthrough of the industrialism until today. Before that, wages often consisted of perquisites or goods that could be exchanged against other goods. Rural people were often self-sufficient. In some cases the farmer owned the land, in other cases they where tenants. At the time for the breakthrough of industrialism the demand for similar labour were increased. This situation in combination with urbanization leads to an increasing demand for money as means of payment. The wage-setting runs all through the story and is important for the development of a society. The cooperation between employers and employees is important and the institutions is a great part in these game. The question is how the wage-setting has developed from the middle of 19th century until today, and what the most important elements for development are. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to describe the Swedish wagesetting between 1850-2009, from an institutional point of view, and analyse important factors for these changings. Results: The Swedish wage-setting between 1850-2009 has gone from a situation with pure theory in the middle of the 1900 century, to a more complicated system for wage-setting in the middle of 20th century. After 1970 we can see a development towards the pure theory for wage-setting that is presented by Olivier Blanchard. Some reasons for that is the change from industrial society to service society, women are introduced on the labourmarket, globalization and an increasing competition from other countries outside Europe, and an increased public sector.

Bakgrund: Allt fler arbetsgivare inför individbaserad lönesättning för att kunna attrahera, knyta an och utveckla rätt kompetens och därigenom hantera de alltmer komplexa produktionsprocesserna och den växande konkurrenssituationen. Individuell lönesättning antas stimulera medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation vilket i sin tur bidrar till ökad arbetsprestation och förbättrat resultat för företaget. Systemet förutsätter dock att medarbetarna upplever lönesättningen som rättvis för att den individbaserade lönen ska få den avsedda effekten. Motivation och rättvisa är emellertid subjektivt, inrymmer flera element och tenderar ge lönen en relativ betydelse vilket gör utformningen av ett individbaserat lönesystem komplext. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera förhållningssätt hos aktörerna: företag, fack och medarbetare gällande individuell lönesättning, rättvisa och motivation. För att därigenom kunna jämföra och koppla samman aktörernas förhållningssätt och peka ut faktorer som kan främja arbetet med att utforma ett lönesättningssystem med inslag av individbaserad lönesättning som ska fungera motiverande, upplevas rättvis och bidra till ökad prestation. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där empirin har samlats in genom intervjuer, enkäter samt analys av sekundärdata. Studien har ett fallföretag som utgångspunkt där informanter och respondenter har utgjorts av representanter från fack och företag samt anställda inom företaget. Datainsamlingsmetoderna och datainsamlingskällorna hanterades genom triangulering. Slutsatser: Studien visar att alla aktörer har ett positivt förhållningssätt till individbaserad lönesättning samt att det finns ett flertal gemensamma nämnare aktörerna emellan. Bland annat tycker alla aktörer att kompetens ska utgöra den främsta bedömningsgrunden, att högre lön är motiverande samt att ett transparent och tydligt lönesystem med lönekriterier som alla känner till och förstår är en förutsättning för att lönesättningen ska upplevas som rättvis och motiverande. Därtill pekas den lönesättande chefen ut som central för upplevelsen av rättvisa vid lönesättning samt att alla medarbetare ska få inflytande och likvärdiga förutsättningar att kompetensutvecklas och därigenom kunna höja lönen. / Background: More and more employers are introducing performance-based wage-setting in order toattract, connect and develop competence and in addition handle the increasingly complex production processes and the growing competitive situation. Performance-based setting is assumed to stimulate employees´ work motivation, which in turn contributes to increased work performance and improved results for the company. However, the system presupposes that employees perceive wage setting as fair in order for the performance-based salary to have the intended effect. Motivation and justice are subjective, contain several elements and tend to give the salary a relative significance, which makes the design of an performance-based salary system complex. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and analyse the attitudes of the actors: companies, unions and employees regarding performance-based wage setting, justice and motivation. In order to thereby be able to compare and connect the actors' attitudes and point out factors that can promote the work of designing a wage setting system with elements of performance-based wage setting that must function motivatingly, be perceived as fair and contribute to increased performance. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method where the empirical data has been collected through interviews, questionnaires and analysis of secondary data. The study has a case company as a starting point where informants and respondents have consisted of representatives from the union and the company as well as employees within the company. The data collection methods and data collection sources were handled by triangulation. Conclusions: The study shows that all actors have a positive approach to performance-based wage setting and that there are several common denominators between the actors. Among other things, all actors think that competence should be the main basis for assessment, that higher pay is motivating and that a transparent and clear salary system with defined criteria that everyone have knowledge about and understand is a prerequisite for a salary setting to be perceived as fair and motivating. In addition, the payroll manager is pointed out as central to the experience of justice in wage setting and that all employees should have influence and equal opportunities to develop skills and thereby be able to raise salaries.

Bakgrund: Allt fler arbetsgivare inför individbaserad lönesättning för att kunna attrahera, knyta an och utveckla rätt kompetens och därigenom hantera de alltmer komplexa produktionsprocesserna och den växande konkurrenssituationen. Individuell lönesättning antas stimulera medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation vilket i sin tur bidrar till ökad arbetsprestation och förbättrat resultat för företaget. Systemet förutsätter dock att medarbetarna upplever lönesättningen som rättvis för att den individbaserade lönen ska få den avsedda effekten. Motivation och rättvisa är emellertid subjektivt, inrymmer flera element och tenderar ge lönen en relativ betydelse vilket gör utformningen av ett individbaserat lönesystem komplext. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera förhållningssätt hos aktörerna: företag, fack och medarbetare gällande individuell lönesättning, rättvisa och motivation. För att därigenom kunna jämföra och koppla samman aktörernas förhållningssätt och peka ut faktorer som kan främja arbetet med att utforma ett lönesättningssystem med inslag av individbaserad lönesättning som ska fungera motiverande, upplevas rättvis och bidra till ökad prestation. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där empirin har samlats in genom intervjuer, enkäter samt analys av sekundärdata. Studien har ett fallföretag som utgångspunkt där informanter och respondenter har utgjorts av representanter från fack och företag samt anställda inom företaget. Datainsamlingsmetoderna och datainsamlingskällorna hanterades genom triangulering. Slutsatser: Studien visar att alla aktörer har ett positivt förhållningssätt till individbaserad lönesättning samt att det finns ett flertal gemensamma nämnare aktörerna emellan. Bland annat tycker alla aktörer att kompetens ska utgöra den främsta bedömningsgrunden, att högre lön är motiverande samt att ett transparent och tydligt lönesystem med lönekriterier som alla känner till och förstår är en förutsättning för att lönesättningen ska upplevas som rättvis och motiverande. Därtill pekas den lönesättande chefen ut som central för upplevelsen av rättvisa vid lönesättning samt att alla medarbetare ska få inflytande och likvärdiga förutsättningar att kompetensutvecklas och därigenom kunna höja lönen. / Background: More and more employers are introducing performance-based wage-setting in order to attract, connect and develop competence and in addition handle the increasingly complex production processes and the growing competitive situation. Performance-based setting is assumed to stimulate employees´ work motivation, which in turn contributes to increased work performance and improved results for the company. However, the system presupposes that employees perceive wage setting as fair in order for the performance-based salary to have the intended effect. Motivation and justice are subjective, contain several elements and tend to give the salary a relative significance, which makes the design of an performance-based salary system complex. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and analyse the attitudes of the actors: companies, unions and employees regarding performance-based wage setting, justice and motivation. In order to thereby be able to compare and connect the actors' attitudes and point out factors that can promote the work of designing a wage setting system with elements of performance-based wage setting that must function motivatingly, be perceived as fair and contribute to increased performance. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method where the empirical data has been collected through interviews, questionnaires and analysis of secondary data. The study has a case company as a starting point where informants and respondents have consisted of representatives from the union and the company as well as employees within the company. The data collection methods and data collection sources were handled by triangulation. Conclusions: The study shows that all actors have a positive approach to performance-based wage setting and that there are several common denominators between the actors. Among other things, all actors think that competence should be the main basis for assessment, that higher pay is motivating and that a transparent and clear salary system with defined criteria that everyone have knowledge about and understand is a prerequisite for a salary setting to be perceived as fair and motivating. In addition, the payroll manager is pointed out as central to the experience of justice in wage setting and that all employees should have influence and equal opportunities to develop skills and thereby be able to raise salaries. / <p>Examensarbete och metod i företagsekonomi: Management G2E 22,5 hp FÖ541G</p>

In this thesis I analyze regional labor markets in the interwar period using a firm-level wagedatabase. Using wages for both men, women, and minors I show that previous studiesunderestimate regional inequalities. Wages for all workers converged slightly between 1922and 1930 but male wages diverged. The thesis also shows that wages were positively correlatedwith local union density levels and negatively correlated with unemployment. Wages weremore responsive towards unemployment in 1922 as compared to 1930. The findings in thisthesis point towards a new understanding of regional development during the interwar periodand sheds new light on the dawn of the Swedish model.

This thesis studies how decision-making might work in an organization without a predetermined formal decision-maker. By studying three selected areas in organizational decision making at a flat organization, the way decisions are made without a formal decision-maker is presented. The study includes an analysis of what factors drive decisions and possible effects of the flat organizational approach. This thesis focuses on decisions regarding wage-setting, recruitment, and the setting of long-term goals. The study finds several relevant conditions which contribute to making a flat organization's decision-making system possible, including organizational culture and transparency. The study indicates that cultural fit is an important aspect in maintaining a flat structure at an organization. To access data, in order to examine the principles of decisions, study at Menlo Innovations has been performed. The core of the study relies on semi-structured interviews with the employees, a virtual tour of the organization, a pre-recorded interview with Menlo representatives, and additional articles and documents. This data has helped the thesis answer how decision-making in the areas of wage-setting, recruitment, and the setting of long-term goals, might work in an organization without a predetermined formal decision-maker.

In the literature on the emergence of the welfare state, the strength of trade unions and the organized working class is often touted as the primary driving force behind the welfare state project. Furthermore, much of the previous literature has tended to assume union homogeneity across countries, federations, industries and professions. What is conspicuously lacking from the current political science literature is a systematic analysis of real-world trade unions’ choice of labor market advocacy focus. Using a qualitative approach and studying both published union material as well as conducting a number of elite interviews with high-level union officials, this thesis studies the degree to which Swedish trade unions’ labor market policy preferences are defined by the union members’ labor market risk exposure and whether the union adheres to white-collar or blue-collar unionism. While the conclusions indeed suggest that labor market risk and blue-collar/white-collar unionism do have a systematic impact on cartain aspects of trade unions’ labor market advocacy, future “large N” studies utilizing alternative methodological approaches will be required to draw more easily generalizable conclusions.

I övergripande kollektivavtal på svensk arbetsmarknad framgår en strävan efter ett positivt samband mellan lön, motivation och resultat som en följd av individuell lönesättning. Denna studie undersöker individuell lönesättnings eventuella påverkan på arbetsmotivation hos lärare, kort efter att en statligt finansierad lönesatsning hade höjt lönerna för många av dessa. Studien har i huvudsak kvalitativ ansats och har genomförts med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av self determination theory, teorier om avund och rättviseteori. För att undersöka om individuell lönesättning påverkar grundskollärares arbetsmotivation genomfördes intervjuer med 8 respondenter på två skolor i en svensk kommun, som även fick besvara en enkät om arbetsmotivation. Studiens resultat tyder på att individuell lönesättning förvisso kan föranleda positiva arbetsmotivationseffekter hos personer som premieras med högre lön, men att de som missgynnas i den individuella lönesättningen riskerar att få mindre självdeterminerad arbetsmotivation och/eller minska sin arbetsinsats för att utjämna upplevd orättvisa. Utöver detta riskerar individuell lönesättning att försämra relationer mellan kollegor, vilket kan innebära att arbetsmotivation blir mindre självdeterminerad, både hos den som främjas av individuell lönesättning och den som missgynnas.