Orientador: Elnatan Chagas Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moro_JeffersonZortea_M.pdf: 4211036 bytes, checksum: df7a8907629ae3a423fc16dbd9f4783e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, grandes esforços vêm sendo feitos com a intenção de mostrar às pessoas o montante de energia gasto por cada eletrodoméstico, uma vez que essa informação leva consigo a principal base do programa de eficiência energética que pode ser feito pelos próprios usuários domésticos. Para ajudar o consumidor a monitorar seus gastos, foi desenvolvido um medidor de energia elétrica, capaz de informar o consumo de cada circuito que compõe a rede elétrica da residência, além de permitir a identificação em tempo real, do consumo de energia elétrica dos diversos equipamentos conectados nesses circuitos. Esse trabalho apresenta um simples e funcional método não intrusivo para se medir o consumo de energia elétrica, de tal forma que pode ser aplicado em programas de eficiência energética, sendo portando a interface que alimenta o consumidor com informações sobre os gastos das diversas cargas / Abstract: Currently a large effort are being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency programs that can be managed by the household owners. To help the home consumer to monitor their electric power consumption, it was developed an electric power meter, in order to display the spending in each circuit, as well as the real time identification of all equipment plugged in each circuit. This paper presents a simple yet functional non-intrusive method for electric power measurement that can be applied in energy efficiency programs, in order to provide a better knowledge of the energy consumption of the appliances in a home / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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Sweden has ambitious climate goals, such as the overarching goal, the 2045 goal. The goal is for Sweden to have zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045 at the latest. In order to achieve the overall climate goal and the interim targets, electrification of society is an important component. The industrial sector and the transport sector each account for about a third of Sweden’s emissions, where the conversion to electricity is an important solution. The electrification of passenger cars and buses has meant that emissions from domestic transport have decreased every year, and in order to achieve the interim target of 70 percent lower emissions of greenhouse gases in 2030 compared to 2010, the electrification of heavy duty trucks is one of the key components. However, there are long-term challenges with the power grid and already today grid owners have capacity challenges. Regional grid owners cannot increase their power subscription, while local grid owners cannot grant new connections. Regarding the electrification of long-haul transportation, there are challenges in terms of charging infrastructure. Truck drivers operate on a strict schedule, and minimizing down time is crucial to keep costs down. By law, truck drivers must take a 45-minute break after 4.5 hours of driving time, which means that during this break it is desirable to recharge the vehicle before departure. This means that high power demands are placed on the charging infrastructure that exists to be able to transmit the desired energy.   A new standard, the Megawatt Charging System (MCS), which meets the high power requirements has been developed and is included in pilot projects. The maximum power that the charging standard can deliver is 3.75 MW. The results of the thesis show that these high-power chargers place high demands on thepower grid. When connecting a charging station with MCS charging points to the grid, it may require local upgrading of lines and transformers, but also upgrading in otherparts of the network. Examples of such upgrades are reactive power compensation to be able to support the network locally at peak loads to obtain voltage levels within stable voltage ranges, but also upgrades of lines and transformers to be able to deliver the desired power. Integration of a battery storage in connection with a charging station relieves the powergrid and its components. However, it is important to highlight that since the battery needs to be recharged, this means that a more even power requirement is needed. However, the  maximum load on both transformers and lines is reduced, which can be a desirable effect when a charging station of the same nature is put into operation.

En vue de contribuer à une possible redéfinition du Système international d'unités, les laboratoires nationaux de métrologie français développent une expérience de balance du watt.<br />Cette expérience, dont le principe a été proposé en 1976 par B. Kibble (NPL), permet de relier la masse m d'un étalon (raccordé au prototype international du kilogramme) à la constante de Planck h. Pour permettre, à terme, de redéfinir l'unité de masse en fixant la valeur de cette constante, la mesure du rapport h/m doit être réalisée avec une incertitude relative de l'ordre de 10−8. La mise en œuvre de l'expérience exige de construire des systèmes mécaniques, un circuit magnétique et un système de translation notamment. Pour notre expérience, nous avons choisi de concevoir (i) un circuit magnétique à aimants permanents délivrant un champ d'induction axisymétrique, d'intensité égale à un tesla environ, et dont l'amplitude des variations doit être limitée à 10−4 en valeur relative dans la partie utile de l'entrefer, et (ii) un système de translation à liaisons flexibles contraignant une bobine à se déplacer dans l'entrefer du circuit selon une translation rectiligne et verticale de 80mm de long.<br />Nous étudions les effets, sur le résultat de l'expérience, des écarts de réalisation du circuit magnétique et du système de translation par rapport à leur définition nominale. Nous en déduisons des écarts admissibles tenant compte des compromis incontournables dans toute réalisation et nous présentons la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation des deux systèmes mis en œuvre.

Le projet balance du watt propose de relier la définition du kilogramme à la constante de Planck h. La pesée de la masse impliquée nécessite une détermination de l'accélération de la pesanteur g avec une exactitude meilleure que 10-8. Cette thèse vise à réaliser cette détermination à l'aide d'un gravimètre atomique et d'un site gravimétrique dédié. Avec un gravimètre relatif caractérisé, une cartographie gravimétrique des deux massifs consacrés à l'expérience du LNE a été réalisée puis un modèle des variations de gravité a été développé. Il permet de déterminer la différence de gravité entre deux points dans un volume de 50 m3 au dessus des massifs avec une incertitude inférieure à 3 µGal (3 * 10-8 m.s-2). Entre les deux points centraux, l'incertitude est inférieure au µGal. La détermination absolue de g est réalisée avec un nouveau gravimètre absolu mobile à ondes de matière de 87Rb. Sa conception repose sur le travail débuté en 2002 avec la réalisation d'un prototype dont les limites ont été identifiées. Les différents éléments de ce nouveau gravimètre sont caractérisés dans cette thèse. Les premiers signaux ont été obtenus en 2009 puis l'instrument a été le premier gravimètre atomique à participer à une comparaison internationale : l'ICAG'09 au BIPM. La caractérisation de l'instrument a été poursuivie sur le site du LNE où la sensibilité atteint un plateau à 0,4 µGal après 100 min de mesure. Le budget d'incertitude obtenu de 5,4 µGal a été éprouvé lors d'une comparaison bilatérale avec un FG5 : l'écart de mesure obtenu est de (4,3 +- 6,2) µGal (k=1).

Gaslight, an Industrial Revolution technology, developed in the period 1780–1820. The foundations for the technology are partly found in the pneumatic chemistry of the eighteenth century, both in terms of the knowledge of gases and their properties, and the instruments used to manipulate them, such as the gasometer, making gaslight one of the earliest instances of a technology heavily based on science. Although many people experimented with lighting with gases in the late eighteenth century, the move to a commercial technology began with Philippe Lebon and William Murdock who had a clear commercial purpose in mind. The technology in its early phases was found everywhere in Europe, but it was at Boulton & Watt in Birmingham that it was first successfully applied. As Boulton & Watt developed the technology they identified many and solved some of the problems associated with scaling up the technology. They were not, however, very interested in gaslight and only sporadically gave attention to it, before effectively abandoning it around 1812. They nevertheless had an important role to play in its development not only because if their technical work, but also because they demonstrated the technology’s viability to the broad public, and by giving people experience in gas engineering. The technology's final form as a network utility was partly as a result of a battle fought between Boulton & Watt and Frederick Winsor's Gas Light and Coke Company in London during 1807–1810. Boutlon & Watt did not want a large limited-liability corporation as a competitor, and the contest in Parliament between the two groups resulted in a negotiated compromise where the Gas Light and Coke Company gave up all rights to manufacture apparatus, and focused exclusively on gas provision, effectively making it a utility. The years from 1812–1820 saw the technology mature into a large network which included not only technical development, such as the pressure balancing with valves and regulators, but also political and social elements, such as the control of user expectations through education and usage enforcement through inspectors. By 1820, the technology was sufficiently developed to be transferred to the Continent.

Gaslight, an Industrial Revolution technology, developed in the period 1780–1820. The foundations for the technology are partly found in the pneumatic chemistry of the eighteenth century, both in terms of the knowledge of gases and their properties, and the instruments used to manipulate them, such as the gasometer, making gaslight one of the earliest instances of a technology heavily based on science. Although many people experimented with lighting with gases in the late eighteenth century, the move to a commercial technology began with Philippe Lebon and William Murdock who had a clear commercial purpose in mind. The technology in its early phases was found everywhere in Europe, but it was at Boulton & Watt in Birmingham that it was first successfully applied. As Boulton & Watt developed the technology they identified many and solved some of the problems associated with scaling up the technology. They were not, however, very interested in gaslight and only sporadically gave attention to it, before effectively abandoning it around 1812. They nevertheless had an important role to play in its development not only because if their technical work, but also because they demonstrated the technology’s viability to the broad public, and by giving people experience in gas engineering. The technology's final form as a network utility was partly as a result of a battle fought between Boulton & Watt and Frederick Winsor's Gas Light and Coke Company in London during 1807–1810. Boutlon & Watt did not want a large limited-liability corporation as a competitor, and the contest in Parliament between the two groups resulted in a negotiated compromise where the Gas Light and Coke Company gave up all rights to manufacture apparatus, and focused exclusively on gas provision, effectively making it a utility. The years from 1812–1820 saw the technology mature into a large network which included not only technical development, such as the pressure balancing with valves and regulators, but also political and social elements, such as the control of user expectations through education and usage enforcement through inspectors. By 1820, the technology was sufficiently developed to be transferred to the Continent.

A la fin du XIXe siècle, les monastères bouddhiques, appelés aussi vat ou pagode, jouaient un rôle essentiel dans la société cambodgienne et la réglementation imposée par le Protectorat n’empêcha pas leur développement continu. Mais, quoique de plus en plus nombreux, ils étaient mal connus et leurs édifices ignorés. Aucun état des sanctuaires possédant une architecture remarquable n’a été réalisé avant les destructions des années 1970, et aucun inventaire n’a été fait depuis. Trois parties composent cette étude : après la présentation des caractéristiques générales de ces monastères, puis de leur mode de création de 1860 à 1975, est analysée l’architecture des 563 sanctuaires bâtis pendant les quatre règnes de cette période et existants encore aujourd’hui. Les autres édifices anciens de ces monastères sont également analysés. Les décors peints sont l’objet d’une autre thèse. Des cartes détaillées et un catalogue contenant une fiche pour chacun de ces sanctuaires, établis après la visite de 1800 vat, complètent cette étude. / At the end of the nineteenth century, the Buddhist monasteries, also known as watt or pagodas, played an essential part in Cambodian society and the regulation enforced by the French Protectorate did not prevent their continued expansion. But, although more and more numerous, they were badly known and their buildings were ignored. No repertory of sanctuaries with outstanding architecture was made before the destruction of the 1970s, and no inventory has been done since.Three parts make up this study. After the presentation of the general characteristics of these monasteries and their method of creation from 1860 to 1975, is analyzed the architecture of the 563 sanctuaries built during the four reigns of this period and still existing today. Other former buildings of these monasteries have been also studied. Murals are analyzed in another thesis. Detailed maps and a catalogue containing a sheet for each of these sanctuaries, carried out after the visit of 1800 watt, complement this study.

Les sanctuaires, ou vihāra, des monastères bouddhiques – ou vat - ont joué de tout temps un rôle essentiel dans la société cambodgienne. Lieux de rassemblement, de prière et d’enseignement auprès de la grande statue du Buddha, leurs murs puis leurs plafonds, ont reçu un décor peint racontant ses Vies antérieures et sa Vie historique. Ces témoignages ne figurent sur aucune liste des Archives Nationales de Phnom Penh et n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie, et encore moins d’un recensement. Les plus anciennes peintures ne sont pas antérieures à la fin du XIXe siècle et les plus récentes ne dépassent pas le milieu des années 1970, période où les Khmers rouges ferment tous les monastères et commencent la destruction de leurs édifices et principalement des vihāra. Plus de 3000 monastères ont été répertoriés et quelque 1800 sanctuaires ont été photographiés pendant cette recherche dont le résultat se présente en trois volumes : le volume I est une étude de la peinture en six chapitres concernant essentiellement les vihāra mais aussi quelques sālā et kūtī ; le volume II contient les annexes constituées d’environ 1400 photographies, des cartes détaillées et la liste des vat concernés ; le volume III est un catalogue des 206 vat ayant conservé des peintures anciennes sur les murs, ou sur d’autres supports - bois, toile, verre ou métal - , illustré de quelque 500 photographies. / Temples, or vihāra, of Buddhist monasteries, or watt, always played an essential role in Cambodian society. Places of gathering, prayer and teaching which house the largest statue of the Buddha of the monastery, many of them of have received a decor of paintings on their walls and ceiling, recounting his previous Lives and his historical Life. This heritage is not present in the National Archives of Phnom Penh and has never been the subject of a thorough study, let alone a census. The oldest paintings are not earlier than the end of the 19th century and the most recent do not exceed the mid-1970s, when the Khmer Rouges close all monasteries and begin to destroy their buildings, mainly the vihāra. More than 3000 monasteries have been identified and 1800 sanctuaries were photographed during this research whose result is presented in three volumes : volume I is a study of the paintings into six chapters concerning mainly the vihāra but also some sālā and kūtī; volume II contains the annexes with approximately 1400 photographs, detailed maps and lists of the concerned watt ; volume III is a catalogue of the 206 watt having preserved ancient murals, or paintings on other supports - wood, canvas, glass or metal –, with roughly 500 photographs.

A radio direction finding (DF) system is an antenna array and a receiver arranged in a combination to determine the azimuth angle of a distant emitter. Basically, all DF systems derive the emitter location from an initial determination of the angle-of-arrival (AOA). Radio direction finding techniques have classically been based on multiple-antenna systems employing multiple receivers. Classic techniques such as MUSIC [1][2] and ESPRIT use simultaneous phase information from each antenna to estimate the angle-of-arrival of the signal of interest. In many scenarios (e.g., hand-held systems), however, multiple receivers are impractical. Thus, single channel techniques are of interest, particularly in mobile scenarios. Although the amount of existing research for single channel DF is considerably less than for multi-channel direction finding, single channel direction finding techniques have been previously investigated. Since many of the single channel direction finding techniques are older analog techniques and have been analyzed in previous work, we will investigate a new single channel direction finding technique that takes specific advantage of digital capabilities. Specifically, we propose a phase-based method that uses a bank of Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) in combination with an eight-element circular array. Our method is similar to the Pseudo-Doppler method in that it samples antennas in a circular array using a commutative switch. In the proposed approach the sampled data is fed to a bank of PLLs which track the phase on each element. The parallel PLLs are implemented in software and their outputs are fed to a signal processing block that estimates the AOA. This thesis presents the details of the new Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) algorithm and compares its performance to existing single channel DF techniques such as the Watson-Watt and the Pseudo-Doppler techniques. We also describe the implementation of the PLL algorithm on a DRS Signal Solutions, Incorporated (DRS-SS) WJ-8629A Software Definable Receiver with Sunrise™ Technology and present measured performance results. / Master of Science