台灣科技業代工廠常面臨購買合法來源零組件，仍無法擺脫專利侵權控訴之命運，亦或常居於談判地位劣勢之被授權方角色，只能接受授權方完全排除自身擔保責任之契約條款，導致國內廠商始終擺脫不了高額權利金及侵權損害賠償金之累。本論文之核心研究問題，即在於探討如何在專利授權之架構下，降低未來潛在之第三人侵權責任風險？並區分法律制度層面、契約設計層面、管理制度層面，三個面向進行探討，嘗試提出可行之風險管控策略。個案研究方面，選擇美國最高法院Quanta v. LG專利侵權訴訟案，此案受各界宣稱為近期美國司法界對於專利制度最具指標性之判決，本論文透過判決評析探求美國法院見解真意，並在此架構下，提出個人意見及看法，進而對於專利權人未來之策略轉變，以及台灣代工業者應之因應方式提出建議。 1、法律制度面管控： 被控侵權者可運用專利制度下賦予專利權本質上限制之「專利權耗盡原則」，衡平原則發展下之「默示授權原則」，以及「再授權理論」對於專利權人之權利主張限制，以達降低侵權責任成立之風險。美國法下針對專利權耗盡原則及默示授權原則發展出多種態樣，惟其是否於個案中有所適用空間，往往仍取決於授權契約條款之解釋，此即彰顯出事先明確定義授權條款之重要性。 2、契約設計面管控： 由於我國法與美國法下對於專利授權契約定性上之差異，進而推衍出我國法下相較於美國法較加重授權人責任之結果，是以我國學說有主張當被授權人因運用授權標的遭受第三人主張侵權時，應準用民法瑕疵擔保規定使授權人承負一定責任者；反之，美國學說則普遍否認授權人存在有此等法定契約責任，此亦和雙方政策選擇保護立場互異之結果不謀而合。惟在現階段實務及學說對於授權人是否承擔被授權人之侵權瑕疵擔保責任尚無定見之下，以契約條款預先分配侵權風險最可達成管控風險之目的。美國企業之授權契約發展已十分成熟，與侵權責任分配相關之典型條款，如：授權條款、聲明擔保條款、補償條款，均存有許多附隨之細節需於契約設計談判時預先留意。惟若於契約條款中無法獲得有利於己之責任分配模式，即應評估風險性高低，決定是否採行其他之風險管控方式，如：專利侵權責任保險、企業自行提撥風險準備金、進行專利侵權訴訟評估與管理等。 3、管理制度面管控： 授權做為專利眾多換價模式之一，其背後最終之目的即在於具體落實為企業利潤收益，自然無法背離商業策略思維而獨立運作。國內現階段之專利授權實務發展成效不彰，其原因即在於國內普遍認為授權是單純法律之範疇，而未於企業內建立一套完備之授權管理制度。事實上，授權契約設計亦應與智財行銷要素、商業模式建構要素，以及企業營運流程相互配套，藉由平時有效之管理制度，方能確實將侵權風險防患於未然。 4、個案判決評析結論： 國內代工業者Quanta雖於本案中獲得最終勝訴判決，可說是貫徹了美國最高法院近年來持續傾向限縮專利權人權能之見解。然其是否代表台灣代工業者獲得了完全的勝利？往後不需再為合法採購之零件是否侵權一事苦惱？本論文採取保留之態度。因本案判決事實上僅圍繞在判斷LG與Intel授權範圍之解釋，並未對於能否以契約條款限制專利權耗盡原則表示見解。且本案判決出爐後，專利權人未來勢必轉變其授權策略，亦可預見其授權條款將更趨嚴苛，以規避判決中劃定之界限。台灣代工廠商實應謹慎集思因應策略以對。 / Taiwan OEMs are often situated in the role as licensees with inferior bargaining power when negotiated license agreements with foreign companies, and usually had no choice but to accept unfair contract terms. Therefore, Taiwan companies cannot get ride of high royalties and infringement penalty for all these years. This paper aims to discuss how to reduce potential patent infringement risk under the license system. The discussion will be elaborated from three aspects: Legal, Contract, and Management, and it will also try to propose some feasible risk management strategies. Furthermore, the paper will include a case study on Quanta v. LG, which is believed to be the most significant patent infringement case in United States Supreme Court in 2008.Through the analysis of Court opinions, the thesis then proposes some different suggestions about conversion of the patentee’ license strategies and how Taiwan OEMs should cope with the change in the future. 1.Legal Aspect: The defendant of a infringement case can apply for the doctrine of patent exhaustion, implied license, and sublicense. These doctrines are derived from patent right essential limitation. The U.S. law develops a lot of different models of patent exhaustion and implied license. It often depends on the interpretation of the terms of license agreement whether theses doctrines should be applied to individual case. This demonstrates the importance of precise definition and arrangement of contracts in advance. 2.Contract Aspect: The contract qualification of patent license agreement are different in Taiwan Law and the U.S. Law. Taiwan law intensifies licensor’s liability than American Law. Some Taiwan theories consider that when the licensee is accused of infringement because of the use of licensed articles, the licensor should have liability corresponding to the liability of warranty against defects in Civil Law. On the contrary, the majority of American theories deny such contract liability from law of licensor. Such difference corresponds to the different policies adopted in both countries. Since the defect warranty liability of the licensors are still in dispute, it will be the best way for risk management to distribute the infringement liability of both parties in contract explicitly. License agreement research has been fully developed in the U.S.. Grant Clause, Representations & Warranties and Indemnifications are all accompanied with details to be concerned. If the corporation unfortunately cannot obtain favorable clauses for its own side, it should evaluate risk to decide should it adopt another way for risk control, such as insurance, setting up risk reserves or litigation management. 3.Management Aspect: License is one of business models for corporation to make profit from patent. Its main purpose is to realize intangible patents into tangible profit. Accordingly, licensing strategy cannot be apart from commercial strategies. Patent license practice is still immature in Taiwan. Domestic corporations generally consider license as only a legal issue and do not properly construct a management system. In fact, license agreement design is a multidisciplinary subject and should coordinate with IP marketing strategies, business model, and enterprise operation procedure. Effective management system can establish necessary precautions against infringement liabilities. 4.Case Study: United States Supreme Court finally decided in favor of Quanta, Taiwan OEM, in Quanta v. LG case. The judgment does not mean a complete victory for Taiwan OEMs and neither did it indicate that the manufacturers do not need to bother for patent infringement by combining licensed components. Because the Court opinion only focuses within the scope of the license agreement by LG to Intel, without mentioning about if license conditions could break free of the doctrine of patent exhaustion. Furthermore, the stricter license conditions from the licensor is expectable after this case. Taiwan OEMs should make their best to find a solution.

La comparaison entre des systèmes civilistes et, plus particulièrement, la Province de Québec et la France, permet de confronter des expériences diverses au service de la construction de l'Union européenne. La méthode comparatiste peut, dans une approche régulatrice, permettre de réaliser une véritable intégration commune pour une matière comme la construction, au service des citoyens. Dans une perspective d'innovation législative, il s'agirait donc de modéliser des structures juridiques cohérentes pour une véritable Union européenne de la construction. La participation des constructeurs est requise aux débats, afin de faciliter l'intégration et l'application de la future norme commune, avec le concours d'une institution européenne dédiée. Mais comment respecter les diversités nationales, tout en cherchant à élaborer un principe « unioniste » dans l'objectif d'une harmonisation des délais au sein des États membres de l'Union européenne ? La trop grande diversité des délais spécifiques, dans le secteur de la construction, suscite en effet au sein de l'Union européenne la volonté de faire émerger un modèle européen, source future de stabilité et de prospérité. / The comparison between civil law systems and, more particularly, between the Province of Quebec and France, allows to confront diverse experiences in favor of the European Union's construction. The comparative method can, in a regulating approach, allow to realize a real common integration in such area as the construction, in favor of the citizens. In a perspective to innovate the legislation, it would be therefore a matter of modelling coherent legal structures for a real European Union of the construction. The participation of the builders in the debates is required, to facilitate the integration and the application of the future common standards with the support of a new European institution devoted for this mission.But how respect the national diversities, while seeking to set up a "unionist" principle keeping in mind the goal of full harmonization of the legal warranty periods settled down by the Member states of the European Union ? The very wide diversity of legal warranty periods in the construction's sector is an issue of real concern within the European Union to give rise to the new European model, a future source of stability and prosperity.

The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of commercial contracts securities in the Czech Republic and in Germany. The first part of the thesis describes the general question of secured transactions. The second chapter deals with comparison of the lien and the right of retention. The third part analyzes penalty, warranty and recognition of an obligation. The last chapter summarizes the main differences between commercial contracts securities in the Czech Republic and in Germany.

Neste trabalho consideramos três tópicos principais. Nos dois primeiros generalizamos alguns dos resultados clássicos da Teoria da Confiabilidade na otimização dos procedimentos de burn-in e de políticas de garantia, respectivamente, sob o modelo de tempo de vida geral, quando um sistema coerente é observado ao nível de seus componentes, e estendemos os conceitos de intensidade de falha na forma de banheira e do modelo de falha geral através da definiçâo de processos progressivamente mensuráveis sob a pré-t-história completa dos componentes do sistema. Uma regra de parada monótona é usada na metodologia de otimizaçâo proposta. No terceiro tópico modelamos os custos de garantia descontados por reparo mínimo de um sistema coerente ao nível de seus componentes, propomos o estimador martingal do custo esperado para um período de garantia fixado e provamos as suas propriedades assintóticas mediante o Teorema do Limite Central para Martingais. / In this work we consider three main topics. In the first two, we generalize some classical results on Reliability Theory related to the optimization in burn-in procedures and warranty policies, using the general lifetime model of a coherent system observed on the component level and extending the definitions of bathtub shaped failure rate and general failure model to progressively measurable processes under the complete pre-t-history. A monotone stopping rule is applied within the proposed methodology. In the third topic, we define the discounted warranty cost process for a coherent system minimally repaired on the component level and we propose a martingale estimator to the expected warranty cost for a fixed period and setting its asymptotic properties by means of Martingale Central Limit Theorem.

The main purpose of this thesis is the comparison of consumer protection legislation in the Czech republic, United States of America and Croatia and the comparison of selected legal questions. After the introduction to the general issues related to consumer protection, namely the basic concepts, the development of consumer protection law in the world and the reasons of protection of consumer, the work deals with legal sources of current czech, american and croatian consumer protection law. Actual comparisons of personally selected legal questions is creating the core of the thesis. We are comparing legal definitions of basic subjects of consumer protection law, warranty and products liability as described in laws of each country.

Neste trabalho consideramos três tópicos principais. Nos dois primeiros generalizamos alguns dos resultados clássicos da Teoria da Confiabilidade na otimização dos procedimentos de burn-in e de políticas de garantia, respectivamente, sob o modelo de tempo de vida geral, quando um sistema coerente é observado ao nível de seus componentes, e estendemos os conceitos de intensidade de falha na forma de banheira e do modelo de falha geral através da definiçâo de processos progressivamente mensuráveis sob a pré-t-história completa dos componentes do sistema. Uma regra de parada monótona é usada na metodologia de otimizaçâo proposta. No terceiro tópico modelamos os custos de garantia descontados por reparo mínimo de um sistema coerente ao nível de seus componentes, propomos o estimador martingal do custo esperado para um período de garantia fixado e provamos as suas propriedades assintóticas mediante o Teorema do Limite Central para Martingais. / In this work we consider three main topics. In the first two, we generalize some classical results on Reliability Theory related to the optimization in burn-in procedures and warranty policies, using the general lifetime model of a coherent system observed on the component level and extending the definitions of bathtub shaped failure rate and general failure model to progressively measurable processes under the complete pre-t-history. A monotone stopping rule is applied within the proposed methodology. In the third topic, we define the discounted warranty cost process for a coherent system minimally repaired on the component level and we propose a martingale estimator to the expected warranty cost for a fixed period and setting its asymptotic properties by means of Martingale Central Limit Theorem.

凶宅係我國房屋交易市場中之重要交易訊息，由於我國風俗民情之關係，凶宅之出賣人有時會隱瞞房屋為凶宅之情事，使得不願買受凶宅之買受人買到凶宅，出賣人和買受人之爭端即因此而產生，這些關於凶宅交易的爭端都有個前提問題就是-何謂凶宅？因此本文首先整理法院實務對凶宅之定義、內政部與法院實務對於出賣人就凶宅之說明義務範圍之認定及出賣人違反說明義務之法律效果。 再者，凶宅交易之法律問題除了違反說明義務之法律效果外，尚涉及物之瑕疵擔保責任及意思表示錯誤之問題，是本文以買賣瑕疵擔保與意思表示錯誤等規定為中心，整理法院實務與學說之見解，探討買受人於買到凶宅時是否可主張物之瑕疵擔保責任及意思表示錯誤。 / Hounted houses have always been considered important transactional information by housing trading market in Taiwan. Because of custom and tradition, a seller often conceals haunted houses from a buyer, and the buyer who does not want to buy a haunted house will buy that. Then, the dispute between the seller and the buyer will happen. Therefore, the article collects and analyzes the meaning of haunted houses defined by courts, which kinds of hounted houses sellers should tell buyers defined by courts and the Ministry of the Interior, and the legal effects of violating the duty to disclose. Moreover, the legal issues of the trades of hounted houses are warranty for defective goods and mistake of expression of intent besides the legal effects of violating the duty to disclose. Based on Civil Code, court decisions of District Court and High Court and scholars' opinions, the article discusses whether the buyer who bought a haunted house may revoke the expression or not and whether the seller may be responsible for a warranty when there is a defect in the thing he sold or not.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as medidas de proteção aplicadas em casos de abuso sexual no I Conselho Tutelar de Duque de Caxias e sua relação com a garantia de direitos de crianças e adolescentes. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa documental a partir dos registros em prontuários de 24 (vinte e quatro) casos iniciados em 2014, que continham a tipificação de violação caracterizada como abuso sexual. Buscou-se acompanhar os desdobramentos das medidas de proteção, o caminho percorrido pelos envolvidos desde a denúncia ou notificação, com ênfase no contexto de proteção versus violação dos direitos das alegadas vítimas e seus familiares, a partir da contrarreferência dos demais segmentos do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos de Crianças e Adolescentes (SGD), materializada em documentos enviados ao Conselho Tutelar. A análise dos dados indica a necessidade de qualificação de profissionais que atuam no SGD para melhor sistematização dos registros, bem como estabelecimento e efetivação de um fluxo a ser seguido em casos de abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes. Permite ainda concluir que a comunicação recíproca entre os segmentos que integram o SGD – referência e contrarreferência – concorre para redução das fragilidades no atendimento e da ocorrência de revitimização, fortalecendo a atuação em rede na busca da garantia de direitos. / [en] This research has for objective to analyze the applied protective measures in cases of sexual abuse in the I Guardian Council of Duque de Caxias and its relation ship with the warranty of children and adolescent s rights. For such purpose, It was conducted a documental research starting from the registrations in handbooks of 26 (twenty-six) initiate cases in 2014, that contained the violation s typification characterizedas sexual abuse. It was sought to accompany the unfoldings of the protection measures, the way traveled for the involved since the accusation or notification, withem phasis in the contexto protection versus violation of theal legedvictims right sand their relatives, starting from the counterreference of the other segmentsofthe System of Warranty of Children and Adolescent s rights (SGDCA), materialized in documents sentto Guardian Council. The analysis of the data indicates the need of professionals qualification that act in SGD for better systemization of the registrations, as well as establishment and efetivation of a flow to befollowed in cases of children s sexual abuse and adolescents. It stills allow stoend that the reciprocal communication among the segments that integrate SGD – reference and counterreference - it competes for reduction of the fragilities in the servisse and of the revictimization occurrence, streng thening the performance in net in the search of the warranty of rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4969.pdf: 1691348 bytes, checksum: 83cd5eb30a25c27347e8d52ed9d3399f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Identifies parameters for building multilingual controlled vocabularies of union catalogs of university libraries in the cultural context of the cultural warranty, compared to theoretical and methodological assumptions of Terminology and interdisciplinary field of Knowledge Representation and Organization. Therefore, it has been the aim of contributing to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and visibility nationally and internationally, through the use of multilingual controlled vocabulary, allowing the search and retrieval of information in different geographies and cultures to generate new knowledge applicable to the welfare of society, allowing equal representation and retrieval of information in the most distinct languages and cultures. The universe of this research are the information units, focusing on university libraries. The methodology consisted of a theoretical study on the identification and selection of parameters for building multilingual controlled vocabularies before the theoretical areas of Information Science, with emphasis on ensuring cultural and of the Terminology, through dialogue with the field of translation. As a result, we have established fourteen parameters for building multilingual controlled vocabularies that include respect for minorities and cultural differences and terminology present in different languages, among others aspects It is concluded that the establishment of parameters for building multilingual controlled vocabularies in the context of the cultural warranty and the perspective of Terminology contributes to the thematic representation information from culturally terms consistent among the different languages that compose it. / Identifica-se parâmetros de construção de vocabulários controlados multilíngue de catálogos coletivos de bibliotecas universitárias, no contexto da garantia cultural, frente aos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Terminologia como campo interdisciplinar da Organização e Representação do Conhecimento. Para tanto, tem-se por objetivo contribuir para a disseminação e visibilidade do conhecimento científico nacional e internacional, por meio do uso de vocabulário controlado multilíngue, permitindo a busca e a recuperação da informação em diferentes localidades geográficas e culturas distintas para a geração de novos conhecimentos aplicáveis ao bem-estar da sociedade, possibilitando a igualdade de representação e recuperação da informação nas mais distintas línguas e culturas. O universo desta pesquisa são as unidades de informação, com enfoque para as bibliotecas universitárias. A metodologia constou de um estudo teórico na identificação e seleção de parâmetros de construção de vocabulários controlados multilíngue diante dos pressupostos teóricos das áreas de Ciência da Informação, com destaque para a garantia cultural e da Terminologia, mediante interlocução com o campo da Tradução. Como resultados, estabelecemos catorze parâmetros de construção de vocabulários controlados multilíngue que contemplam o respeito às minorias e às diferenças culturais e terminológicas presentes nas diferentes línguas, entre outros aspectos. Conclui-se que o estabelecimento de parâmetros de construção de vocabulários controlados multilíngues no contexto da garantia cultural e pela perspectiva da Terminologia contribui na representação temática da informação a partir de termos compatíveis culturalmente dentre as diferentes línguas que o compõe.

La rénovation immobilière est un phénomène économique important, présent dans notre quotidien et nécessaire à la sauvegarde de notre patrimoine. Le Code Civil ne reconnaît pas son existence alors que, dans le domaine de la construction d’immeubles neufs, il prévoit des règles spécifiques en matière de responsabilité contractuelle du constructeur et de vente d’immeubles à construire. Pour combler ce vide juridique, la jurisprudence assimile les travaux de rénovation à des travaux de construction dès lors qu’ils sont « importants ». Notre étude a pour objectif de préciser les critères de qualification des travaux de rénovation qui déterminent les régimes juridiques qui leur sont applicables en matière de responsabilité contractuelle et de vente d’immeubles à rénover. Ces critères demeurant imprécis et incertains, il est nécessaire de clarifier les règles qui régissent la responsabilité contractuelle du constructeur et d’adapter les règles de la vente d’immeubles à rénover aux réalités économiques. / Renovation of existing buildings is an important economic activity in our society, and a necessary one for the preservation of our heritage. While the Civil Code lays out specific rules governing contractual liability of the constructor (builder or contractor) and the sale of new buildings to be constructed, it does not recognize the legal existence of renovators. To account for this legal void, the jurisprudence assimilates renovation with construction if the former is considered “significant”. The objective of our study is to specify the qualifying criteria which define renovation and determine the applicable legal framework in terms of contractual liability of the renovator and the sale of buildings to be renovated by the seller. These criteria are still imprecise and unclear and it is necessary to clarify the rules which govern contractual liability of the renovator and to adapt the rules of the sale of buildings to be renovated by the seller to the economic realities of today.