O presente trabalho discute a cobrança pelo uso da água como instrumento de gestão ambiental, abordando os usuários de água para irrigação e geração de energia elétrica a partir da inserção de parâmetros econômicos e ambientais na definição dos valores a serem cobrados, de forma a monitorar a alocação eficiente dos recursos hídricos. A área escolhida para aplicação dos estudos foi a bacia dos ribeirões do Lobo e do Feijão, formadores do rio Jacaré Guaçú/SP. O estudo levanta a demanda hídrica potencial de ambos os usuários de água, contrapondo à disponibilidade hídrica, aos custos médios de investimento, faturamento médio e o benefício líquido produzidos pelo incremento da água. Foram apresentados valores relativos aos identificados possíveis cenários de conflitos por demanda hídrica, em termos de quantidade, os quais a cobrança poderia atuar como instrumento mediador de interesses e de incentivo ao uso racional da água e do solo. Os resultados da discussão indicam que a cobrança deve considerar não só variáveis econômicas mas, sobretudo, variáveis ambientais e sociais da bacia hidrográfica, possibilitando a articulação da cobrança com os demais instrumentos de gestão dos recursos naturais e a participação efetiva da sociedade na consolidação e aplicação dos valores a serem cobrados. / This study discusses water use charges as an environmental management tool, approaching users for irrigation and electricity generation, applying economic and environmental parameters to determine the charges to be applied to promote efficient allocation of the water resources. The study area comprises of the watersheds of the \"Ribeirão do Lobo\" and the \"Ribeirão do Feijão\", which together form the Jacaré Guaçú River. The study determines the potential water demand by the two users, against the availability, average investment costs, average returns and net profits by increased water availability. Values are presented for the conflict scenarios that were identified in terms of quantity, for which charges could serve as a mediation instrument and as an incentive for efficient use of water and soil. As a result of the study it can be said that water charges, rather than only economic variables, should most of all consider environmental and social variables, integrating the water charges with the other natural resource management instruments and effective social participation for the establishment and application of the charges.

As exigências do potássio para maximizar o crescimento do eucalipto têm sido intensivamente estudadas pelas empresas florestais através de experimentos empíricos. Embora, ainda existe um fraco entendimento dos processos envolvidos com a resposta à adubação com potássio, conduzindo a resultados contraditórios entre a disponibilidade do potássio no solo e as respostas do eucalipto segundo o encontrado na literatura. Existe a hipótese que grandes depósitos de sódio perto ao mar, poderiam conduzir numa substituição parcial do potássio pelo sódio na fisiologia do eucalipto, considerando que respostas ao sódio têm sido observadas em ambientes pobres de potássio. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de plântulas de Eucalyptus grandis a adubação tanto de potássio quanto de sódio, além de ser submetidas a teores de umidade de -0.07 MPa e -0.6 MPa. Mudanças na partição de assimilados, eficiência no uso da água (EUA) e trocas gasosas foram determinadas em casa de vegetação, nas idades de dois, quatro e seis meses após a adubação. O estresse hídrico afetou a produção de matéria seca para todos os tratamentos. Não obstante, o potássio ajudou na osmoregulação sob condições de estresse, encontrando uma produção de matéria seca significativamente superior ao testemunho sem aplicação de potássio nem sódio. Além disso, a resposta do eucalipto ao sódio indicou uma alta condutância estomática que foi refletida numa alta transpiração, sendo um comportamento de má adaptação para condições de estresse hídrico. / The requirements of potassium fertilization to maximize the growth of eucalyptus stands have been extensively studied by forest companies through empirical experiments. Nevertheless, there is a poor understanding of the processes involved in the response of trees to K+ fertilization, leading to contradictory results in the literature between the availability of K+ in the soil and the responses of eucalyptus plantations to K+ inputs. The hypothesis that large amounts of Na+ atmospheric deposits close to the sea could result in a partial replacement of K+ by Na+ in the physiology of eucalyptus has been made, since a response to Na+ fertilizer application has been observed in soils with very low exchangeable K+ contents. The present study aimed to assess the response of Eucalyptus grandis cuttings to K+ and Na+ fertilizations, for two level of soil water potential: -0,07 MPa and -0,6 MPa. Changes in dry matter partition, water use efficiency (WUE), and gas exchange were determined in a greenhouse experiment, two, four and six months after treatment establishment. The water stress influenced the dry matter production whatever the fertilization type. However, the potassium application improved the osmotic adjustment under conditions of stress, leading to a production of dry matter significantly higher than in the control treatment without K+ and Na+ application. Moreover, Na+ application increased the stomatal conductance of eucalyptus plants, leading to high transpiration rates, indicating that Na+ inputs lead to a tree behavior badly adapted to water stress conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio E Lima .pdf: 9019810 bytes, checksum: 89a1e038ffab0307e67d30879c9c3fe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aimed to: determine the productivity and efficiency of water use of eggplant crop under different irrigation levels in the system of no-tillage cultivation (and intercropped with a legume crop); determine the crop coefficients, evapotranspiration maximum growth of eggplant crop in no-tillage system with the addition of mulch and soil with conventional tillage with plowing and harrowing. The work was performed in the years 2007-2008, the SIPA (Integrated Production Agroecological), and conducted two series of experiments. In 2007 was established the culture of eggplant in a total area of 576 m2, using randomized block design in split plots, with treatments in the plot (four irrigation levels) and subplot (two cropping systems - consortium and cowpea with monoculture). The eggplant-cowpea intercropping did not significantly affect the yield of eggplant in organic management in notillage system. The eggplant crop responds to different irrigation affecting business productivity and total, were not observed, however, significant differences in the number of fruits per plant. In 2008 a second experiment was conducted using a randomized design (CRD) with two treatments (cultivation system: direct and conventional) and five replications. There were no significant differences in yield of eggplant in the two cropping systems, and the marketable fruit yield equal to 47.42 Mg ha-1 in PD and 47.91 Mg ha-1 on PC. The coefficients of eggplant crop cultivation for the DP system were 0.83 (from transplanting to flowering), 0.77 (from flowering to fruiting), 0.90 (fruiting the first harvest) and 0.97 (the first harvest at the end of the cycle). For the PC system, the crop coefficients were respectively 0.81, 1.14, 1.17 and 1.05. The water consumption of eggplant was 342.2 and 388.1 mm for the PD and PC, respectively, during 134 days of cultivation of eggplant. The maximum efficiency of water use (considering irrigation + precipitation) was 8.17 kg m-3 for the PD and 7.66 kg m-3 for the PC. The growth analysis showed that the conventional tillage system showed maximum accumulation of dry matter to 127 DAT with an estimated value of 454.28 g m-2. For no-till, the maximum estimated value was 369.81 g m-2 at 124 DAT. The largest leaf area index (LAI) was estimated to be 2.84 m2 m-2 to 130 DAT for conventional tillage and 2.96 m2 m-2 for the till. The maximum height of plants was 88.66 and 95.20 cm for NT and CT at 138 DAT. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: Determinar a produtividade e a efici?ncia do uso da ?gua da cultura da berinjela em fun??o de diferentes l?minas de irriga??o no sistema de cultivo de plantio direto (consorciada com uma leguminosa e solteira); Determinar os coeficientes de cultivo, evapotranspira??o m?xima e o crescimento da cultura da berinjela, no sistema de plantio direto com adi??o de palhada e em solo com o preparo convencional com ara??o e gradagem. O trabalho foi executado nos anos de 2007-2008, no SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica), sendo conduzidas duas s?ries de experimentos. Em 2007 foi implantada a cultura da berinjela em uma ?rea total de 576 m2, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os tratamentos na parcela (4 l?minas de irriga??o) e na subparcela (2 sistemas de cultivo cons?rcio com caupi e monocultivo). O cons?rcio berinjela-feij?o caupi n?o influenciou significativamente a produtividade da cultura da berinjela em manejo org?nico no sistema de plantio direto. A cultura da berinjela responde a diferentes l?minas de irriga??o afetando a produtividade comercial e total, n?o sendo observadas, no entanto, diferen?as significativas no n?mero de frutos por planta. Em 2008 foi conduzido um segundo experimento utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com os dois tratamentos (sistema de cultivo: direto e convencional) e cinco repeti??es. N?o houve diferen?as significativas na produtividade da cultura da berinjela nos dois sistemas de cultivo, sendo a produ??o de frutos comerciais igual a 47,42 Mg ha-1 no PD e de 47,91 Mg ha-1 no PC. Os coeficientes de cultivo para cultura da berinjela no sistema de PD foram de 0,83 (do transplantio ao florescimento), 0,77 (do florescimento ? frutifica??o), 0,90 (da frutifica??o ? 1a colheita) e 0,97 (da 1a colheita ao final do ciclo). Para o sistema PC, os coeficientes de cultivo foram de, respectivamente, 0,81; 1,14; 1,17 e 1,05. O consumo h?drico da berinjela foi 342,2 e 388,1 mm para o PD e PC, respectivamente, durante 134 dias de cultivo da berinjela. A m?xima efici?ncia do uso da ?gua (considerando irriga??o + precipita??o) foi de 8,17 kg m-3 para o PD e de 7,66 kg m-3 para o PC. A an?lise de crescimento evidenciou que o sistema de plantio convencional apresentou o m?ximo acumulo de mat?ria seca estimada aos 127 DAT com valor de 454,28 g m-2. Para o plantio direto, o valor m?ximo estimado foi de 369,81 g m-2 aos 124 DAT. O maior ?ndice de ?rea foliar (IAF) estimado foi de 2,84 m2 m-2 aos 130 DAT para o plantio convencional e de 2,96 m2 m-2 para o plantio direto. A altura m?xima das plantas foi de 88,66 e 95,20 cm para o PD e PC aos 138 DAT.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-31T11:38:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruno C?sar L?llis Concei??o.pdf: 1515220 bytes, checksum: a05f88b94d301561f77c60c2076ef313 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T11:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruno C?sar L?llis Concei??o.pdf: 1515220 bytes, checksum: a05f88b94d301561f77c60c2076ef313 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The crop simulation models are tools used to assist in the management of the available resources. For the carrot crop, few studies have examined the effect of irrigation with deficits in their performance and quality of crops. The optimization of the regulated deficit irrigation strategy (ORDI), which integrates the economic optimization model for irrigation water management (MOPECO), determines the level of deficit to be achieved at each stage of crop development in order to maximize the performance for a given level of deficit. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 in the Integrated Agroecological Production - SIPA, located in Serop?dica-RJ, Brazil. It was used drip irrigation system with a line for each two lines of cultivation, emitter spacing of 10 cm and flow rate of 4 L h-1 m-1. Two deficit irrigation application methods were evaluated (constant water deficit - CHD and ORDI). For both methods were applied 5 different levels of global deficit (90, 80, 70 and 60% of crop evapotranspiration (ETm), and without irrigation), besides the treatment with 100% ETm. In the two years evaluated no statistically significant differences were obtained in total yields between ORDI and CHD, for the same level of deficit used. However, a high percentage of the roots obtained from the CHD strategy had shortcomings in terms of quality (defects, improper size, cracks, etc.) provided decrease in commercial production. Therefore, for the same volume of water applied, irrigation management made by ORDI was more efficient, reaching 50% and 24% more commercial productivity in the treatment ETm 0.6 and other treatments, respectively / Os modelos de simula??o de cultivos s?o ferramentas utilizadas para auxiliar no gerenciamento dos recursos dispon?veis. Para o cultivo de cenoura, poucos estudos examinaram o efeito da irriga??o com d?ficit em seu desempenho e qualidade das colheitas. O d?ficit otimizado por etapas (DOTI), metodologia integrada ao Modelo de otimiza??o econ?mica da ?gua de irriga??o (MOPECO), determina o n?vel de d?ficit a ser atingido em cada fase do desenvolvimento da cultura visando maximizar seu desempenho, para um determinado n?vel de d?ficit a ser obtido no ciclo. O estudo foi conduzido em 2013 e 2014, no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica - SIPA, localizada em Serop?dica-RJ, Brasil. O sistema de irriga??o usado foi de gotejamento, com uma fita gotejadora para cada duas linhas de cultivo, espa?amento entre emissores de 10 cm e vaz?o de 4 L h-1 m-1. Dois m?todos de aplica??o de irriga??o com d?ficit foram avaliados, sendo denominados d?ficit h?drico constante (DHC) e DOTI. Para ambos os m?todos foram aplicados 5 diferentes n?veis de d?ficit global (90, 80, 70 e 60% do potencial de evapotranspira??o da cultura (ETm), e sem irriga??o), al?m do tratamento com 100% da ETm. Os resultados demonstram que nos dois anos de ensaios de campo n?o foram obtidas diferen?as estatisticamente significativas dos rendimentos totais entre DOTI e DHC, para o mesmo n?vel de d?ficit h?drico utilizado. No entanto, uma alta porcentagem das ra?zes obtidas com a estrat?gia DHC apresentaram defici?ncias em termos de qualidade (defeitos, tamanhos inadequados, rachaduras, etc.) que proporcionaram diminui??o na produ??o comercial. Por conseguinte, para o mesmo volume de ?gua aplicado, o manejo da irriga??o efetuado pelo DOTI foi mais eficiente, atingindo 50% a mais de produtividade comercial no tratamento 0,6 ETm e cerca de 24% para os demais tratamentos

Com a continuação do aquecimento global, prevê-se o aumento dos períodos de seca, um dos mais importantes fatores abióticos a afetar o crescimento dos eucaliptos no Brasil. Nessa direção, as práticas silviculturais poderiam adaptar-se para favorecer os mecanismos de adaptação das árvores à seca. Assim, na Estação Experimental de Itatinga, foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação potássica sobre os aspectos produtivos e fisiológicos de um povoamento de Eucalyptus grandis, em primeira rotação, submetido à exclusão parcial de chuva durante trinta meses após o plantio. O dispositivo experimental foi um split plot, com três blocos completos e quatro tratamentos: dois regimes hídricos (100% e 63% das chuvas, com exclusão parcial artificial) e duas doses de K (0 e 4,5 kmol ha-1). A meta foi avaliar a influência da nutrição potássica sobre as características e a atividade fotossintética das folhas. A transpiração foi medida por sensores de fluxo de seiva para estimar a eficiência de transpiração do povoamento. O potencial foliar e as trocas gasosas foliares foram monitorados, enquanto os valores de \'delta\'13C do floema foram medidos, para avaliar o estado hídrico e o funcionamento estomático das árvores, em função da disponibilidade de K e de água. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de K atuou sobre vários mecanismos responsáveis pelo aumento do crescimento e da produção de madeira: aumento da área foliar total e individual, da duração de vida foliar, do tamanho e da turgescência celular foliar, da espessura foliar e dos espaços intercelulares no mesófilo foliar, da capacidade fotossintética, da condutância dos estômatos e do mesófilo, da exportação dos fotoassimilados, produzidos nas folhas-fontes, do fluxo de seiva, da eficiência de transpiração na produção de madeira, pelo aumento da repartição de biomassa nesse compartimento. Folhas com sintomas de deficiência de K mostraram concentrações de nutrientes, espaços intercelulares e atividade fotossintética inferiores, e concentrações de açúcares solúveis superiores, na comparação com o tratamento com K, sugerindo uma ligação entre nutrição, anatomia e fisiologia foliar. Durante o déficit hídrico, o E. grandis mostrou um comportamento isohidrodinâmico, associado ao fechamento estomático, ao ajustamento foliar osmótico, à diminuição na elasticidade das paredes celulares, ao aumento na eficiência de uso da água nas folhas, à diminuição da área foliar total e à rápida absorção da água nas camadas profundas do solo. A partir de aproximadamente 22 meses após o plantio, o estado hídrico das árvores diminuiu: (1) nas parcelas com exclusão parcial de chuva, em relação às parcelas sem exclusão parcial de chuva, e (2) nas parcelas com adição de K, em relação às parcelas sem essa adição. Embora a adição de K melhore as relações hídricas nas folhas, o controle dos movimentos estomáticos e as trocas gasosas foliares, ela agravou o estado hídrico das árvores durante períodos de seca intensa, devido ao maior crescimento e à demanda hídrica. Assim, os efeitos benéficos da adição de K sobre a adaptação à seca das árvores poderiam não contrabalançar o aumento do déficit hídrico durante períodos mais intensos de seca. Em relação às previsões futuras de seca, as empresas florestais, provavelmente, terão de adaptar a fertilização para minimizar a demanda de água e os riscos de mortalidade / Global warming is predicted to exacerbate drought, one of the most important abiotic stress factors affecting eucalypts growth in Brazil. Silvilcultural practices might be adapted to enhance drought adaptation mechanisms of trees. This study examined the effects of K addition on productive and physiological aspects of Eucalyptus grandis stands in first rotation submitted to partial through fall exclusion over thirty months after planting. A large-scale through fall exclusion experiment using a split plot design was conducted with three blocks and four treatments: two water regimes (100% and 63% of through fall with partial artificial exclusion) and two K doses (0 and 4.5 kmol ha-1). The influence of K nutrition on characteristics and photosynthetic activity of leaves was assessed Tree transpiration was measured from sap flow probes to estimate water use efficiency. Foliar water potential and gas exchange were monitored, and phloem \'delta\'13C was measured in order to evaluate tree water status and stomatal regulation depending on K and water availabilities. The results showed that K supply influence various mechanisms responsible for tree growth enhancement: increase in total and individual leaf area, leaf lifespan, cell turgor and cell size due to an increase in turgor, leaf thickness and intercellular spaces, photosynthetic capacity, stomata and mesophyll conductances, photoassimilate export from source leaves and transpiration efficiency for wood production through increase of biomass partitioning to this compartment. Leave with K-deficiency symptoms exhibited lower nutrient concentrations and photosynthetic activity, reduced intercellular spaces, and higher soluble sugar contents compared to healthy leaves, which suggested a strong link between nutrition, leaf anatomy and physiology. The adaptive mechanisms of E. grandis trees to cope with water restriction were an isohydrodynamic behavior associated with stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment, a decrease in wall cell elasticity, an increase in foliar water use efficiency, a decrease in total leaf area and a fast water uptake in very deep soil layers. From approximately 22 months after planting onwards, tree water status was lower: (1) in droughted plots compared to the rain-fed plots and, (2) in K-fertilized plots, compared to the K-unfertilized trees. Although K addition enhanced tree water relations, stomatal control and leaf gas exchange, it exacerbated tree water deficit during severe drought as a result of high water demand throughout tree development. Therefore, the beneficial effects of K supply on tree acclimation to drought may not counterbalance the increase in water deficit during severe water restriction periods compared to the K-unfertilized trees. Regarding future drought previsions, forest managers might have to adapt their fertilization regimes to minimize water demand and risks of mortality

A irrigação é considerada uma das mais importantes tecnologias empregadas para aumentar a produtividade e permitir maior eficiência e estabilidade na produção agrícola. A sua adoção deve ser baseada na viabilidade técnica e econômica do projeto, obtida por meio da análise detalhada e cuidadosa dos fatores climáticos, agronômicos e econômicos envolvidos. O manejo eficiente pode ser definido como o uso criterioso dos recursos disponíveis para se atingir um determinado objetivo. No caso da irrigação, o manejo eficiente objetiva maximizar a produção vegetal com o menor custo possível, tanto em quesitos ambientais quanto econômicos. Para tanto, necessita-se do desenvolvimento de um sistema tecnologicamente eficiente, de reduzido custo e de facilidade de instalação e manutenção. Assim, uma rede inteligente de estações meteorológicas, capaz de monitorar o ambiente em tempo real, de adaptar-se aos diversos estágios fenológicos da planta, aos diversos solos e culturas e de comunicar-se entre si e com um servidor torna-se necessário. Este projeto teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e emprego de uma rede de estações meteorológicas sem fio, de baixo custo e de fácil manutenção e implantação, para a determinação da evapotranspiração de referência, e do conteúdo de água no solo para o eficiente manejo de irrigação. Para que tal rede de sensores seja implantada, há a necessidade de que os módulos eletrônicos possuam microcontroladores de baixo consumo energético, uma vez que eles serão alimentados por baterias e painéis solares, e com capacidade para executar os algoritmos de inferência das variáveis de medida, de calibração e correção de tais medidas, de comunicação com os demais elementos da rede e de executar o controlador de irrigação, baseado em Redes Neurais Artificiais. A abordagem da inteligência artificial utilizada possui a capacidade de aprender e estimar parâmetros a partir de sua base de treinamento e das condições que a cercam. Além das capacidades do microcontrolador, o módulo dos sensores deverá possuir elementos para aferir a temperatura e a umidade do ambiente, a radiação solar, a temperatura e o conteúdo de água no solo, além de um módulo de comunicação sem fio. O sistema desenvolvido foi testado nas estufas do INCT-EI/ESALQ/USP manejando a irrigação da cultura do pimentão vermelho Capsicum annuum L. cv. All Big, durante o período de 25/01/2018 a 31/07/2018. Após o treinamento da rede neural artificial, o sistema desenvolvido determinou a evapotranspiração de referência com um coeficiente de determinação de 0,968, com um erro médio absoluto de 0,055 mm e com um valor-P de 1,02 10-45 para um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Sendo assim, verificou-se que a rede de estações meteorológicas desenvolvida é capaz de estimar a evapotranspiração de referência a partir de dados provenientes de sensores de reduzido custo financeiro e com dados meteorológicos faltantes. / Irrigation is considered one of the most important technologies used to increase productivity and to allow greater efficiency and stability in agricultural production. Its adoption must be based on technical and economic feasibility of the project, obtained by means of a detailed and careful analysis of the climatic, agronomic and economic factors involved. Efficient management can be defined as the judicious use of available resources to achieve a given goal. In the case of irrigation, efficient management aims to maximize plant production at the lowest possible cost, both in environmental and economic aspects. This requires the development of a technologically efficient system, which is low cost and ease of installation and maintenance. Thus, an intelligent network of weather stations capable of monitoring the environment in real time, adapting to the plant\'s various phenological stages, diverse soils and cultures and communicating with each other and with a server becomes necessary. This project aimed at the development and use of the wireless station network which is low cost, easy maintenance, and deployment for the determination of reference evapotranspiration and soil water content for efficient irrigation management. In order for such a sensor network to be implemented, there is a need for such modules to have low energy microcontrollers, since they will be powered by batteries and solar panels, and capable of performing the inference algorithms of the measurement, calibration, and correction of such measures, of communication with the other elements of the network and of executing the irrigation controller, based on Artificial Neural Networks. The artificial intelligence approach used has the capacity to learn and estimate parameters based on its training base and the conditions surrounding it. In addition to the capabilities of the microcontroller, the sensor module must have elements to measure ambient temperature and humidity, brightness, temperature and soil water content, as well as a wireless communication module. The developed system was tested in the greenhouses of INCT-EI/ESALQ/USP managing the irrigation of the red bell pepper crop Capsicum annuum L. cv. All Big, during the days of 01/25/2018 to 31/07/2010. After the artificial neural network training, the developed system determined reference evapotranspiration with a determination coefficient of 0.968, with an absolute mean error of 0.055 mm and a P-value of 1.02 10-45 for a confidence interval of 95%. Thus, it was verified that the developed weather-station network is able to estimate the reference evapotranspiration with low-cost sensors and with missing meteorological data.

Il est prévu une augmentation de l’intensité et de la fréquence des sécheresses dans les années à venir à cause des changements climatiques. Puisque la productivité des peupliers est étroitement liée à la disponibilité en eau, il existe un risque de déclin de la production de bois dans les peupleraies. L’optimisation de la biomasse produite en regard de l’eau consommée (efficience d’utilisation de l’eau, WUE) apparaît alors être une question de recherche prometteuse. Des études précédentes ont montré une diversité clonale de WUE chez les peupliers, pilotée principalement par la conductance stomatique (gs). Cependant, gs et l’assimilation en CO2 ne sont pas toujours connectés, ce qui peut conduire à de fortes variations de WUE au niveau foliaire. De plus, puisque la mesure de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau au niveau de la plante entière (TE) est laborieuse à mesurer, les expérimentations sont souvent réalisées en serre. Toutefois, les conditions contrôlées d’une serre conduisent à un environnement très différent des conditions naturelles, et les comparaisons de WUE entre conditions contrôlées et naturelles sont rares dans la littérature. Nous avons évalué la diversité des dynamiques stomatiques au sein de génotypes de peupliers sous conditions témoins et sous sécheresse en serre et en pépinière. Nous avons examiné le lien entre différents facteurs physiologiques, morphologiques et moléculaires et les dynamiques stomatiques, ainsi que leur influence sur TE. De plus, nous avons étudié la relation entre différents estimateurs de WUE et ses composantes entre des conditions contrôlées et naturelles. Le contenu en éléments minéraux et l’expression de gènes candidats ont également été quantifiés à deux moments de la journée pour analyser leur relation avec gs. Nous avons observé une variabilité génotypique significative des dynamiques stomatiques à la fois en réponse à l’irradiance et au VPD, de plus modifiée par la sécheresse et les conditions de croissance. La taille et la densité des stomates ainsi que la transpiration foliaire étaient fortement corrélées aux dynamiques stomatiques en serre, mais très peu en pépinière. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance et la complexité de ces mécanismes à l’échelle de la plante entière. WUE au niveau de la feuille et de la plante entière étaient relativement stables au sein des génotypes et entre conditions de croissance, mais bien moins avec la sécheresse. Enfin, des contenus en éléments et des expressions géniques distinctes ont été observées entre faces de la feuille et enter moments de la journée, en lien avec gs. Ces résultats fournissent de précieuses informations pour mieux comprendre les divers mécanismes foliaires pilotant WUE au niveau de la plante entière. / The number of drought events is expected to increase in intensity and frequency as a result of climate change. Since poplar productivity is closely linked to water availability, there is an increasing risk of decline in wood production from poplar plantations. Optimization of the ratio of biomass production to water used (i.e. water use efficiency, WUE) appears therefore as a relevant target for poplar research. Previous studies have shown the clonal diversity of WUE in poplar is driven mainly by stomatal conductance (gs). However gs and photosynthesis are not always tightly coupled which can result in large variations of WUE at leaf level. Additionally, because transpiration efficiency (TE) is laborious to measure, experiments are often conducted in pots in glasshouses. However in controlled conditions the environment is widely different than in the field and comparisons of WUE in controlled and field conditions are scarce in the literature. We assessed the diversity of stomatal dynamics among poplar genotypes under control or drought conditions grown in a glasshouse and in the field. We investigated the link between physiological, morphological and molecular factors and stomatal dynamics, and their influence on TE. Furthermore, we examined the relation between different estimators of WUE and its components between controlled and field conditions. Element content and candidate gene expression in the guard cells were also quantified at two times during the day to analyze their link to stomatal conductance. We found among the four genotypes studied significant genotypic variability of stomatal dynamics to irradiance and VPD which was altered by drought and growing conditions. Stomatal size and density as well as water use, but not WUE, were correlated to stomatal dynamics, emphasizing the importance and complexity of such mechanisms at the whole plant scale. Good agreements between leaf-level and whole-plant WUE among genotypes and between growing conditions were also found. Finally, distinct guard cell element contents and candidate gene expression, between leaf sides and time of day, linked with stomatal conductance draw attention to the diversity of components contributing to TE. These findings provides valuable information to better understand the diverse, sometimes unsuspected, leaf-level mechanisms driving water use efficiency at the whole plant scale.

Much public attention has been given lately to the concept of sustainability, a notion which is increasingly viewed as a desirable goal of viticulture development and environmental management. The emergence of the sustainability concept has seen a concomitant rise in the interest of its measurement. It has been suggested that through the analysis of regulatory and non-regulatory methods, the attainment of how sustainable freshwater use in vineyards can be assessed. Regulation has to date been the policy tool of choice in regards to environmental protection. While regulation is often necessary, non-regulatory approaches may, in some circumstances, serve as useful supplements to an effective regulatory regime. There are a number of stages to achieving the aim of this research. The first is designed at galvanising New Zealand‟s will to stride out down the sustainability road through the development of the sustainable vineyard concept. Investigations into regulatory freshwater policies were undertaken to assess the relative efficacy of such methods in guiding vineyards in sustainable freshwater use. The research then explored the elements of freshwater use as they relate to non-regulatory methods for achieving sustainable environmental outcomes. Qualitative research was undertaken through the instigation of an email questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to provide an understanding of freshwater use in vineyards within Marlborough. The research focuses on the discussion of the methodological considerations which are important in developing a working framework for assessing how vineyards achieve sustainable freshwater use. The ideal properties and characteristics of sustainability are identified and critically examined. An evaluation of the different types of regulatory and non-regulatory policies on freshwater management are considered. Both regulatory and non-regulatory methods were seen to be significant in developing an operational framework, as they are capable of representing the management of freshwater use and sustainability practices in vineyards. It is observed that the policy goal of both regulatory and non-regulatory organisations in achieving sustainable freshwater outcomes generally cannot be attained to the full satisfaction of all the dimensions of sustainability. Rather, sustainable freshwater use could be considered as a „road‟ and not a fixed destination. Along the way, trade-offs and balances have to be made. It is up to individual vineyard managers to weight the various alternatives, with the policy and decision makers providing information upon which rational choices can be based. This research demonstrates the efficacy of regulatory and non-regulatory methods in guiding sustainable environmental outcomes. It appears that the „ideals‟ of policies, as outlined in the literature and data collected, recommend an overall adaptive management approach if achieving sustainable freshwater use is the ultimate goal.

<p>Utan vatten inget liv. Människor är beroende av rent vatten för sin överlevnad. I många länder orsakar idag bristen på rent vatten sjukdomar och för tidig död. Världens problem med sötvatten i form av brist och svåra föroreningar orsakade av människan kan te sig kolossala. Befolkningsökning och ändrade levnadssätt påverkar. Industrier och jordbruk har stor påverkan men också den enskilda människans vattenanvändning har betydelse.</p><p> </p><p>I Sverige tycks den allmänna inställningen vara att vi inte har ett problem med vårt användande av vatten. Men vid en närmare undersökning av vårt innanhav Östersjöns problem med exempelvis övergödning och syrebrist och utsläppen av näringsämnen ifrån våra enskilda avlopp kan man ställa sig frågande. Även svenskens nyttjande av grundvattenreserver kan te sig olämpligt utifrån ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv. Att sedan detta vatten renas till dricksvattenkvalitet för att sedermera användas till att vattna fuktälskande växter som är planterade i gassande sol i en sandig torr jord kan vara förbryllande. Medvetenhet utifrån det lilla perspektivet, till exempel den svenska hemträdgården, kan vara åskådligt. Samtidigt kan det kanske också bidra till en i framtiden miljövänligare politik där målet är att rent sötvattnen skall finnas tillgängligt för alla i ett långt perspektiv.</p><p> </p><p>I denna litteraturstudie, möjligheten till en rationell vattenanvändning i den privata hemträdgården ur ett ekologiskt hållbart perspektiv. Flertalet olika metoder att hushålla med vatten och att tillvarata, rena och använda sig av nederbörd och gråvatten belyses. Resultatet är indelat i två delar; hushållning och rening. I den första redogörs på vilka sätt en effektivisering av vattenanvändandet kan gå till. Lättast och effektivast görs detta genom att dra ner på förbrukningen. Detta går enkelt att göra med några få tekniker. Till exempel att bättra på jordstruktur med organisktmaterial, att placera växter på platser som liknar deras naturliga habitat, minska avdunstning och forma platsen så att nederbörd kan ledas dit den behövs. Att se över hur extrabevattning ska tillämpas på effektivast sätt samt vilken vattenkälla detta vatten kommer ifrån tillhör också detta hushållande stycke. I den andra delen redogörs för olika metoder som kan tillämpas i en trädgård för att rena grå- och dagvatten så att trädgårdens naturliga potential till att vara en del av jordens naturliga kretslopp främjas. Lättast görs detta genom en begränsning av föroreningar redan vid deras källa. Därefter kan infiltrationsytor, infiltrationsplanteringar, biodiken, gröna tak, dammar, konstruerade våtmarker, rotzoner, UV-ljus och aquakulturer vara mer eller mindre användbara metoder som kan tillämpas i hemträdgården.</p><p> </p><p>Vattenfrågan bör klarläggas redan vid planeringen av byggnader och trädgård. Varje tomt måste sättas in i sitt sammanhang då dessa unika med speciella förutsättningar och problem. Hemträdgården är en utmärkt plats för experiment och utvecklingsarbete av ett hållbart vattenanvändande.</p> / <p>Without water there would be no life on earth. People depend of clean water for their survival. Today in many countries the lack of clean water is causing disease and premature death. World problems with fresh water in the form of shortage and severe pollution caused by humans may seem colossal. Industries and agriculture have a major impact but also the individual’s water-use has consequences.</p><p> </p><p>In Sweden the public opinion seems to be that we do not have a problem with our use of water. But with a closer look on facts that is not the case. For example our inland sea, Östersjön, and our contribution to its problems with euthrophication, lack of oxygen with the spillage of nutrients from the sewers and agriculture. Also the Swedish use of ground water may seem inappropriate in an ecological sustainable perspective. What is even more puzzling is that this water gets cleaned to a drinking water quality and then gets used for watering plants in the garden or to wash the car. Consciousness from the small perspective (as the Swedish private garden) can contribute to a future environmentally friendly politic that will lead to a sustainable water-use in a long perspective.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>With this paper I would like to demonstrate, in a literature study, the possibility of a rational water-use in the private home garden from an ecological sustainable perspective.  Different methods of economising the water-use, gathering and cleaning stormwater and greywater will be illustrated. The result part will be divided into two parts; economization of water and cleaning of water.</p><p> </p><p>The first part describes the ways in which an efficiency of water-use can be preceded. The easiest way this is done is to cut down the consumption of water. This can easily be done with a few techniques. For example to improve the soil structure with organic material, placing of plants in places that resemble their natural habitat, reduction of evaporation and shaping pf the site so that precipitation can be managed where it is needed. Also to in which way irrigation is applied in the most efficient way and from which source this water is taken is presented in this part. The second part describes different methods of cleaning grey- and stormwater so the home garden’s natural potential to be a part of the earth’s natural rhythm is promoted.</p><p>Most easily this is done by stopping the pollution at the source. After that infiltration areas, bioswales, green roofs, ponds, constructed wetlands, reed beds, UV light and aquacultures can be more or less potential methods to be applied in the home garden.</p><p> </p><p>Water issues should be clarified already at the design process with homes and gardens. Each plot and garden is unique with its particular conditions and problems. Therefore needs every case to be seen in its particular context in order to obtain the optimal solution for that particular place.The home garden is a suitable place for experimental development of a sustainable water-use.</p>

Pulses are an important component in crop rotations in the semiarid Brown soil zone of southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Besides their capability to fix nitrogen, pulse crops establish a strong symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which have been shown to increase nutrient and water uptake through hyphal extensions in the soil. Incorporating strongly mycorrhizal crops in a rotation may increase inoculum levels in the soil and benefit the growth of a subsequent crop. The objective of this study was to determine if AMF potential and colonization of a durum crop is significantly affected by cropping history and to assess the impact of pulses in crop rotations on the abundance and diversity of AMF communities in the soil. In 2004 and 2005, soil, plant, and root samples were taken on Triticum turgidum L. (durum) with preceding crops of Pisum sativum L. (pea), Lens culinaris Medik (lentil), Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea), Brassica napus L. (canola) or Triticum turgidum L. (durum). Although there were few differences in soil N and P levels, previous crop had a significant effect (p<0.05) on durum yields in both years. A previous crop of pea was associated with the highest yields, while the durum monocultures were lowest. Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and colonization were significantly affected (p<0.05) by cropping history, but not consistently as a result of inclusion of a pulse crop. Phospholipid and neutralipid fatty acids (PLFA/NLFA) were completed to analyse the relative abundance of AMF (C16:1ù5), saprophytic fungi (C18:2ù6), and bacteria in the soil. The effect of treatment on the abundance of AMF, saprotrophic fungi and bacteria were not significant (p<0.05), but the changes over time were. These results demonstrate that although previous crop may play a role in microbial community structure, it is not the only influencing factor.