The work presented in this thesis studies acoustic perturbations in slowly varying pipes. The slow variation is introduced in the form of a small parameter ${\epsilon}$ and through this in turn gives rise to a slow axial scale $X$ such that $X = {\epsilon}x$ where $x$ is the normal axial coordinate. This allows an asymptotic approach and the WKB method is used to solve the subsequent mathematical problems. The first deals with the existence of a trapped mode in a hard-walled pipe of varying radius conveying fluid. For the derived leading order propagating mode solution, its amplitude becomes singular at transition points $X_{t}$ and $X_{t'}$ where $X_{t} > 0$ and $X_{t'} < 0$ and thus is unable to propagate past these points. Because of the break down in the solution, this leads to the theory that in the neighbourhood of these points there exists a boundary layer in which the original assumption about having slow variation does not hold. By first seeking the thickness of the layer, valid solutions can then be derived and then matched to the outer solutions in order to produce a uniform solution which holds for the entire axial domain. Once this is achieved, it is then used to derive trapped mode solutions. In this case, the theory used is that of two single turning points which are then combined to obtain the full solution. It is illustrated through consideration of examples and the dependence on ${\epsilon}$ is also shown through various plots. This problem will be considered for a symmetric and asymmetric duct and for differing duct parameters. Problems may arise when the two turning points lie close together and so we seek to improve on the method used by deriving a solution to trapped modes encompassing both turning points, which will be proposed together with some illustrations in order to justify its use and reliability. Next, the case of mode propagations on a thin elastic shell of varying radius conveying fluid is studied. The acoustic solutions of a straight shell in vacuo are first briefly reviewed and then built up by the addition of radius variation and the presence of a stationary fluid. The work presented first outlines the analysis for wave propagation in a slowly-varying thin elastic shell in vacuo. It is found that the shell and the fluid terms are coupled through the fluid pressure term, which is added to the equation governing the radial shell displacements since the pressure is assumed to affect radial motion only. Once the newly corrected equation for the radial shell displacements has been obtained, together with the axial and azimuthal displacements equations, this new system of governing equations is then separated into leading order ${\epsilon}^{0}$ and first order ${\epsilon}^{1}$ systems. In order to simplify the calculations, only the zeroth azimuthal order $m = 0$ will be studied here. With this simplification, a notable result is that the solutions of the torsional motion is decoupled from the axial and radial solutions. Once the dispersion equation is extracted from the leading order system, it can be seen that the axial and radial solutions are in fact coupled. The solution to the in vacuo with varying radius problem is first briefly presented and it is then followed by the solution to the fluid inclusion problem with varying radius, which makes up the main part of this section. The solution is studied for various frequencies and at various points along the shell. In addition, the axial and radial components of the first three modes are examined along with their amplitudes and energy distributions. Finally, mean flow is added and the same analysis is carried out, paying particular attention to the differences which arise in comparison to the stationary flow case.

The present study utilizes the ultrasonic travel time technique to diagnose grid generated turbulence. Ultrasonic flow metering technology relies on the measurement and computation of small perturbations in the travel time of acoustic ultrasonic waves through the dynamic medium. The statistics of the travel time variations of ultrasonic waves that are caused by turbulence probably affect the performance of ultrasonic flow meters. Motivation for the study stems from the large travel time variations observed in typical ultrasonic flow and circulation meters. Turbulent flow data was collected downstream of a grid introduced in a uniform flow in the wind tunnel using ultrasonic techniques. Grid turbulence is well defined in literature, and is nearly homogeneous and isotropic. The experimental investigation was performed under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The grid mesh sizes varied from 0.25-0.5in, and flow velocities from 0-20m/s. The ultrasonic transducers were of 100 kHz working frequency; and all of the data was collected with them oriented perpendicular to the mean flow. Path lengths were increased from 2-10in; and the data acquisition and control system featured a very high speed data acquisition card with an analog to digital converter that enabled excellent resolution of ultrasonic signals. Experimental data was validated by comparison to other studies. The work aims to investigate the influence of the grid-generated turbulent flow on acoustic wave propagation, in terms of the variance of the travel time. The effect of turbulence on acoustic wave propagation was observed. The experimental data was used to compute average travel times, acoustic travel time variances, and standard deviation amplitude fluctuations. The data was collected in the region estimated to be homogeneous and isotropic. Average travel time data support the assumption that only the large (as compared to the wavelength ) turbulent inhomogeneities influence acoustic wave propagation. Variance data confirm the presence of a non-linear trend in the acoustic travel times with increasing path length. Amplitude fluctuations data confirm a correlation between areas of caustic formation and large amplitude fluctuations.

Sistemas de ensaios não destrutivos por ondas guiadas despertam cada vez mais a atenção tanto da indústria, como da academia. Isso deve-se, principalmente, às possibilidades que as ondas guiadas permitem, como maior área de triagem que o ultrassom convencional. Porém a técnica tem suas limitações, já que esta apenas gera uma estimativa da localização de um defeito e não a sua dimensão. Nessa limitação, algoritmos tomográficos apresentam uma possibilidade de avanço da técnica, pois permitem determinar não só a localização de corrosões e defeitos, mas também seu dimensionamento. Este trabalho apresenta tomografia de difração como uma alternativa para avaliação de integridade estrutural. Primeiramente, utilizou-se análise por métodos numéricos para mostrar a validade dos algoritmos e posteriormente foi realizado um experimento em uma chapa real com o objetivo de reconstruir a imagem do defeito. / Guided waves nondestructive testing systems are increasingly attracting industrial and academic attention. The mainly reason for this attention is the possibility of screening a large area than conventional ultrasound technique. However, Guided Waves Testing has limitations, since it gives only an estimation of the location of a defect, but not the dimensions. Tomographic algorithms come up with an improvement of the technique, because it allows discovery not only the location of corrosions and defects, but the dimensions too. This work brings Diffraction Tomography as an alternative to structural health monitoring. First, a numerical analysis was implemented to demonstrate the validity of the algorithms, after that an experiment in a real plate was made with the objective to recover the defect image.

Orientador: Jefferson Nascimento de Oliveira / Resumo: O estudo do comportamento de corpos hídricos propicia a obtenção de informações relevantes à bacia hidrográfica e ao meio pertencente a ela, resultando em diversos benefícios, não só do ponto de vista econômico, onde através de operação otimizada de reservatórios de água pode-se obter um maior aproveitamento para geração de energia hidrelétrica, abastecimento, irrigação ou outros fins, mas também subsidia o planejamento e a tomada de decisões com a relação à mitigação de riscos hidrodinâmicos, como o mapeamento de zonas potencialmente inundáveis e a detecção de áreas sujeitas a maiores riscos relacionados às inundações. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo operacional simplificado para propagação de vazões, baseado no modelo Muskingum-Cunge-Todini, e realizado comparações dos resultados com o modelo hidrodinâmico completo HEC-RAS. Os modelos foram aplicados em trechos do rio Tocantins, entre os municípios de Peixe –TO e Bom Jesus do Tocantins–TO. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram similaridade entre o HEC-RAS e o modelo desenvolvido. / Abstract: The study of the behavior of water bodies supports relevant information to the hydrographic basin and to the means belonging to it, resulting in several benefits. Not only from the economic point of view, where, through an optimized operation of water reservoirs, can be obtained greater use for hydroelectric power generation, water supply, irrigation, or other purposes, but subsidizes planning and decision-making about hydrodynamic risk mitigation, such as mapping potentially floodable areas and the detection of areas subjected to higher risks of floods. In this work a simplified operating model for flow propagation was developed, based on the Muskingum-Cunge-Todini model, and comparisons of the results with the complete hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS were performed. The models were applied in stretches of the Tocantins river, between the municipalities of Peixe – and Bom Jesus do Tocantins-TO. The results obtained showed similarity between HEC-RAS and the developed model. / Mestre

Pouvoir déterminer la structure et la composition de l’intérieur de la Terre est un enjeu scientifique fondamental, pour la compréhension de l’organisation de la Terre profonde, des mécanismes des séismes et leur localisation en lien avec la prévention du risque sismique, pour la détection et l’exploitation des ressources naturelles telles que l’eau ou les hydrocarbures, ou encore pour toutes les activités de construction et de prévention associées au génie civil. Pour cela, les ondes sismiques sont un outil de choix. L’utilisation d’une approximation haute fréquence pour la modélisation de la propagation des ondes est avantageuse en termes de coût de calcul dès lors que plusieurs centaines, voire milliers, ou plus de longueurs d’ondes doivent être propagées. À la place de l’équation des ondes linéaire, l’approximation haute fréquence fournit trois équations aux dérivées partielles fondamentales. L’équation Eikonal, non linéaire, permet d’obtenir le temps de trajet. Une deuxième équation fournit l’angle d’émergence. L’équation Eikonal et l’équation des angles appartiennent toutes deux à la grande famille des équations de Hamilton-Jacobi. Enfin, l’équation de transport permet de calculer l’amplitude.Le tracé des rais sismiques est une technique lagrangienne qui utilise la méthode des caractéristiques pour obtenir un ensemble d’équations différentielles ordinaires à partir de ces équations aux dérivées partielles. Ces équations peuvent être intégrées facilement, donnant ainsi accès au temps de trajet et à l’amplitude le long des rais. Très largement utilisés dans la communauté géophysique du fait de leur simplicité, les outils de tracé de rais ne sont pas pour autant les plus efficaces et les plus robustes en pratique pour des applications d’imagerie et d’inversion haute résolution. En lieu et place, il peut être utile de résoudre directement les équations aux dérivées partielles par une méthode eulérienne. Durant les trois dernières décennies, une multitude de solveurs ont été développés pour l’équation Eikonal, la plupart utilisant la méthode des différences finies. Ces différents travaux visent à obtenir le meilleur compromis entre précision, coût de calcul, robustesse, facilité d’implémentation et souplesse d’utilisation.Dans cette thèse, je développe une approche différente, se basant principalement sur une méthode Galerkine discontinue. Dans le champ des mathématiques, cette méthode a été largement utilisée pour résoudre les lois de conservation et les équations de Hamilton-Jacobi. Très peu de travaux ont porté sur l'utilisation de cette méthode pour la résolution de l’équation Eikonal statique dans un contexte géophysique, et ce malgré le haut niveau de précision qu'elle apporte. C’est pourquoi, en me basant sur des travaux mathématiques, je propose un nouveau solveur Eikonal adapté au contexte géophysique. Les milieux hétérogènes complexes, anisotropes, et incluant des variations topographiques sont correctement pris en compte, avec une précision sans précédent. En y intégrant de manière robuste une stratégie de balayage rapide, je montre que ce solveur présente une très grande efficacité en deux comme en trois dimensions.J'utilise également ce solveur pour calculer l’angle d’émergence. Je développe par ailleurs un solveur voisin en volumes finis pour la résolution de l’équation de transport, permettant ainsi le calcul de l’amplitude. La variable d’état adjoint pour la tomographie sismique des temps et des pentes vérifiant une équation de transport semblable, je montre qu'on peut également la calculer à l'aide de ce solveur en volumes finis. En conséquence, je propose et analyse un ensemble consistant de solveurs pour la communauté géophysique. Ces outils devraient s’avérer utiles pour une large palette d’applications. Finalement, en guise d’illustration, je les utilise dans des schémas d’imagerie sismique, dans le but de démontrer le bénéfice apporté par une approximation haute fréquence dans ce type de schémas. / Recovering information on the structure and the composition of the Earth's interior is a fundamental issue for a large range ofapplications, from planetology to seismology, natural resources assessment, and civil engineering. Seismic waves are a very powerful tool for that purpose. Using a high-frequency approximation for the numerical modeling of seismic wave propagation is computationally advantageous when hundreds, thousands, or more of wavelengths have to be propagated. Instead of the linear wave equation, the high-frequency approximation yields three fundamental partial differential equations. The nonlinear Eikonal equation leads to traveltime. A second equation is derived for the take-off angle. Both Eikonal and angle equations belong to the wide Hamilton-Jacobi family of equations. In addition, the transport equation leads to the amplitude.As a Lagrangian approach, seismic ray tracing employs the method of characteristics to derive a set of ordinary differential equations from these partial differential equations. They can be easily integrated, thus yielding traveltime and amplitude along rays. Widely used in the geophysical community for their simplicity, the ray-tracing tools might not be the most efficient and robust ones for practical high-resolution imaging and inversion applications. Instead, it might be desirable to directly solve the partial differential equations in an Eulerian way. In the three last decades, plenty of Eikonal solvers have been designed, mostly based on finite-difference methods. Successive works try to find the best compromise between accuracy, computational efficiency, robustness, ease of implementation, and versatility.In this thesis, I develop a different approach, mainly based on the discontinuous Galerkin method. This method has been intensively used in the mathematical field for solving conservation laws and time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Only few investigations have been done regarding its use for solving the static Eikonal equation in a geophysical context, despite the high level of accuracy allowed by this method. Therefore, improving upon mathematical studies, I propose a new Eikonal solver suitable for the geophysical context. Complex heterogeneous anisotropic media with non-flat topographies are correctly handled, with an unprecedented accuracy. Combined with a fast-sweeping strategy in a robust way, I show that this new solver exhibits a high computational efficiency, in two dimensions as well as in three dimensions.I also employ this solver for the computation of the take-off angle. I design an additional finite-volume solver for solving the transport equation, leading to the computation of amplitude. With this solver, I also consider the computation of the adjoint-state variable for seismic tomography, since it satisfies a similar transport equation. Eventually, I propose a whole set of consistent solvers to the geophysical community. These tools should be useful in a wide range of applications. As an illustration, I finally use them in advanced seismic imaging schemes, in order to demonstrate the benefit brought by the high-frequency approximation in this kind of schemes.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Uma forma de generalizar a teoria de Einstein da gravitação é incorporar na lagrangiana termos que dependem de escalares formados com os tensores de Ricci e Riemann, tais como (Ricci)2, ou (Riemann)2. Estas teorias tem sido estudadas intensamente nos últimos anos, já que elas podem ser usadas para descrever a expansão acelerada do universo no modelo cosmológico standard. Entre os desfios de modificar a teoria de Einstein, se encontra o de limitar a ambiguidade na escolha da dependência da lagrangiana com os escalares antes mencionados. A proposta desta dissertação é a de colocar limites sobre as possíveis lagrangianas impondo que as ondas (isto é, perturbações lineares) se propaguem no vácuo sem que apareça, shocks. / One way to generalize Einstein's theory of gravitation is by the addition of terms that depend on scalar formed with Ricci and Riemann tensors, such as (Ricci)2 or (Riemann)2 in the lagrangians.These theories have been intensively studied in recent years, since they can be used to describe the accelerated expansion of the universe in the standard cosmological model. One of the challenges to modify Einstein's theory is to limit the ambiguity in the choice of the dependence of the Lagrangian with the aforementioned scalars. The purpose of this dissertation is to put limits on the possible Lagrangians imposing that the waves(ie, linear perturbations) propagate in a vacuum without the appearance of shocks.

Les arbres urbains jouent un rôle écologique, sanitaire et esthétique majeur dans les villes modernes. L’évaluation des risques associés aux arbres dans les villes est essentiellement visuelle, alors que l'ampleur des dégâts internes et le danger associé ne peuvent pas être évalués avec précision par la seule observation. La tomographie par ultrasons pour la détection de la décomposition du bois dans les arbres vivants a été évaluée dans plusieurs études ; les auteurs ont indiqué que cette technique est appropriée pour l’évaluation de la qualité des arbres sur pied. Cependant, cette technique telle qu’utilisée actuellement présente quelques inconvénients : l'effet de l’anisotropie du bois dans la reconstruction de l’image n’est pas pris en compte (l’image obtenue est biaisée) ; la mesure de la vitesse de propagation est imprécise (nécessité de répéter les essais). Afin d’améliorer la tomographie par ultrasons, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte la complexité du matériau bois et de développer des techniques de traitement du signal et de reconstruction d'image adaptées à cette complexité.Une étude a été réalisée pour déterminer les paramètres du signal ultrasonore d'excitation, tels que la forme, la durée et la réponse en fréquence ; puis pour sélectionner une technique de détermination du TOF. Parmi toutes les configurations, celle qui présentait le moins de variations sur les mesures de TOF était la combinaison d’un signal « chirp » (signal modulé en fréquence autour d’une fréquence porteuse) avec la méthode de corrélation croisée.Un modèle numérique a ensuite été développé, avec l’équation de Christoffel, pour simuler la propagation des ondes dans le bois et déterminer le temps de propagation (TOF) de l’onde. La méthode de « raytracing » a été utilisée pour ce modèle. L'anisotropie dans le plan radial-tangentiel du bois modifie la forme des fronts d'onde par rapport au cas d’un matériau isotrope. Les rayons entre émetteur et récepteur sont courbes. Afin de comparer et de valider les résultats obtenus avec l'approche « raytracing », la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) a été utilisée pour modéliser la propagation des ondes élastiques dans le bois. Le modèle FEM a abouti à des estimations des TOF très proches de celles obtenues avec l'approche « raytracing ». Une validation expérimentale du modèle « raytracing » a été effectuée sur des disques de deux essences. Des défauts dans le tronc ont été créés en perçant des trous. Ces défauts ont été testés dans deux positions (centrée et excentrée). Les expériences réalisées ont permis d’obtenir des profils de temps de propagation similaires à ceux obtenus par le modèle numérique.Une méthode de reconstruction d'image tomographique 2D adaptée au bois a été développée. La méthode proposée prend en compte l'orthotropie locale du matériau avec une géométrie cylindrique ; c’est un processus itératif qui reconstruit à la fois les rayons de propagation et les propriétés intrinsèques locales du matériau. Quatre configurations numériques ont été testées représentant des cas réels généralement rencontrés sur le terrain. Les images reconstruites utilisant la méthode proposée ont été comparées à la méthode de reconstruction classique avec l’hypothèse d’isotropie (FBP, rayons droits). La comparaison des images obtenues a mis en évidence une identification et une quantification plus détaillées de l'état interne du tronc avec la méthode proposée. La méthode d'inversion proposée a ensuite été testée expérimentalement sur des échantillons de bois de deux essences pour trois configurations différentes : un cas sain, avec défaut centré et avec un défaut excentré. Comme pour la validation numérique, la méthode développée a permis d'obtenir une représentation plus précise des défauts par rapport à une reconstruction classique par rayons droits, en particulier dans le cas de défauts centrés. / The tree plays a major ecological role in modern cities. The management of the plants is the subject of requests from urban operators: the diagnosis is essentially visual, even when the extent of internal damage and the associated hazard cannot be precisely evaluated by simple observation. Ultrasonic imaging methods allow answering biological questions related to the adaptation of the tree to exogenous constraints, such as pathogenic attacks, presence, and type of internal damages, the extent of degraded or traumatized areas. The major scientific issues are linked to the image production (reconstruction of the intrinsic parameter from a set of measurements) and to the image interpretation (discrimination for detection of alterations and its positioning). The overall aim of this thesis was to develop an ultrasonic imaging method for the diagnosis of the internal condition of urban trees. The scientific objectives were to develop numerical models to study the factors of influence on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the cross-section of a tree and to propose an image reconstruction solution, suited for orthotropic materials, allowing the discrimination and positioning of decay.Initially, to set-up the ultrasonic chain of measurement, a comparative experimental study was done to choose the excitation signal parameters, such as shape, temporal duration, and frequency response, and then the choice of a suitable time-of-flight determination technique. Then, we were concerned on evaluating the influence of the orthotropic condition of wood on the propagation of ultrasonic waves, by performing a time-of-flight (TOF) estimation using a raytracing approach, a method used in the field of exploration seismography to simulate wavefronts in elastic media. The anisotropy of wood in the radial-tangential plane influenced the wave velocity depending on the direction of propagation, that led to deformed wavefronts compared to the perfectly circular wavefronts for an isotropic case. The paths from each receiver to the transmitter in the wood presented a curvature, therefore the trajectories differed from the straight-line distance obtained for an isotropic case. A numerical comparison was made using the Finite Elements Method (FEM); the TOF estimates and wavefronts agreed with those of the raytracing approach. A similar experimental validation was performed. Wood sections from two species were tested. Defects in the wood were simulated by drilling holes. The shape of TOF curves computed using the raytracing algorithm and those obtained from the experiments were in good agreement.Then, we were interested in the influence of the wood orthotropic condition on the tomography image reconstruction process (inverse problem) and how it should be adapted to the standing tree constraints. For wood, the ray paths between the ultrasonic transmitter and the receivers are not straight as for isotropic media; therefore, the image reconstruction method should be adapted to deal with curved rays. The proposed method considers the orthotropy property of wood material, performing an iterative process that approximated the curved rays. Initially, four numerical configurations were tested representing real cases usually found in standing tree monitoring. The reconstructed images using the proposed method were compared with a straight-ray reconstruction method, highlighting a more detailed identification and quantification of the inner state of the anisotropic structure of the trunk. Then, the inversion procedure was tested using wood samples from two species for three different configurations: a healthy case, a centered defect case, and an off-centered defect case. As for the numerical study, the proposed method resulted in a more accurate defect representation when compared to a straight-ray reconstruction, especially for the case of centered defects.

An important property of the Earth's atmosphere is its ability to support wave motions, and indeed, waves exist throughout the Earth's atmosphere at all times and all locations. What is the importance of these waves? Imagine standing on the beach as water waves come crashing into you. In this case, the waves transport energy and momentum to you, knocking you off balance. Similarly, waves in the atmosphere crash, known as breaking, but what do they crash into? They crash into the atmosphere knocking the atmosphere off balance in terms of the winds and temperatures. Although the Earth's atmosphere is full of waves, they cannot be observed directly; however, their effects on the atmosphere can be observed. Waves can be detected in the winds and temperatures, as mentioned above, but also in pressure and density. In this dissertation, three different studies of waves, known as gravity waves, were performed at three different locations. For these studies, we investigate the size of the waves and in which direction they move. Using specialized cameras, gravity waves were observed in the middle atmosphere (50-70 miles up) over Alaska (for three winter times) and Norway (for one winter time). A third study investigated gravity waves at a much higher altitude (70 miles on up) using radar data from Alaska (for three years). These studies have provided important new information on these waves and how they move through the atmosphere. This in turn helps to understand in which direction these waves are crashing into the atmosphere and therefore, which direction the energy and momentum are going. Studies such as these help to better forecast weather and climate.

Le présent travail, réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR MAESSTRO, concerne le remplacement des tables d’harmonie de piano traditionnellement constituées d’épicéa par des structures composites stratifiées. Cette démarche suppose une connaissance fine des matériaux à remplacer et des matériaux de remplacement. La contribution de la thèse consiste donc en le développement d’outils de caractérisation du comportement dynamique de structures viscoélastiques anisotropes hétérogènes sur une large bande de fréquence. Dans une première partie, l’étude théorique de la propagation des ondes planes dans ces structures est étudiée. Contrairement à une approche modale classique, les conditions aux limites et chargements sont écartés du problème. Les surfaces de dispersion obtenues contiennent la signature de l’anisotropie, de l’hétérogénéité des propriétés mécaniques ou encore du comportement dissipatif de la structure. La deuxième partie est dédiée au développement d’un moyen de mesure plein-champ robotisé. Celui-ci permet la mesure du champ de vitesse tridimensionnel instantané d’une structure soumise à un chargement dynamique répétable. La définition de l’expérience est intégrée dans un environnement CAO, permettant la prise en compte des problématiques liées à l’utilisation d’un bras robot, ainsi que l’automatisation complète de la mesure. La troisième partie est consacrée à la formulation de procédures d’identification basées sur les mesures obtenues. Les paramètres d’un modèle réduit de la mesure sont identifiés par le biais d’une méthode ESPRIT originale, intégrant des développements spécifiques aux mesures plein-champ. Ces paramètres sont ensuite utilisés pour exprimer un problème aux valeurs propres inverse permettant l’identification des propriétés de la structure mesurée. La démarche est mise en œuvre dans le cadre de l’analyse modale (régime transitoire) et l’analyse en vecteurs d’onde proposée (régime permanent). Des validations expérimentales sur des poutres homogènes et plaques anisotropes sont présentées. Le manuscrit conclut par l’application des méthodes proposées à l’identification des propriétés matériau d’une table d’harmonie de piano à queue Stephen Paulello Technologies SP190// / The present work, as part of the MAESSTRO ANR project, is motivated by the replacement of wood by composite material in the design of the piano soundboard. The main focus is on the characterization of the mechanical properties of both replaced and replacement materials in a wide frequency range, taking into account anisotropy, heterogeneous and viscoelastic behavior. First, the wave propagation in such structures is investigated; boundary conditions and loads are discarded to focus on the mechanisms responsible for the energy transmission in the media. The footprint of the complex behavior of the studied structures is represented and interpreted via the dispersion surfaces. Second, a robotized setup is proposed, allowing for the measurement of the full-field instantaneous 3D velocity along the surface of structures submitted to a repeated dynamic load. Third, identification methods using this experimental data are proposed. Based on the parameters of a reduced signal model of the measurement identified with an original ESPRIT method, inverse eigenvalue problems are formulated. Both transient and steady regime are investigated, respectively through modal analysis and the proposed wavevector analysis. The proposed methods are validated through applications on homogeneous beams and anisotropic plates. Finally, the overall proposed procedure is applied for the identification of the material properties of the soundboard of the Stephen Paulello technologies SP190// grand piano

<p>Militära insatser i urban miljö kommer troligen att öka alltmer. Detta kräver soldater till fots eftersom dessa lättare kan förflytta sig via och mellan byggnader. Varje deltagande soldat kommer att behöva egen radioutrustning. Då stadsmiljö är ett relativt outforskat område vad gäller militär radiokommunikation är det viktigt att öka förståelsen för radiovågors utbredning i stadsmiljö. Härtill har institutionen för Informationsöverföring på FOI köpt in programmet Radiowave Propagation Simulator (RPS). RPS används i det här examensarbetet för att genomföra en beräkning för ett statiskt scenario, och till beräkningen infoga påverkan från sändares och</p><p>mottagares mobilitet. Detta utförs genom att rumsligt extrapolera kanalens impulssvar till att gälla i andra positioner än de ursprungligen var beräknade för. Kanalens impulssvar blir då modifierat så att impulssvarets utbredningsvägar får nya fördröjningstider och dess komplexa signal får ny fas.</p><p>Metoden, som har tagits fram i det här arbetet, för den rumsliga extrapoleringen har implementerats och utvärderats för ett litet scenario. Det extrapolerade resultatet har sedan jämförts med beräknade resultat från RPS. Analysen visade att metoden ger ett tillförlitligt resultat. Ett annat syfte med examensarbetet har varit att visa hur forskningsresultat (från radiokanalen) kan användas effektivare för att ge högre kvalité på forskningsresultat, både på länk- och på nätnivå.</p>