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This work deals with the use of solidification technology for the disposal of hazardous waste with the aim of its material recovery. The goal of this Master's Thesis is to find and verify a new solidification way that will allow efficient transformation of hazardous waste into new material and its further use in civil engineering.

Idag är miljö och hållbarhet en mycket aktuell fråga, inte minst i byggbranschen. Branschen står för en stor del av all energianvändning och det avfall som genereras. I strävan mot ett hållbart samhälle finns ett stort utrymme för utveckling och förbättring. Rapporten behandlar hur en gemensam och traditionell avfallshantering skiljer sig utifrån flera aspekter. En jämförelse av totalt uppkommet avfall, fraktionsfördelning, medeltömning och behandlingskostnader har genomförts. Från produktionsdata har det konstaterats att den gemensamma avfallshanteringen genererat mindre avfallsmängder, både totalt och per BTA. Störst procentuell minskning har skett i fraktionerna blandat avfall och deponi, vilka båda är relaterade till stora kostnader och miljöpåverkan. Behandlingskostnaden per BTA har minskat med 39 % i den gemensamma avfallshanteringen. Oavsett avfallshanteringsmetod utgör brännbart den största avfallsmängden och högsta behandlingskostnaden. Här finns utrymme för förbättringar och vidare sortering. Den gemensamma avfallshanteringen använder främst små avfallsbehållare vilket uppfattats vara en av orsakerna till bättre sortering och minskad total avfallsmängd. En annan orsak är antalet fraktioner som nyttjats i projekten, där en tydlig minskning av mängden blandat avfall påvisats i samband med ett ökat antal fraktioner. Kundnyttor och mervärden har varit svåra att styrka annat än från diskussioner med personer i branschen samt från egna observationer. Exempel på mervärde är flexibiliteten att anpassa avfallshanteringen efter behoven som uppstår på plats. Fortsättningsvis bör man tidigt i byggprocessen utreda om en gemensam avfallshantering är möjlig eller inte. Om möjligheten finns bör denna nyttjas för att minska avfallsmängder och behandlingskostnader. En gemensam avfallshantering kan till exempel användas av bolag med flera projekt inom samma område. / Sustainability and the environment are current issues in today’s world, especially in the construction industry. The industry stands for a big part of the energy consumption and the waste that is generated. There are considerable scopes for development and improvement to pursuit a sustainable community. The report describes, from many perspectives how common and traditional waste management are different from each other and a comparison has been done of total waste, fraction distribution, average voiding and treatment cost. Production data has shown that common waste management is producing less waste, both totally and per gross floor area. The fractions mixed waste and waste dump have the biggest percentage reduction. Both are related to large cost and environmental impact. Treatment costs per gross floor area have been reduced by 39 % in the common waste management. The fraction combustible has the largest amount of waste and the biggest treatment cost regardless of the waste management method. Here is room for improvement and further sorting.                                                                                                                              The common waste management uses mostly small containers which are perceived to be one reason for better sorting and less waste produced. Another reason is the amount of fractions used in the projects. A distinct reduction of mixed waste has been detected with higher amount of fractions. Costumer benefits and other values are hard to justify other than from discussions with people in the business and from our own observations. An example of benefits is the flexibility to adjust the waste management by needs arising on site. Further should an investigation be done early in the building process to see if a common waste management is possible or not. If it is a possibility, it should be used to lower the amount of waste and cost. Common waste management could for example be used when many companies have projects in the same area.

Proper management of different waste streams generated in conjunction with oil Exploration and Production (E&P) activities in Sudan is a major challenge for Petrodar Operating Company (PDOC) inter alia. PDOC generates a range of waste streams that are expected to significantly increase especially during and after the planned expansions. Therefore, there is a growing need for establishing an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) through a systematic approach for enhancing the attempts to redirect PDOC’s efforts towards realizing its commitment to best HSE standards. This study introduces the composition of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that incorporates better strategies and practices that particularly suit the case of PDOC’s Central Processing Facilities (CPF) (Al-Jabalayn site), Sudan in accordance with the Waste Management Hierarchy. In the first part; mainly the qualitative characterization of the past, current and the near-future situation at Al-Jabalayn site in terms of waste management strategies and practices are all described and analyzed, followed by the creation of a “waste inventory”. Accordingly the elements of a recommended set of appropriate waste management strategies and practices are identified in order to form a framework of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that particularly fits the case of Al-Jabalayn site and its operating circumstances. The model framework that has been suggested based on this case study can be promoted, replicated and applied to similar Sudanese E&P sites; operating under same conditions. The adoption of such an approach shall pave the way to diminish the gap between the current situation and the most possible sustainable waste management system in the sector.

The grave concern over climate change threat and different economic incentives such as the clean development mechanism have given more weight to the potential of projects for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In Adjara solid waste management project, even though the greenhouse gas reduction was acknowledged, it was not one of the key factors for selecting the most practicable treatment option. In doing so, the study was addressed the benefit of various solid waste treatment methods for Adjara project in terms of greenhousegas emissions reduction. It is followed by analyzing the economic impacts of carbon finance on the financial feasibility of the project according to different economic scenarios. In considering the solid waste treatment technologies that could be suitable for developing countries, seven options were focused in the study: the baseline of open dumping, four options for landfill (no provision of landfill gas capture, landfill gas capture with open flaringsystem, enclosed flaring system and electricity generation), composting and an aerobicdigestion with electricity production. The applicable CDM methodologies were adopted toquantify the amount of reductions for scenarios. Anaerobic digestion scenario had by far thegreatest amount of reduction. In versely, the worst scenario was landfill without landfill gasrecovery which had even more contribution to climate change than the base case. In the economic assessment part, the internal rate of return was adopted as financial indicator and the feasibility study of the project was adjusted according to new economic condition in the presence of carbon finance. The scenario with additional incomes from the sales of both certified emission reductions and electricity maximized the profits of theproject. In case the project partners do not consider the possibility for generating electricity,they can maintain the project’s economic position through the sale of certified emissionreductions instead of the income from selling electricity. These conclusions were tested for uncertainty and sensitivity by modifying the price of the certified emission reductions and the input waste composition and were found to be robust. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p><p>External cooperation with SWECO</p>

During the last decades, solid waste management has been going through a lot of changes regarding, regulation and applications of models and systems. New practices to solve environmental problems have been approached in different scenarios, situations and in different countries. Today the problem of waste management requires the application of broader approach including new methodologies, systems, practices and models to continue the development toward sustainable systems. The objective of this thesis to assess the waste management situation in the Provinces of Jujuy (Municipality of San Salvador de Jujuy) and Salta (Municipality of Salta Capital) located in the north of Argentina and to provide technical recommendations to implement or improve their waste management system. To carry out the technical and environmental assessment of the waste situation in the municipalities in Jujuy and Salta, the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach from UN-HABITAT and UNEP, Global Waste Management Outlook is applied; as well as the chronological and practical methodology WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) from the Municipal Association in Sweden “Gästrike Återvinnare” based on ten (15) aspects that, according to praxis in Sweden, are considered relevant in order to assess the waste management system in a municipality. The Province of Jujuy and Salta are facing environmental problems as contamination of soil and groundwater, landfills producing greenhouse gas emissions and social problems of people living at the landfill that need to be addressed. The result of this thesis shows that in the province of Jujuy the waste management situation need to be prioritized. At the capital of Jujuy, there are produced 400 tonnes of household waste per day. The level of knowledge of the system perspective is very low and they need the creation of goals, objectives and policies for the implementation of a sustainable system. It is also necessary the assessment of the type and quality of the waste produced, to have a picture of the situation based on facts. The collection and transport need improvements on infrastructure and regarding the workers at the landfill. There is a lack of sorting system or sorting stations. Sorting of waste and recycling is only based on the activity of the informal workers living at the landfill. The construction of a sorting plant at Chanchillos is positive but the lack of separation system limit the usefulness of the equipment. Regarding the financing aspects, there is a system in place for charging the customers for services provided regarding collection of waste, but there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities etc. In conclusion, the most important aspects with high priority In Jujuy to start with the implementation of an integrated waste management system in Jujuy are: system goals, source and quality of waste, waste sorting, waste treatment, cooperation, planning, financing, knowledge, socio economic aspects and environmental aspects. The results with lower priority are collection and transport, law and regulations, public awareness and business opportunities. On the other hand, the legislative framework shows that the legislation is in place concerning the issues of waste and environmental protection as well the legislative framework at national and provincial level. However, it is necessary to develop a specific legislation, regarding waste management practices, considering, waste hierarchy as well as the development guidelines regarding extended producer responsibility (EPR). In relation to the technical aspects of the landfill, the results show that there is a potential to implement two different solutions for waste treatment a) The capturing of the landfill gas to reduce gas emissions from the landfill. b) Possibility to build up a biogas plant with electricity generation or biodiesel production taking advantage of the raw material of the place as manure. The results in the Province of Salta shows the implementation of an integrated system is in place but it is necessary the improvement of the system. At the capital of the Province of Salta, there are produced 600 tonnes waste a day, that is deposited in a controlled landfill with biogas extraction and only a small percentage of the waste is sent for recycling. Regarding the waste collection and separation there are similarities with the problems of infrastructure described in the Province of Jujuy, such as the lack of trash cans, that makes the collection difficult and the lack of a separation system is a common deficit. The municipality does not have an update data of the quality and quantity of waste since 2003. In relation to public awareness there is a cooperative in cooperation with a private company that oversees the waste sorting. This program is a good initiative but it only covers 2000 blocks of the city and 14 000 households representing only the 10% of the total area. Regarding the financing there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities, etc. The waste is transported to the landfill, which is using the cell method and is well constructed, considering important aspects as the size of the cells, quantity and variation of rainfall, the absorptive capacity of the waste as well as the control of the capacity of the cells for high degree compaction. However, the controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that ingress into the holes where methane gas is extracted. In conclusion, the aspects with high priority in Salta are: classification of source and type of waste, cooperation, planning, financing, business opportunities and socio-economic aspects. The aspects with low priority are: system goals, collection and transport, waste treatment, law and regulations, public awareness, knowledge, environmental aspects. This shows that the government strategy is working positively regarding instruments and legislation. However, the control and financial system need improvement to afford the costs of the waste management system. The controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that enter the holes where methane gas is extracted. There is also a potential to a) upgrade the biogas to biofuel or b) for generation of energy which is highly demanded in the Province. The conclusions of the assessment show that today the problem of waste management requires a broader approach and new methodologies to understand the situation of the decision makers in the area of waste management. Where not only the physical or technical aspects on a waste management system are considered but also broader and deeply oriented aspects that include other factors that describe the cause of the problems. The methodology applied in this thesis called WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) can be used as a practical assessment tool in the future, for the analysis of the conditions for the establishment and development of integrated waste management system in a municipality. After the application of the WHAT methodology in this thesis it can be noticed that there is a potential of future improvements of the methodology as a) the inclusion of the Swedish knowledge and knowhow in the area.  b) potential to development of a software to provide a quick assessment in a municipality. c)  the inclusion of a database for the implementation of waste management. d) potential to include a financial tool with cost and benefits of the investments. According to the concept of sustainable waste management, the system needs to ensure health and safety aspects but in addition it must also be environmentally, effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable.

Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS), ainda que tratados e dispostos em aterros sanitários, podem ser causas de impactos ambientais por apresentarem algum indicador de periculosidade. Segundo o apêndice IV da Resolução da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) RDC nº 306/2004, para as tecnologias de tratamento desses resíduos é necessário que se atinja pelo menos o Nível III de inativação microbiana. Perante a ausência de dados na literatura que revelassem o tempo de exposição, temperatura e pressão ideais para a inativação microbiana no tratamento de RSS por autoclavagem e se a fração ocupada dos resíduos na autoclave poderia interferir na eficiência da desinfecção definiu-se o objetivo do trabalho para otimização do processo. Para os testes foram utilizados endósporos de Geobacillus stearothermophilus como bioindicadores e instalados cinco termopares na autoclave para aferição da temperatura dentro de todo o espaço da câmara. O RSS foi sintetizado diante das caracterizações como composição gravimétrica, distribuição granulométrica, densidade específica aparente, massa específica aparente e teor de umidade. Apresentou-se uma proposta metodológica para a avaliação do tratamento de RSS frente às dificuldades encontradas. Realizou-se ensaios com 116ºC, 125ºC e 134ºC, observando a fração de inativação em seis tempos de exposição diferentes. Sabendo-se que é padronizada em estabelecimentos de saúde a temperatura ideal para esterilização de materiais de 121ºC, apesar de não terem sido encontrados trabalhos científicos que comprovem a eficiência da esterilização nessa circunstância, foram realizados testes a 50 e 60 minutos de exposição para avaliar essa condição. Inoculou-se 106 endósporos nas amostras e a recuperação foi feita com filtração após a lavagem dos resíduos, sendo realizada a técnica de pour plate para contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). O mesmo procedimento foi feito com a amostra retirada da autoclave. A fração de inativação dos endósporos atingiu 100% no tempo de 30 minutos de exposição à temperatura máxima de 134ºC e pressão absoluta de 2,3 kgf/cm2, resultado obtido através da relação do número de micro-organismos recuperados considerados como inoculados e o número de micro-organismos sobreviventes ao tratamento. A 121ºC houve recuperação de UFC após tratamento. A fração de ocupação não foi um fator delimitante para a inativação de endósporos, pois a temperatura se manteve a mesma independentemente da quantidade de resíduo submetido à autoclavagem. Um outro objetivo era avaliar experimentalmente a reprodução dos micro-organismos frente às condições operacionais de autoclavagem e do tempo de permanência do rejeito em condições ambientais. Esse estudo comprovou que a inativação nessas condições otimizadas esteriliza o resíduo, sendo que nenhum micro-organismo voltou a se reproduzir após dias expostos em temperatura ambiente, ou seja, não haveria riscos de contaminação em aterro sanitário quando depositados os rejeitos. Ter encontrado essas condições ideais e avaliado o processo de autoclavagem pode significar um grande avanço nas próprias unidades de tratamento, que terão um parâmetro estabelecido para trabalho. / Healthcare waste, even when treated and disposed of in landfills, can be causes of environmental impacts because they present some hazard indicator. According to appendix IV of Resolution of the National Health Surveillance Agency of Brazil (Anvisa) RDC nº 306/2004, for technologies of healthcare waste treatment, it is necessary to achieve at least Level III of microbial inactivation. The purpose of this research to optimize the process was defined taking into account the absence of data in the literature that revealed the optimal exposure time, temperature and pressure for microbial inactivation through the healthcare treatment by autoclaving and whether the fraction occupied by waste in the autoclave could interfere with the effectiveness of the disinfection. For the tests, endospores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus were used as bioindicators and five thermocouples were installed in the autoclave for temperature measurement throughout the chamber space. The healthcare waste was synthesized by characterizations such as gravimetric composition, granulometric distribution, apparent specific density, apparent specific mass and moisture content. A methodological proposal for the evaluation of waste treatment was introduced taking into consideration the difficulties encountered. Tests were performed at 116ºC, 125ºC and 134ºC, observing the fraction of inactivation at six different exposure times. Since the sterilization of materials at 121ºC is standardized in health establishments, even though no scientific studies were found to prove the sterilization efficiency in these conditions, tests were performed at 50 and 60 minutes of exposure to evaluate this condition. The concentration of 106 endospores were inoculated in the samples and the recovery was done with filtration after washing the waste, and the \"pour plate\" technique was used to count the colony forming units. The same procedure was done with the sample removed from the autoclave. The inactivation fraction of the endospores reached 100% in the time of 30 minutes of exposure to the maximum temperature of 134ºC and absolute pressure of 2.3 kgf/cm2, a result obtained by the ratio of the number of recovered microorganisms considered as inoculated and the number of microorganisms surviving the treatment. At 121ºC there was recovery of colony forming units after treatment. The occupation fraction was not a limiting factor for the inactivation of endospores, since the temperature remained the same regardless of the amount of waste submitted to autoclaving. Another objective was to experimentally evaluate the reproduction of the microorganisms taking into consideration the operational conditions of autoclaving and the amount of time that the waste remains under environmental conditions. This study proved that the inactivation under these optimized conditions sterilizes the waste, and that no microorganism would reproduce again after days exposed at room temperature, therefore, there would be no risk of contamination in a landfill when the waste is deposited. Having found these ideal conditions and evaluated the autoclaving process can mean a major advance in the treatment units themselves, which will have an established parameter for work.

Essa dissertação analisa a questão dos resíduos sólidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo parte de uma recomposição histórica dos serviços de limpeza pública e das características das diversas soluções para o destino final do lixo. Em seguida, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa empírica junto às administrações municipais, de forma a levantar a situação dos serviços de coleta e especialmente das soluções de destino final. A pesquisa mostra uma crescente dificuldade na definição de novas áreas para destino final pelas restrições espaciais para esse uso, considerando-se o processo de urbanização. A investigação aponta como possível caminho para a solução de tal impasse, a gestão integrada para a operação de áreas de destino final comum para vários municípios. / This work analyzes the issue of solid waste in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The study is based on a historical reward from public cleaning services and the characteristics of the various solutions to the final destination of waste. After that, we carried out an extensive empirical research with the municipal administrations, in order to know the situation of the collection services and especially the solutions of final disposal. The survey shows a growing difficulty to defining areas for final disposal by spatial constraints for such use, according to urbanization process. The research points out as a solution of this deadlock, an integrated management for operation of final disposal common area for several municipalities.

A hierarquia do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos apresenta-se como a melhor opção global em termos ambientais ao prever práticas de redução na fonte e processos de recuperação material e energética anteriores à disposição final. Suas diretrizes foram incorporadas pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, redefinindo responsabilidades e estratégias em gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. Aplicada aos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), a hierarquia envolve, além do aspecto ambiental, a análise de viabilidade econômica, aspectos sociais, aspectos de saúde pública, a análise de viabilidade técnica e a motivação política, tornando contextual a tomada de decisão para implementação de estratégias nesse sentido. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a preferência de especialistas por cenários orientados à hierarquia do gerenciamento de RSU em São Carlos/SP utilizando a Metodologia Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão. Inicialmente, foram identificadas, através da revisão da literatura, ações e/ou métodos de tratamento de RSU voltados à hierarquia do gerenciamento de RSU. Posteriormente, foram identificados os critérios de decisão por meio da construção de mapas cognitivos com 6 atores de reconhecida experiência em gerenciamento de RSU no contexto do município. Os mapas cognitivos também restringiram as alternativas de decisão àquelas passíveis de serem empregadas pelo poder público municipal. Com base na avaliação dos mapas, foram selecionados 10 critérios de decisão e construídos 11 cenários (ações potenciais) contemplando as alternativas, compondo o modelo multicritério de apoio à decisão. Os critérios de decisão englobaram aspectos econômicos, ambientais, de saúde pública e sociais. Os cenários foram construídos considerando estratégias de recuperação material (compostagem e reciclagem), recuperação energética (biogás e incineração) e redução na fonte (cobrança de taxas, consumo consciente e incentivo à reutilização). Para avaliação da importância dos critérios utilizou-se a metodologia Delphi, associada ao Analytic Hierarchy Process, envolvendo 18 especialistas que também avaliaram o desempenho dos cenários segundo os objetivos de cada critério. Dentre os critérios, obtiveram as maiores importâncias relativas aqueles relacionados à saúde pública e à recuperação material, sendo os de mais baixa importância relativa os critérios de recuperação energética e de geração de créditos de carbono. O julgamento do modelo multicritério pelos especialistas subsidiou a aplicação dos Métodos Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão Compromise Programming, Cooperative Game Theory, ELECTRE II e PROMETHEE II, disponíveis para apoio à decisão no software MCDA-FEC (UNICAMP). Seus resultados mostraram que os cenários preferidos foram aqueles que conjugaram estratégias de recuperação material e energética, sendo menos preferidos aqueles que previram apenas a incineração, com ou sem recuperação energética. / Waste management hierarchy presents the best global option in environmental terms as it foresees ways of source reduction, material and energy recovery processes, and establishes the final disposition as the last desired option. Its policies were incorporated by the \"Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos\", conditioning resolutions for solid waste management strategies in Brazil. Besides the environmental aspect, applied to municipal solid wastes hierarchy involves evaluation of costs, social impacts, public health criteria, analysis of technical viability and political motivation, contextualizing the decision-maker related to the implementation of strategies in this direction. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate specialists preference for scenarios that were oriented to MSW management hierarchy in Sao Carlos/SP using the Multicriteria Decision Aid methodology. Strategies and/or MSW treatment methods associated with hierarchy\'s policies were initially identified through literature revision. Afterwards, decision criteria were identified through the construction of cognitive maps with 6 experienced people of accepted importance for the MSW management in the city\'s context. Cognitive maps also restricted decision alternatives to those susceptible of being taken by public law in the county. Ten decision criteria were selected and eleven scenarios were constructed based on the alternatives, composing the decision support model for multi-criteria analysis. Decision criteria included economical, environmental, public health and social aspects. Scenarios were composed of material recovery strategies (composting and recycling), energy recovery (biogas and incineration) and source reduction (fee collection, environmental education and reuse incentive). For criteria importance evaluation, Delphi methodology (associated to Analytic Hierarchy Process) was used involving 18 specialists that also evaluated scenarios performance according to each criterion objective. Regarding the criteria, those related to public health and material recovery obtained the highest relative importance, and the lowest relative importance were obtained by criteria of energy recovery and generation of carbon credits. The information obtained by specialists model evaluation supported the application of Multicriteria Decision Aid methods Compromise Programming, Cooperative Game Theory, ELECTRE II and PROMETHEE II, available for decision support in MCDA-FEC software. Its results show that the most preferable scenarios are those conjugate material and energy recovery strategies, and those that use the incineration process are less preferable, with or without energy recovery system.

The purpose of this work was to explore the use of fractional evaporative crystallization as a technology that can be used to separate medium-curie waste from the Hanford Site tank farms into a high-curie waste stream, which can be sent to a Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), and a low-curie waste stream, which can be sent to Bulk Vitrification. Experimental semi-batch crystallizations of sodium salts from simulant solutions of double-shell tank (DST) feed demonstrated that the recovered crystalline product met the purity requirement for exclusion of cesium and nearly met the requirement on sodium recovery. Batch fractional evaporative crystallization involves the removal of multiple solutes from a feed solution by the progressive achievement of supersaturation (through evaporation) and concomitant nucleation and growth of each species. The slurry collected from each of these crystallization stages was collected and introduced to filtration and washing steps. The product crystals obtained after washing were sampled for analysis by polarized light microscopy (PLM), dried, and sieved. The PLM results aided in identification of species crystallized in each stage. Carbonation was used as a supplemental method to evaporative crystallization in order to increase the sodium recovery in DST experiments. Carbonation was necessary due to the high aluminum ion concentration in the solution, which leads to formation of a viscous gel during evaporation. This gel was avoided by reacting carbon dioxide with hydroxyl ions, which modified the system behavior. Through two stages of carbonation, each followed by evaporation, the effect of carbonation on sodium recovery was demonstrated.