theme of dissertation {\clq}qInvestment by internet{\crq}q is focused on the new method of investment. The topic is an innovation in the internet banking sphere. Four bank institutions offer the investment by internet nowadays. The goal of the dissertation is to analyse the new investment. Theoretical part describes electronic banking development, legal amendment, security and possibilities of investment. Further on it defines advantages and disadvantages of practical use of investment by internet. The second part of dissertation is focused on the practice. It includes the real study, comparison of investment bank institutions' possibilities and real investment example. Here I tried the on-line investment myself.

O desenvolvimento de próteses nacionais de qualidade duvidosa e a insuficiência de normas e rotinas objetivas de garantia de qualidade de implantes médicos no país tornaram as próteses importadas sinônimo de qualidade, acarretando atraso tecnológico pontual nesta área no Brasil. O presente estudo é a aplicação de ensaios laboratoriais sugeridos pelo Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para revisão sistemática do processo de fabricação, material, características e desempenho de uma prótese de fêmur proximal não cimentada. Foram enfatisados os testes de aferição da qualidade e segurança do implante. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a exeqüibilidade de desenvolvimento de uma prótese brasileira que atenda padrões internacionais de garantia de qualidade. Em 2001, a partir da idéia conceitual do autor, foi desenvolvido, com a ferramenta AutoCad 2000, um protótipo virtual de prótese de fêmur proximal em forma de dupla cunha quadrangular. A seguir utilizou-se o Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF), para simular o carregamento representado por um individuo de 120kg. As simulações da viabilidade mecânica do protótipo, em liga de titânio, demonstrou uma tensão de von Mises 8.1 vezes menor que a tensão necessária para atingir o ponto de escoamento do material. Uma vez aprovado o projeto virtual, a prótese foi fabricada e os primeiros protótipos e corpos-de-prova foram encaminhados aos Laboratórios de Caracterização para serem submetidos à revisão sistemática de ensaios e testes conforme normas da International Organization Standardization (ISO) e da American Society for Tchiniques and Materiasl (ASTM), segundo lista sugerida pelo FDA para validação da garantia de qualidade.Na determinação dos constituintes metálicos, os resultados dos testes expressos em percentuais foram de Fe=0,06%, Al=6,20%, V=3,57%, O=0,115%, N=0,003%, e H=0,010%, peso e valores dentro dos limites máximo e mínimo. Assim também, a composição química qualitativa e quantitativa do metal base bem como da camada porosa da prótese revelaram ausência de contaminações por metais pesados à espectrometria por energia dispersa (EDS), com picos concentrados em energias menores que 6 keV. Na avaliação das propriedades elásto-plásticas da amostra o valor médio de dureza foi de 4,45 (3,92 a 4,79) GPA e o módulo de elasticidade das amostras medidas variaram de 112,12 a 140,77 GPA (média=134,33 GPA). Na análise da rugosidade superficial, o coeficiente de rugosidade médio (DP) no cone foi de 0,60 (0,03) μm; na região jateada de 12,2 (0,8) μm e na ponta de 0,41 (0,01) μm. Na região porosa os valores pontuais variaram entre 15 e 30μm. No ensaio de fadiga com torção da prótese não foram observadas fissuras, fraturas, deformações ou afrouxamentos do meio de embutimento, assim como não houve alterações de medidas (deformação plástica) em nenhuma prótese analisada por microscopia eletrônica. No teste de corrosão da haste não ocorreu qualquer alteração do aspecto visual da superfície de teste após 64 dias de ensaio. Na análise granulométrica do pó do material depositado, conforme norma ASTM B 214-92 foi verificada predominância de partículas de tamanho variando entre 75μm e 180μm, correspondendo a 84% do total da amostra. A espessura da camada do material depositado apresentou valor médio de 52,7μm, mínimo de zero e máximo de 318 μm. A porosidade média foi de 16% (variando de 3% a 41%) e os poros apresentavam diâmetro médio de 88,5 μm e profundidade média de 28,2 μm. A força de adesão da camada porosa depositada revelou valores de 5 a 7 MPA na termo-aspersão realizada inicialmente. Posteriormente, após a modificação da técnica de aspersão, obteve-se valores entre 15 a 17 MPA, comparáveis aos valores da adesão referidos na literatura. Em todos os testes e ensaios acima descritos foram obtidos resultados de acordo com as normas e testes preconizados e padronizados internacionalmente para implantes metálicos em liga de titânio. Concluímos que é possível produzir uma prótese com tecnologia nacional de acordo com os padrões internacionais qualidade e segurança. / The development of national prostheses of doubtful quality and almost the absence of norms and routine quality control of medical implant devices in the country led to the belief of imported prostheses as a synonym of quality and safeness, resulting in a national technological impairment on this field. The present study is a systematic revision of the process of manufacturing a femoral prosthesis, for use without cement, with emphasis in tests assessing the design, quality and safeness of the implant. The aim of the study was to determine the feasibility of developing a Brazilian prosthesis would comply with international standards of quality assurance. On September, 2001 from the conception model idealized by the author, a virtual prototype of double tapered titanium femoral stem was developed with the AutoCad 2000 tool. After, the Finite Elements Model (FEM) was used for simulation and evaluation of the mechanical viability of the prototype and demonstrated a von Mises tension 8.1 folds lesser than needed to reach the deformation point of the material. Once manufactured the prosthesis, the first prototypes and sample parts for test were sent to the Laboratories of Characterization to be submitted to systematic revision of assays and tests in agreement with the norms from ISO and ASTM, as suggested by the FDA to validate the quality assurance of the non cemented prosthesis in titanium alloy. In determining the metallic components, the test results expressed in percentages were Fe=0.06%, Al=6.20%, V=3.57%, O=0.115%, N=0.003%, and H=0.010%, weight and values within the maximum and minimum established limits. Also, the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the basic metal as well as of the porous layer of the prosthesis have shown absence of any contamination due to heavy metals by energy dispersed spectrometry (EDS), with peaks concentrated in less than 6 keV. On evaluating the elasto-plastic properties of the sample the average value of hardness was 4.45 (3.92 to 4.79) GPA and the elasticity module of the measured samples varied from 112.12 to 140.77 GPA (mean=134.33 GPA). In the analysis of the superficial roughness, the average coefficient of roughness (dp) in the cone was 0.60 (0.03) μm; in the plasma spray coating region was 12.2 (0.8) μm and in the tip was 0.41 (0.01) μm. In the porous-coated region these values had varied between 15 and 30μm. In the assays for fatigue by twisting of prosthesis, breakings, deformations or loosening in the (specimen holder) have not been observed as well as alterations of measures (plastic deformation) in any prosthesis analyzed by electronic microscopy. On corrosion tests, no alteration of the visual aspect of the surface occurred after 64 days of assay. In the grain size analysis of the dust of the deposited material according to ASTM B 214-92 norm particle sizes predominantly varied between 75μm and 180μm; corresponding to 84% of the total of the sample. The thickness of the layer of the deposited material presented an average value of 52.7 μm (minimum of zero and maximum of 318 μm). The average porosity was 16% (varying from 3% to 41%) and the pores presented an average diameter of 88.5 μm and average depth of 28.2 μm. The force of adhesion of the deposited porous layer showed values of 5 to 7 MPA in the plasma spray coating process initially performed by a national company that later got values between 15 and 17 MPA, which were comparable to the values obtained when performed in a overseas company. Even though, all the tests and above described assays have demonstrated results in accordance with the norms and tests internationally recommended and standardized for metallic implants in titanium alloy. In conclusion, it is possible to produce a prosthesis with national technology in accordance with internationalstandards of design, quality and safeness. However, the national system of plasma spray needed adjustments to assure quality comparable to that of foreign companies.

Driving a vehicle while it is within the warranty period provide customers with assurance that should a failure occur on the vehicle, there would be no financial obligation for the customer to repair the vehicle. For the manufacturer, it is a huge financial obligation to repair or replace components that fail on the vehicle. The research conducted in this study explores and identifies the main reasons for high warranty costs as well as the reasons that do not influence high warranty costs at VWSA. The purpose of this research is to provide VWSA with a potential starting point to reduce warranty costs and increase profits. The study revealed that the main cause of high warranty costs at VWSA was related to the quality of vehicles. By improving the quality of vehicles produced, VWSA could reduce a significant portion of the warranty costs it spends each year. With reduced warranty costs, VWSA could increase the warranty period and thereby attract more customers to purchase VW products. In a cutthroat automotive industry, this would ensure a competitive advantage over rivals; maintain longevity, increase profits and continued success.

This thesis is focused on some of the new instruments on capital markets -- specifically on Investment Certificates, Warrants, Exchange Traded Funds and Contracts for Difference. It shows fundamental principle of behavior, important specifications and comparison to other investment products. The text further examine overall instruments' offering especially on the European markets and compare trading possibilities of the main brokers in the Czech Republic. The work analyses price changes of the instruments and related underlying assets and examine risk and profitability with respect to the latest global financial crisis.

Construction companies in Sweden have for recent years seen an increase in the numbers of warranty complaints associated with the market of resident buildings and the cost for this has been measured to over 1.2 billion SEK per year. Working with poor quality cost as a way of creating insight about defects within the company’s processes is a method developed and used by the manufacturing industry for decades, but have not yet reached the construction industry. This study has been performed in collaboration with a Swedish construction company, where the author has been stationed at the aftersales division for residential buildings. Owing to circumstances, this published report has been made anonymous regarding the company who will further on be named the Company. The Company is aware that warranty claims produce great costs and has requested a way of putting cost and cause to specific claims in order of receiving a more specific cost view and to make the reuse of knowledge more efficient. The purpose of the thesis is to: Investigate the conditions for adopting a cost and cause measurement for specific warranty claims within the Company’s aftersales division for residential buildings. The task has been performed as a case study where the author has analysed the opportunities and obstacles for introducing the ideas of poor quality costs at the aftersales division. The empiric is based on interviews with operating staff and management with the intention of highlighting the organizational conditions. A test model was produced and incorporated with the daily work at the aftersales division for a month’s time. The result shows that the conditions are positive for dividing costs and making early cause predictions. The author presents two alternative solutions for this work: mapping and measuring system. The conclusion is that incorporation is dependent on engaged leadership, communication and involvement of co-workers, where the reuse of knowledge is the connecting issue. / Byggbolagen  i  Sverige  har  under  senare  år  sett  en  ökning  av  antalet  garanti-  och felanmälningar kopplade till bostadsproduktionen och kostnaden för detta har av Boverket uppmätts till drygt 1.2 Mdr kr årligen. Att arbeta med kvalitetsbristkostnader för att skapa insikt om fel och brister i sin verksamhet är en metod som under decennier använts inom tillverkningsindustrin men ännu inte fått fäste i byggbranschen. Denna studie har genomförts i samarbete med ett svenskt entreprenadföretaget, där författaren har varit placerad på eftermarknadsavdelningen för bostadsproduktion. På förekommen anledning är denna publicerade version av rapporten anonymiserad gällande företagsnamnet, och företaget kommer fortsättningsvis i rapporten benämnas Företaget. Företaget är medvetet om att garantiåtgärder skapar stora kostnader och har efterfrågat ett sätt att kostnads- och orsaksbestämma dessa på ärendenivå för  att skapa en  tydligare kostnadsbild och för  att effektivisera sin erfarenhetsåterföring. Examensarbetet har som syfte att: Undersöka förutsättningarna för att införa kostnads- orsaksbestämning av garanti- och felanmälningar på ärendenivå inom eftermarknaden för bostäder. Arbetet har utförts som en fallstudie där författaren har analyserat möjligheter och hinder för att arbeta med kvalitetsbristkostnader inom ramen för eftermarknadsarbete. Det empiriska materialet  bygger  på  intervjuer  med  operativ  personal  samt  berörda  personer  i  ledande befattningar för att på så sätt belysa de organisatoriska förutsättningarna. En testmodell för registrering av kostnad och orsak arbetades fram och införlivades i det dagliga arbetet på eftermarknadsavdelningen under en månads tid. Resultatet från studien visar att förutsättningarna finns att fördela kostnader och göra initiala orsaksbedömningar av  ärenden. Författaren presenterar två  alternativa lösningar på  detta arbete; kartläggning och införande av mätsystem. Slutsatsen är att införandet är beroende av engagerat   ledarskap,   kommunikation   och   aktivt   involverande   av   medarbetarna,   där erfarenhetsåterföringen är den gemensamma nämnaren.

This research adds to the literature and provides insight to practice via three essays that increase understanding about the applications and consequences of the two new approaches to the after-sales service governance: warranty contract and performance-based contracts. First, we attempted to enhance our knowledge of the modeling of the after-sales service process. In the first essay, the research papers with analytical models of after-sales services to present current trends, issues, and future research directions in the literature are classified. In the second essay, the effect of the warranty contract on the supplier's product quality improvement efforts in the context of capital goods is examined. Three sets of optimization models reveal that the existence of a warranty improves product quality. In the third essay, the performance-based contract is examined in the context of the warranty contract. The numerical experimentations conducted demonstrate that the performance-based contract is superior to the warranty contract in terms of the supplier's product quality efforts and the customer's total cost of after-sales services. The alignment of incentives based on the product performance tackles the issues presented in the traditional after-sales service contracting. Collectively, the three studies presented in this research expand our understanding of after-sales service contracts. Thus, the research presents managerial implications and adds to the existing body of knowledge in after-sales service research.

This study was designed (1) to empirically distinguish between buyers and non-buyers of an extended service contract according to eight groups of variables, and (2) to develop a profile of consumers most likely to purchase extended service contracts. A mail survey was conducted from April 1993 through May 1993 with a randomly selected sample of consumers (N = 991) who had during of October, November, and December 1992 purchased a new television set from a seven-store retail chain. After an initial mailing and two follow-up mailings, 440 questionnaires were returned of the 957 that were received by respondents (34 were returned as undeliverable). This represented a total response rate of 46% (440/957). Thirty-one of the questionnaires were returned blank or less than half complete by respondents unable or unwilling to participate. The final usable return rate was 42.7% (409/957). Regarding distinguishing between buyers and non-buyers of the extended service contract, Chi-Square analysis revealed that demographically and psychographically the two groups are similar. Buyers were more likely to be employed in less prestigious jobs and less likely to read the daily newspaper. Buyers and non-buyers differed considerably regarding motivations, perceptions, and future buying intentions, however. Regarding a profile of consumers most likely to buy an extended service contract in the future (the dependent variable), six independent variables produced an R² of -4470, meaning that 44.7% of the variance in buying an extended service contract in the future could be explained by the linear combination of these predictor variables. The best predictor of the dependent variable was previous experience with extended service contracts. The other Significant variables were "Extended service contracts offer peace of mind," "I know of people who did not buy the extended service contract and later wished they had," "T would advise my friends not to buy extended service contracts," "Extended service contracts are worth the money people pay for them," and "People who take care of their products do not need to buy extended service contracts." / Ph. D.

In the face of increasing awareness among customers and today's competitive market, the warranty of a product has become an added feature in marketing strategy. A reliable product causes less warranty support cost. However, a more reliable product costs more to manufacture. Thus, a suitable trade-off between the cost and the benefit of a development and testing program is essential to optimize the performance measure, e. g., minimize total expected cost. Renewal theoretic models of sequences of failures over the burn-in and warranty periods and their costs are developed. Contrary to the usual asymptotic assumptions, transient behaviors of the renewal processes are considered. The expected costs associated with in-plant and field failures are balanced against the costs of implementing a burn-in program. A multi-component series system with different Weibull distributions for the components are considered. Burn-in is performed at the assembly level and the components are assumed to have different age accelerations under a common stress regimen. Models based on analyses both at the component and the system level are constructed. Two different burn-in policies are considered. These are "fixed duration" bum-in and "failure freell burn-in. A free replacement warranty for the components with policies of both fixed warranty period and renewed warranty period after each failure is considered in the models. The profit functions under different models are optimized with respect to burn-in period, stress parameters and warranty period. The models are extended to include reliability growth over the warranty period. Finally I solution procedures for optimizing the profit functions for all cases are given. / Ph. D.

This thesis focuses on the derivatives market. The goal is to choose ones that are suitable for use for the benefit of family finances and planning. Mapping the world market derivatives, and then describes the basic characteristics of the main types of contracts. After the general characteristics of the derivatives in the introduction, are briefly described two types (forwads and swaps) that are not directly used in the family finances. In their description, however, are pointed out the fundamental principles of derivatives and trading with them. In the next section, the focus is on those derivatives that are suitable for use in household budgets. They include Futures, Options, Warrants, Investment Certificates, Exchange Traded Funds (ETF), Contracts for diference (CFD). There are also discussed basic principles of these instruments, their use and the current bid.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka en komponents    optimala utbyts" tid med hänsyn till kostnad och risk,    och föreslå schemalagda underhåll, med hjälp av statistiska metoder.    Genom att använda statistiska verktyg och historiska data, kan    en komponents samt systemets brister predikteras. När    forskaren vet hur ett system beter sig, kan dess fördelar    exploateras och tas till vara på. Schemaläggning av    förebyggande service, kostnads prognoser samt    uppskattning av förlängda garantier är möjliga fördelar som    kan nyttjas av denna rapport. Detta medför en högre    tillgänglighet och förbättrat rykte hos kund.    Tillförlitligthet teori är en viktigt del av    Total Quality Management, TQM, som säkerhetsställer kvalité.    I denna uppsats jämförs, förklaras och verifieras 2 kända ARP,    och strategin att ersätta endast då komponenten går sönder i en fallstudie.    Denna uppsats indikerar att en ARP med ändlig horisont ger mer optimalta resultat än    en ARP med oändlig horisont eller då ingen utbytespolicy används.    Barlow \& Proschan visade detta redan 1962.    I denna uppsats påvisas att ARP-teorier kan minska omkostnader och stilleståndstid    samt öka tillgängligheten. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine when a part's optimal   replacement time occurs in terms of risk and cost, and provide maintenance plans   accordingly using statistical methods.   With the use of statistical tools and historical data,   the failures of components as well as the system can be predicted.   Once the researcher knows how the system behaves, he/she can reveal the gains that   can be made. Scheduling of preventive maintenance, improved warranty cost   forecasts and estimation of lengthened warranty costs are   plausible benefits from this report. This will further result   in higher availability and improved reputation among clients.   Reliability theory is an important part of Total Quality Management (TQM),   ensuring good quality.   This thesis will compare the differences between two known age replacement policies (ARP),   and with the strategy of replacing only on failures in a real case-study.   This thesis indicates that an ARP with finite horizon yields   a more optimal solution than an ARP with infinite horizon as well as using no replacement policy at all.   Barlow & Proschan established this as far back as 1962.   With the aid of ARP theories it has been shown in this thesis that lowering costs is possible   and in the progress lower downtime which increases availability.