<p>This report is about the impact climate change has on the water and sewage systems in general, and the situation in the municipality of Karlstad in particular. Which vulnerabilities are linked to water and sewage systems with regard to climate change and extreme weather situations, what are the possibilities to adapt the system to this and what significance does climate adaptation of the water and sewage systems have in relation to sustainable development?To answer these questions I have studied literature on the subject and interviewed several people who work with these types of questions. The answers I have received state that there are a multitude of vulnerabilities linked to the water- and sewage systems, but that there are also many strong interests which strive to take measures and adapt to a changed climate. I have also come to the conclusion that the starting points and views of the possibilities to act differs between the people that I have interviewed, but that theses problems are built into the concept of democracy.</p>

This report is about the impact climate change has on the water and sewage systems in general, and the situation in the municipality of Karlstad in particular. Which vulnerabilities are linked to water and sewage systems with regard to climate change and extreme weather situations, what are the possibilities to adapt the system to this and what significance does climate adaptation of the water and sewage systems have in relation to sustainable development?To answer these questions I have studied literature on the subject and interviewed several people who work with these types of questions. The answers I have received state that there are a multitude of vulnerabilities linked to the water- and sewage systems, but that there are also many strong interests which strive to take measures and adapt to a changed climate. I have also come to the conclusion that the starting points and views of the possibilities to act differs between the people that I have interviewed, but that theses problems are built into the concept of democracy.

Syftet med denna studie var att få reda på om designprocessen ökar elevernas kunskaper om det tekniska systemet vatten- och avloppssystemet. Frågeställningarna som studien har som syfte att besvara är: Vilken kunskap har eleverna i årskurs 5 om tekniska system innan genomförd undervisning? Hur kan en designaktivitet bidra till att eleverna utvecklar kunskaper om vatten- och avloppssystem? samt Vilka kvalitativa skilda kunskaper utvecklades under designaktiviteten? En undervisningssekvens på fyra lektioner har genomförts i en femteklass. Till största delen bestod lektionerna av samtal och skapande aktiviteter som observerades och dokumenterades genom loggboksanteckningar. Deltagarna genomförde ett förkunskapstest som hade syftet att samla in datamaterial för att besvara den första frågeställningen. Observationer och intervju utfördes för att besvara den andra och tredje frågeställningen. Resultatet visade att eleverna hade för­kun­skaper om tekniska system kopplade till föremål. Vidare visade resultatet att det fanns faktorer som påverkade elevernas inhämtande av kunskap såsom samarbete, dialog och lärarens handledning. Dessa faktorer påverkade hur elevernas kunskaper ökade under designaktiviteten och visade på kvalitativa skillnader i elevernas kunskaper om vatten- och avloppssystemet.

För att klara av den befolkningsökning som sker i städerna projekteras nybyggnadsområden. Innan byggnation av bostäder kan ske måste ett beslut tas om val av spillvattensystem. I nuläget saknas enkla hjälpmedel för att jämföra och göra val baserat på systemens totala kostnader under dess livslängd. Målet med detta arbete var att ta fram en beräkningsmall som kan göra en livscykelkostnadsanalys samt vara ett komplement vid projektering och val av spillvattensystem. Topografin och områdesspecifika kostnader bryts ner och förs in i beräkningsmallen för den sträcka där spillvattenledningen ska anläggas. Mallen kontrollerar därefter om områdets förutsättningar uppfyller de krav som finns för spillvattenledningar eller ej. Resultatet som erhålls av beräkningsmallen påvisar initiala-, årliga och ackumulerade kostnader för de båda systemen. Skillnader och eventuella brytpunkter mellan ackumulerad kostnad för de båda systemen redovisas och kan användas som underlag vid val av spillvattensystem. Arbetet visade att det finns ett stort b / In order to cope with the population increase that occurs in the cities, new construction areas are being planned. Before the construction of housing can take place, a decision must be made regarding the choice of sewerage system. At present there are no simple tools to compare and make choices based on the systems total lifetime cost. The aim of this thesis has been to develop a calculation template that can perform a life cycle cost analysis and to be a complement to the project planning and choice of sewerage systems. The topography and area-specific costs are broken down and entered into the calculation template for the distance where the wastewater pipeline is to be constructed. The template then checks whether the area's conditions meet the requirements for wastewater pipelines or not. The result obtained from the calculation template shows initial, annual, and accumulated costs for the two systems. Differences and possible breakpoints between the accumulated cost of the two systems are reported and can be used as a basis for decision. The work showed that there is a great need for supporting tools to facilitate the planning and decision making of water systems.

This report presents a case study on the Water and Sewage (abbreviated as WS in the following) system of Stockholm, which is faced with several challenges over the coming decades. The purpose is to explore the current and future threats and challenges that can have an impact on the WS system, with the aim of identifying a sustainable and resilient way of handling potential issues and incorporating a wider perspective when planning for a continued water and sewage infrastructure of sufficient capacity and quality. The study asks what the current and potential future challenges for the Stockholm WS system are, what is required to enable a sustainable and resilient WS system in a long-term perspective, which actors are involved or need to be involved beyond Stockholm Water, to provide Stockholm with a resilient and sustainable WS system, and what would be required for efficient governance? A content analysis of literature was made in order to develop three possible future scenarios, each with its own set of challenges. The scenarios were discussed with several interviewees from the WS-sector. The information provided during the interviews was used in a resilience analysis, based on the framework developed by the Resilience Alliance Workbook for Practitioners. A discussion follows in relation to the connected theoretical concepts of futures studies, resilience theory, governance and sustainability. The findings in this study suggests that the main challenges facing the WS system are primarily climate change and population increase. The WS system has to expand to support a growing population, as well as be adapted to cope with the consequences of climate change. Also pulse disturbances, such as sabotage and bio-terrorist attacks, were discussed and constitute a worry to which there is less preparedness. Further, a different challenge was found in the difficulties in planning for this required expansion and development where there is a lack of support, funding, communication and division of responsibilities. In order to retain a WS system that is able to provide high quality water services of sufficient quantity, communication and coordination between actors need to improve, and someone has to take a lead in continued work to ensure that all actors and stakeholders move in the same direction. Long-term planning is required on all parts, and there is a need to make decisions that will enable a sustained water and sewage structure in the long run. It is also required that water is made a priority; that water and sewage related issues are allowed more space in the municipal planning process and are discussed at a much earlier stage. Further, all municipalities will face challenges that concerns the WS system, leading to an increasing requirement of a more extensive regional cooperation, where planning and development occurs across municipal borders, focusing on watershed- and drainage areas. This study focuses on specified resilience, which means that only a limited number of challenges and events that could affect the WS system have been studied. Further studies are encouraged to determine the general resilience of the system, and provide a more detailed and comprehensive assessment.