Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-98). Also available via the Internet.

This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.

The thesis examines control and eradication of Guinea worm in West Africa and investigates factors, especially water supply, related to the incidence of Guinea worm. The study was carried out in North Zou, Benin between 1987 and 1990 and in Nigeria between 1989 and 1993 during water supply and Guinea worm eradication programme execution. About 5% of villages in Nigeria, located in one half the LGAs were infected. The number of annual cases in a region was related to the previous year's cases, although 5-10% of the regions changed between infected and non-infected. Cases were not statically focused in villages. The relative risk of infection in a village based on the previous year's infection was 1.74 in North Zou. Incidence varied inversely and endemicity varied directly with village population. Villages of all sizes were infected. Prevalence varies seasonally by region. Incidence was low at high altitudes, in sandy and alluvial soils, in areas with high or low annual rainfall and in densely populated areas. Incidence was not otherwise related to rainfall, vegetation, altitude, soils, geology or distance to rivers. Incidence among Muslims and Christians was the same but varied by ethnic group. Incidence in an area was strongly related to the ratio of females to males. School attendance in endemic areas fell during the transmission period. Losses in Nigeria in 1990/91 were £16 million. Provision of improved water supply lowered incidence by 50%. Endemicity was 20% lower in villages in North Zou with water supply but endemicity did not fall immediately following provision and a difference was not seen in Nigeria. Water supply to all infected villages in Nigeria identified in 1990/91 would cost £23 million. Three possible water supply strategies were examined. Ten water supply options were considered and roof rainwater catchment was found the most promising. Factors that reduce the effective use of water supply were examined. Water supply coverage in endemic countries is 27%. The countries are among the poorest and least developed in the world. The lack of static focus of cases in villages, the low impact of water supply, and the difficulty of supplying water to all endemic areas make Guinea worm eradication by 1999 unlikely.

The Swedish government supports local government initiatives in an effort to promote societal wellbeing. Municipalities work to improve the quality of life for their citizens while also providing services that are friendly to the environment. One of the major duties for municipalities that need more attention is providing drinkable water and maintaining a reliable sewer system. In order to prevent any contamination of drinking water or any filtration or leakage concerns with sewer systems, they demand significant investment and long-term attention. The VA (stands for water and sewer system in Swedish)is one of the most important infrastructure assets in a functioning society, where disruptions and interruptions risk having far-reaching consequences for people's health. The report outlines the current status of the water and sewage system in Sweden and details how accommodating it is to be improved. The study seeks areas where water and sewage services can be improved through external entrepreneurs that could establish and manage these assets, instead of the local governmental authorities. The report will also look at potential improvements in water and sewage system, through enhanced collaboration and partnership with other municipalities. In order to accomplish this, numerous literature and interviews with municipal representatives have been made, in addition to the inspection of other resources to gather information on how to continue. As a result, the water and sewage infrastructure is currently in a critical state and requires significant investment as well as quick action. The report also discovered that there are numerous legal barriers and limitations for privatizing water and sewerage operations. On the other hand, one of the report's main conclusions is that it is necessary to take into account cooperation and partnerships between municipalities in order to enhance local organizational performance and come up with a joint solution to the financial problems. However, more research must be done, and the business justifications of some municipalities' current partnerships should be looked at.

<p>Starting point to this Paper is the idea and wish to adapt the society and its different activities to a recycle society. A building area in Göteborg is planned and investigated for such adaptation. In the district named Skogaberg, about 130 households totally are planned from what 20 are blocks of flats. The idea with this project is to constitute an alternative sewage system, a Blackwater system, were the fractions of most nutrients and least pollution are separated, taken care of and utilised. The aim is to get a market and use the nutrients of the organic waste from the household in agriculture use. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pays attention to water- and sewage systems from a recycle perspective and the aim of a long-termed sustainable development. The agriculture sector has also an intention to protect the environment and the means for sustainability. </p><p>The object of this study is to map and analyse a planned alternative sewage system in Skogaberg from recommended criteria for water and sewage systems. The alternative solution in Skogaberg will be analysed compared to a conventional solution. A specific aim is to estimate the possibilities and limitations of the alternative system when it comes to recycle of nutrients. Phosphorus and cadmium are chosen to describe and indicate the resource utilisation and environmental impact of different nutrient sources. Sanitation and risks with diseases, environmental&resource saving criteria together with technical&socio-economic criteria are intended to constitute a general background for the analysis. Criteria recommended, to concern environmental adapted water and sewage system by the Swedish EPA, is used in order to make an assessment of the planned system and a more viewed assessment and analyse is done from experiences and observations that I have got from literature sources and place studies. The results show good theoretical possibilities to get and recycle nutrients from the system with an alternative solution. With an alternative sewage system in Skogaberg opportunities that the users reflect and care are created. This project may provide us with innovations and ground for further research and development in future project. But it is also important to consider that these projects are established in the system of the society and that these recycle systems are not directly comparable with ecological recycling system in nature.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 rodrigogrigolin.pdf.jpg: 14658 bytes, checksum: d58171b81bbcda04a4430529ab9d7cdd (MD5) rodrigogrigolin.pdf: 403979 bytes, checksum: 15c0ebc4a32d6306dac6dc1d684550a1 (MD5) 1_81744.doc: 1816064 bytes, checksum: 4edf8fe021a51ada3263e41cc4ef6777 (MD5) rodrigogrigolin.pdf.txt: 106309 bytes, checksum: 422a2cfda061b54d0fc04790cf63bbb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma breve revisão da teoria da regulação dos mercados, revisar o histórico do setor de água e saneamento no Brasil; contextualizar a experiência internacional inglesa e francesa, indicar os principais pontos de controle para o regulador e comparar a eficiência econômica das empresas de saneamento no Estado de São Paulo. / This research reviews the theory of regulated markets, revisits the history of Brazilian water and sewage sector, highlights the English and French water and sewage market experiences, indicates the main control points for the regulator and measures the efficiency of water and sewage companies in São Paulo State.

The objective of the Diploma Thesis, which is divided into two parts, is to summarize the issue of wastewater treatment for teaching purposes. In the theoretical part, it is possible to find interesting facts from the history, the beginnings of sewerage in the Czech, treatises on sewage, urban and industrial sewage. The thesis describes waste water, its composition and explains the concept of sewerage. The most extensive chapter is the section on sewage treatment plants. It deals with the type of sewage plants, cleaning processes and water and legislation. Readers will be informed about the drainage in Benesov and the sewage treatment in this city. An integral part is the issue of sewage treatment plants for family houses and root cleaner. The empirical part focuses of the questionnaire examines the relation of school facilities to sewage treatment and especially the use of worksheets. There is a work sheet for pupils II. grade or primary school or the relevant years grammar schools was check in primary school Benesov, Dukelska 1818. The practical part also includes a design of the excursion to the seweage treatment in Benesov. The aim of the thesis is to work on the issue of water purification, which could serve teachers as a guide to the teaching of pupils, they are able to answer the questions...

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-88).

Starting point to this Paper is the idea and wish to adapt the society and its different activities to a recycle society. A building area in Göteborg is planned and investigated for such adaptation. In the district named Skogaberg, about 130 households totally are planned from what 20 are blocks of flats. The idea with this project is to constitute an alternative sewage system, a Blackwater system, were the fractions of most nutrients and least pollution are separated, taken care of and utilised. The aim is to get a market and use the nutrients of the organic waste from the household in agriculture use. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pays attention to water- and sewage systems from a recycle perspective and the aim of a long-termed sustainable development. The agriculture sector has also an intention to protect the environment and the means for sustainability. The object of this study is to map and analyse a planned alternative sewage system in Skogaberg from recommended criteria for water and sewage systems. The alternative solution in Skogaberg will be analysed compared to a conventional solution. A specific aim is to estimate the possibilities and limitations of the alternative system when it comes to recycle of nutrients. Phosphorus and cadmium are chosen to describe and indicate the resource utilisation and environmental impact of different nutrient sources. Sanitation and risks with diseases, environmental&amp;resource saving criteria together with technical&amp;socio-economic criteria are intended to constitute a general background for the analysis. Criteria recommended, to concern environmental adapted water and sewage system by the Swedish EPA, is used in order to make an assessment of the planned system and a more viewed assessment and analyse is done from experiences and observations that I have got from literature sources and place studies. The results show good theoretical possibilities to get and recycle nutrients from the system with an alternative solution. With an alternative sewage system in Skogaberg opportunities that the users reflect and care are created. This project may provide us with innovations and ground for further research and development in future project. But it is also important to consider that these projects are established in the system of the society and that these recycle systems are not directly comparable with ecological recycling system in nature.

This report presents a case study on the Water and Sewage (abbreviated as WS in the following) system of Stockholm, which is faced with several challenges over the coming decades. The purpose is to explore the current and future threats and challenges that can have an impact on the WS system, with the aim of identifying a sustainable and resilient way of handling potential issues and incorporating a wider perspective when planning for a continued water and sewage infrastructure of sufficient capacity and quality. The study asks what the current and potential future challenges for the Stockholm WS system are, what is required to enable a sustainable and resilient WS system in a long-term perspective, which actors are involved or need to be involved beyond Stockholm Water, to provide Stockholm with a resilient and sustainable WS system, and what would be required for efficient governance? A content analysis of literature was made in order to develop three possible future scenarios, each with its own set of challenges. The scenarios were discussed with several interviewees from the WS-sector. The information provided during the interviews was used in a resilience analysis, based on the framework developed by the Resilience Alliance Workbook for Practitioners. A discussion follows in relation to the connected theoretical concepts of futures studies, resilience theory, governance and sustainability. The findings in this study suggests that the main challenges facing the WS system are primarily climate change and population increase. The WS system has to expand to support a growing population, as well as be adapted to cope with the consequences of climate change. Also pulse disturbances, such as sabotage and bio-terrorist attacks, were discussed and constitute a worry to which there is less preparedness. Further, a different challenge was found in the difficulties in planning for this required expansion and development where there is a lack of support, funding, communication and division of responsibilities. In order to retain a WS system that is able to provide high quality water services of sufficient quantity, communication and coordination between actors need to improve, and someone has to take a lead in continued work to ensure that all actors and stakeholders move in the same direction. Long-term planning is required on all parts, and there is a need to make decisions that will enable a sustained water and sewage structure in the long run. It is also required that water is made a priority; that water and sewage related issues are allowed more space in the municipal planning process and are discussed at a much earlier stage. Further, all municipalities will face challenges that concerns the WS system, leading to an increasing requirement of a more extensive regional cooperation, where planning and development occurs across municipal borders, focusing on watershed- and drainage areas. This study focuses on specified resilience, which means that only a limited number of challenges and events that could affect the WS system have been studied. Further studies are encouraged to determine the general resilience of the system, and provide a more detailed and comprehensive assessment.