“Hostages in Old English Literature” examines the various roles that hostages have played in Anglo-Saxon texts, specifically focusing on the characterization of Æscferth in The Battle of Maldon. Historical context is considered in order to contextualize behavioral expectations that a 10th century Anglo-Saxon audience might have held. Since the poem was composed during the reign of Æthelred the Unready, an examination of hostages and incidents recorded in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle during his rule helps ground a socio-cultural approach. Furthermore, since Æscferth is among only a handful of named hostages in Old English literature, these other hostages have been analyzed and compared with him in order to further contextualize the hostage character. These hostages have been identified based on a broadened concept of the term “hostage” to include the social expectations of a medieval stranger. Through a consideration of these other hostages, a continuum for changing hostage loyalty emerges and reflects the evolving warrior ethics at the end of the 10th century. Based on the presented evidence, this thesis concludes that Æscferth, as a hostage, best symbolizes The Battle of Maldon’s call for English unity at the end of the 10th century.

This thesis addresses the growing privatization of the US forces through the Revolution in Military Affairs and the War in Iraq and its implications for the purpose of mobilization and individual military commitment conceptualize by the US warrior ethos. Creating a dialogue between the literature on Private Military Companies and the US warrior ethos, this thesis aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of the values sustaining the warrior ethos and how they are jeopardized by the emergence of new actors in the battlespace. I argue that this commercial turn in the US military erode the warrior ethos by placing business consideration ahead of great personal risk and ultimately raises doubts about civic responsibilities and democratic control of US military affairs.

The thesis sets out to discuss the Bronze Age cosmology in Scandinavia, based on the results from the investigations at Nibble outside Enköping in Uppland. The excavations were carried out in 2007 and revealed extensive remains of a ritual place with burials, cult houses and food preparation areas. In addition, hundreds of cupmarks and two ship rock carvings were found. The cult place was constructed by moving stones around, gathering them into stone settings, stone walls and heaps of fire-cracked stones. The importance of the stones as cosmological entities is established through this special and deliberate treatment. Nature is transformed into culture. The cult place was established in connection with the construction of a large stone setting at the top of a hillock. Cremated and crushed bones of a man had been placed centrally in the construction, and close by, several cult houses had been erected, complemented by a food preparation area, where sacrificial meals were prepared and eaten.   In many cases, stone settings and heaps of fire-cracked stones are used in similar manners. At a settlement site close to the cult place, there was a heap of fire-cracked stones that contained the cremated bones of a young woman. It had been specially constructed for her burial and contained layers of coal and fire-cracked stones from several cremation pyres. The border between what is a burial and what is not is hard to define. The burnt bones of the dead were handled in much the same way as the burnt stone. They were burnt and crushed, ground to a powder, and restored to the earth. The use of stones in connection with fire and water (and smoke) suggests the existence of a system built on the four elements: stone (earth), fire, water and air. In addition, the existence of a tripartite universe is suggested. Stone settings (and some of the heaps of fire-cracked stones) were constructed as portals to the underground, and the smoke from the funeral pyres was the means of transport to the heaven above.  During the Early Bronze Age, the functions of the warrior and the shaman were often carried out by the same individual. During the Late Bronze Age, however, the functions of the warrior and the shaman seem to have been separated.   The separation of the ritual functions show that a change in ritual practice and cosmology occurred some time in the middle of the Bronze Age. A complete cosmological change was probably not involved, and many older rituals were still carried out in the Late Bronze Age. The relationship between the four elements remained the same, and the treatment of stone in particular remained unchanged. The connection between stone and bone still prevailed, as did the crushing and grinding.

Thesis (M.M.H.S.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by TÁSSIA FERREIRA TÁRTARO null (tassiatartaro@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-12T12:15:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_biblioteca_ficha_cat_final.pdf: 5796896 bytes, checksum: d2a86bdad64983bc97db45d3f618f069 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Inserir a data de defesa na folha de aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-15T14:42:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by TÁSSIA FERREIRA TÁRTARO null (tassiatartaro@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-15T16:31:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Tassia_ficha_catolografica_final.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-16T13:45:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tartaro_tf_dr_rcla.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tartaro_tf_dr_rcla.pdf: 3983164 bytes, checksum: 7b5816879735a851f1183eb0f34724fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Essa pesquisa é uma composição realizada com professores, alunos, Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze sobre como somos constituídos por linhas de força que nos subjetivam a todo instante e quais são as possibilidades de resistência que podemos criar diante de tais processos de subjetivação. O objetivo é apresentar uma discussão sobre a formação de professores buscando a possibilidade da existência de um espírito livre segundo Nietzsche (2005,2008a, 2008b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) que tenha o cuidado de si, conforme Foucault (1984, 1985, 2010), enfim, um nômade capaz de devir-guerreiro de acordo com Deleuze e Guatarri (1996) em um curso de licenciatura em matemática. Para isso, a produção de dados foi feita por meio de cartografias de subjetividades humanas com oito professores de matemática e uma pedagoga do ensino básico da rede pública, sete professores de um curso de Licenciatura em Matemática e cartografias coletivas com os licenciandos deste mesmo curso de licenciatura que forneceram fluxos de pensamentos sobre a formação, tais como: Quem forma quem? Como o sujeito se torna um professor de matemática? Como se dão as trajetórias de formação do licenciando em matemática? Qual a contribuição do curso de licenciatura para a formação dos professores? Qual tipo de profissional nossos cursos de licenciatura tem formado? Será que as linhas de força de nossos cursos de licenciatura em Matemática têm auxiliado na invenção de sujeitos capazes de resistir às subjetivações existentes em tal curso? Enfim, podemos encontrar espíritos livres em um curso de licenciatura em matemática? Tais questões proporcionaram um movimento que descreve as rupturas, os encontros, as fugas, os agenciamentos, as resistências, as arborescências, os rizomas que são (re) criados continuamente neste movimento de se inventar. / This research is a composition performed with teachers, students, Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze about how we are made up of lines of force that subjectify in all the time and what are the possibilities of resistance that we can create on such subjective processes. The goal is to present a discussion on the training of teachers seeking the possibility of a free spirit according to Nietzsche (2005, 2008a, 2008b, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) that take care of itself, as Foucault (1984, 1985, 2010) finally, a nomadic warrior capable of becoming according to Deleuze and Guattari (1996) in a math degree course. For this data production was made by cartography of human subjectivities eight math teacher and a pedagogue of basic education in public schools, seven professors from a Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics and collective cartographies with licentiate this same course degree who provided thoughts flow on training, such as: who so who? As the subject becomes a math teacher? How to give training trajectories of licensing in mathematics? What is the degree course's contribution to the training of teachers? What kind of professional our degree courses has formed? Will the lines of force of our degree courses in mathematics have helped in the invention of individuals capable of resisting the existing subjectivities in such a course? Finally, we can find free spirits in a math degree course? These issues provided a movement that describes the breaks, meetings, leaks, assemblages, the resistance, the arborescences, rhizomes that are (re) created continuously in this movement to invent.

Les guerriers kouchites avaient la réputation d’exceller en tant qu’archers, les anciens Égyptiens appelant ainsi la région Ta-Seti : « le Pays de l’arc ». Kouch est le nom d’un district mais également d’une entité politique. Et comme toute entité politique, les différents royaumes de Kouch présentaient une force guerrière, une force armée qui n’a cessé d’évoluer durant les siècles, dû également à la série d’importantes occupations égyptiennes et kouchites sur ce territoire. Cette étude consiste en une description et une classification typologique et technique des armes et équipements d’armes fabriqués et utilisés durant l’Antiquité dans le Nord du Soudan : couteaux, dagues, épées, haches de combat, massues, lances, carquois, arcs, flèches, brassards et anneaux d’archer, etc. Adaptées au contexte militaire de chaque époque, ces armes sont pour l’archéologie des outils de connaissance, les témoins d’une situation qui n’a cessé d’évoluer en fonction de multiples critères tels que la notion de « chaîne opératoire », l’organisation des ateliers, le savoir-faire des artisans, les choix et les influences techniques, stylistiques et culturels, les échanges commerciaux, la distinction entre importations et fabrications locales, le statut des guerriers et des autres porteurs d’armes, les dépôts en contexte funéraire, et, naturellement, les symboliques politiques et religieuses qui s’y rattachent. / Kushite warriors were reputed to excel as archers, ancient Egyptians called the region Ta-Seti, “the land of bow”. Kush is the name of a district but also a political entity. As any political unit, the different kingdoms of Kush had a warrior force, which has continuously evolved over the centuries, due also to the series of Egyptian and Kushite occupations of the territory. This study consists of a description and a typological and technical classification of weapons produced and used during the Sudanese antiquity: knives, daggers, swords, battle axes, maces, spears, quivers, bows, arrows, archer braces, archer rings, etc. Adapted to the military context of each period, these weapons are tools of knowledge, witnessing a situation that has evolved based on multiple criteria such as the notion of “chaîne opératoire”, the organization of workshops, the skills of artisans, the technical, stylistic and cultural choices and influences, the distinction between imports and local manufacturing, the warriors status, the funerary deposits, and the political and religious symbols attached to it.

This thesis addresses the growing privatization of the US forces through the Revolution in Military Affairs and the War in Iraq and its implications for the purpose of mobilization and individual military commitment conceptualize by the US warrior ethos. Creating a dialogue between the literature on Private Military Companies and the US warrior ethos, this thesis aims at providing a comprehensive understanding of the values sustaining the warrior ethos and how they are jeopardized by the emergence of new actors in the battlespace. I argue that this commercial turn in the US military erode the warrior ethos by placing business consideration ahead of great personal risk and ultimately raises doubts about civic responsibilities and democratic control of US military affairs.

The purpose of this study is to examine how female soldiers view their role as soldiers and what they perceive as good soldier qualities to see if it differentiates from the traditional view of what a soldier perceived as. The study will also deal with the female soldier’s perception of equality within the Swedish military. To gather empirical material the study has uses a qualitative method consisting of five semi structured interviews with the female soldiers. All respondents work in the same group as medic soldiers and are at the start of their soldier career. The theories that have been used to analyse the material gathered from the respondents are of hegemonic masculinity and critical vs gender neutral approach. Within hegemonic masculinity different archetypes exist in a hierarchy, for this study the archetypes have been stripped down to the warrior hero to fit the framework of the military organisation. The warrior hero will be used to analyse the respondents view of themselves as soldiers and the qualities that should be expected of a soldier. Critical vs gender neutral theory will be used to examen the responder’s relation to the organisation.The result for the study is that the view of the female soldiers differed in some aspects from the traditional view of the warrior hero. The respondents also had a joint view of the Swedish military as gender neutral.

Climate change is progressing and society must act now to crea- te a future worth living in. This means changing the structure and behaviour of society. We will have to live together with nature again. The rebuilding of society to create this change creates new values and new ways of living in the future. Nature is changing because of our society‘s im- pact, so society must change to have less impact. The inspiration came from current trends that are happening. Groups like Greenpeace and Ex- tinction Rebellion are actively fighting for positive change to create a desirable future. On the other hand, people are changing more quietly by mo- ving to Eco Villages. It‘s a principle of living toge- ther in a community where minimising the impact on the environment is a top priority. But it also has other benefits, such as feeling more connec- ted to people and also feeling needed in life by doing a job for the community. By interviewing the eco-village Schloss Tempelhof in Germany, Igot a great overview of their living structure and their daily habits and needs. The biggest benefit for the people living in this community is that it creates a more meaningful life for them, which has a positive effect on everyone‘s happiness. To- day, more than 10,000 people live in Eco Villages.The process began by combing the research on current trends with past trends. In the past, punks in England challenged the mainstream and the sta- tus quo to make a positive impact on the world. They used fashion to stand out and shock. It hel- ped them to make a statement and it created a sense of obligation to dress like them to be part of that group. This was combined with an urgent need to be and live sustainably in the future. This com- bination created the persona of the Eco-Warrior. They fight to minimise human impact on the en- vironment and to achieve this they live together in ecovillages around the world. They have their local energy supply from wind, water and solar systems. They also grow their own seasonal food locally to maintain the food supply for the community. Furt- hermore, their fashion is used to show their belon- ging to a group and their beliefs. By creating a sub- culture and trend, more people could be attracted and feel the desire to join and be part of the change.Through the interview with Schloss Tempelhof, the vehicle requirements were identified and transla- ted into the future. Firstly, a vehicle must have a low impact on the environment. It has to be chan- geable by renewable and local energies, so being electric is advantageous for a small impact. Se- condly, it belongs to everyone in the community. The vehicle is parked at the community house to be available to everyone. The vehicle is used toge- ther and alone. So there is a relationship between comfort and footprint. If you are travelling alone, you do not want to feel guilty about driving a car that is too big, but if you are travelling together, you need a certain footprint. When driving alone, the driver sits comfortably in the back. When driving together, more people can sit on the front bench at an angle of 90 degrees to the direction of travel.Comfort is not a priority here, so more people sit closer together to keep the footprint small. The final need is to transport the fruit and vegetables pro- duced in the village to the neighbouring ecovillage.During the design process, several proposals were tried out in order to learn what worked and what did not. By creating different variations when imple- menting the identified needs and testing different sizes and proportions, the right proportion could be identified. By having serval design languages, the one that represented the Eco Warrior could also be found and developed further in the final proposal.The final proposal is a maximally reduced ve- hicle. Its open structure reduces the amount of materials used. The vehicle belongs to everyo- ne in the community, which is also represented by the open design. Through its multiple uses, a vehicle can be used as much as possible during its lifetime. In addition, the provocative aest- hetics bring together the pragmatic, utilitarian side with the rebellious side of the eco-warrior.

The Lowry Method of Protein Assay is an effective alternative to point count or culture methods to determine the relative abundance of microorganisms in geologic samples. Results of this project show that the outcome of the Lowry assay is not affected by the constituents of a sandstone reservoir and that a relationship exists between microbes and clay minerals. Core samples were taken from the Carter sandstone at the North Blowhorn Creek Unit in Lamar County, Alabama. Samples were chosen based on mineralogic heterogeneity. The samples were placed in an anaerobic glove bag and given nutrients to induce the growth of in situ microorganisms. Samples were then assayed. Results of the protein assays show that the Lowry Method of Protein Assay is effective in determining protein concentrations in geologic samples with varying mineralogies. The assays also indicated that samples with abundant clay minerals show the greatest amount of microbial growth.