Étant pourtant un phénomène extrêmement répandu, la procrastination a très peu fait l’objet d’études philosophiques. Inversement, la faiblesse de la volonté et les différents phénomènes qu’on lui rattache sont encore aujourd’hui étudiés en profondeur comme des cas paradigmatiques de défaillance de la rationalité pratique. Or, la procrastination présente un cas de défaillance de la rationalité pratique particulier dans notre rapport avec le temps, rapport qui est très souvent laissé de côté dans l’étude de la faiblesse de la volonté. Après avoir présenté dans le premier chapitre les phénomènes majeurs associés à la faiblesse de la volonté et les problématiques qu’ils soulèvent, dans le deuxième chapitre, nous examinerons leurs liens avec la procrastination. Nous verrons comment la procrastination, avec son emphase sur le caractère temporel de notre agentivité, permet de mieux saisir et d'expliquer les problématiques soulevées par la faiblesse de la volonté en les insérant dans un cadre explicatif plus large. / Even if procrastination is extremely widespread, it is still rarely the subject of philosophical study. Conversely, weakness of the will and the various phenomena which are related to it are still extensively studied as paradigmatic cases of failure of our practical rationality. However, procrastination seems to be a failure of our practical rationality related to our relationship with time, a relationship that is often overlooked in the study of weakness of will. After presenting, in the first chapter, the major phenomena associated with weakness of will and the issues they raise, we will examine their relationship with procrastination in the second chapter. We'll see how procrastination, with its emphasis on the temporal nature of our agency helps us to better understand and explain the issues raised by weakness of will by inserting them in a broader explanatory framework.

Mining induced seismic activity and rockbursting are critical concerns for many underground operations. Seismic activity may arise from the crushing of highly stressed volumes of rock around mine openings or from shear motion on planes of weakness. Shear-slip on major planes of weakness such as faults, shear zones and weak contacts has long been recognized as a dominant mode of failure in underground mines. In certain circumstances, it can generate large seismic events and induce substantial damage to mine openings. The Big Bell Gold mine began experiencing major seismic activity and resultant damage in 1999. Several seismic events were recorded around the second graphitic shear between April 2000 and February 2002. It is likely that the seismic activity occurred as a result of the low strength of the shear structure combined with the high level of mining induced stresses. The stability of the second graphitic shear was examined in order to gain a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of the seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the shear structure as mining advanced. The data were derived from the observation of the structure exposures, numerical modelling and seismic monitoring. The numerical modelling predictions and the interpreted seismic monitoring data were subsequently compared in order to identify potential relationships between the two. This thesis proposes the Incremental Work Density (IWD) as a measure to evaluate the relative likelihood of shear-slip induced seismic activity upon major planes of weakness. IWD is readily evaluated using numerical modelling and is calculated as the product of the average driving shear stress and change in inelastic shear deformation during a given mining increment or step. IWD is expected to correlate with shear-slip induced seismic activity in both space and time. In this thesis, IWD was applied to the case study of the second graphitic shear at the Big Bell mine. Exposures of the second graphitic shear yielded information about the physical characteristics of the structure and location within the mine. Numerical modelling was used to examine the influence of mining induced stresses on the overall behaviour of the shear structure. A multi-step model of the mine was created using the three- dimensional boundary element code of Map3D. The shear structure was physically incorporated into the model in order to simulate inelastic shear deformation. An elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb material model was used to describe the structure behaviour. The structure plane was divided into several elements in order to allow for the comparison of the numerical modelling predictions and the interpreted seismic data. Stress components, deformation components and IWD values were calculated for each element of the shear structure and each mining step. The seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear was back analysed. The seismic data were also gridded and smoothed. Gridding and smoothing of individual seismic moment and seismic energy values resulted in the definition of indicators of seismic activity for each element and mining step. The numerical model predicted inelastic shear deformation upon the second graphitic shear as mining advanced. The distribution of modelled IWD suggested that shear deformation was most likely seismic upon a zone below the stopes and most likely aseismic upon the upper zone of the shear structure. The distribution of seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the shear structure verified the above predictions. The seismic events predominantly clustered upon the zone below the stopes. The results indicated that the seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear was most likely related to both the change in inelastic shear deformation and the level of driving shear stress during mechanical shearing. Time distribution of the seismic events also indicated that shear deformation and accompanying seismic activity were strongly influenced by mining and were time-dependant. Seismic activity in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear occurred as a result of the overall inelastic shear deformation of the shear structure under mining induced stresses. A satisfactory relationship was found between the spatial distribution of modelled IWD upon the shear structure and the spatial distribution of interpreted seismic activity (measured as either smoothed seismic moment or smoothed seismic energy). Seismic activity predominantly clustered around a zone of higher IWD upon the second graphitic shear as mining advanced. However, no significant statistical relationship was found between the modelled IWD and the interpreted seismic activity. The lack of statistical relationship between the modelled and seismic data may be attributed to several factors including the limitations of the techniques employed (e.g. Map3D modelling, seismic monitoring) and the complexity of the process involved.

No description available.

This article analyzes the judicial behavior and the importance of judges in policy making in Peru regarding the case of the magistrates of the Constitutional Tribunal and its decisions regarding the morning after pill. We will focus our research on the shift in orientation of two veredicts issued by this judicial institution; one in favor of its state sponsored distribution (2006) and one against it (2009). In order to analyze the circumstances that led to this two different outcomes, we state that the morning after pill, a case of consciousness, made the judges decide based on their strategic alliances inside the tribunal or their own personal trajectories. In order to solve these dilemmas, the analysis of the kind of judges in the tribunal was crucial to understand the relationship between the elected judges and the interests of political parties in parliament. We believe that the shift in orientation of the veredicts lies in the fact that, for cases of consciousness, the Tribunal uses its sitting judges. / Este artículo analiza el comportamiento judicial y la creciente importancia de los jueces en la hechura de las políticas públicas en el Perú a partir del caso de los magistrados del Tribunal Constitucional y sus decisiones frente a la píldora del día siguiente. Nos enfocaremos en el cambio de orientación de dos sentencias emitidas por la máxima institución judicial ante la misma política; por un lado, a favor de su distribución desde el Estado (2006) y, por el otro, en contra (2009). Para analizar los factores que llevaron a este resultado sostenemos que la píldora del día siguiente, al ser un caso de conciencia, les planteó a los jueces la disyuntiva de decidir a partir de un comportamiento estratégico, de acuerdo con las tendencias dominantes al interior del tribunal o haciendo prevalecer sus trayectorias personales. Para resolver estos dilemas, el tipo de jueces que componía el tribunal resultó crucial por lo que exploraremos cómo se configuraron estas composiciones a partir de las bancadas parlamentarias y qué tipo de jueces resultaron electos (de trayectorias públicas u opacas). Sostenemos que el cambio se explicaría porque, para los casos de conciencia, el Tribunal Constitucional utiliza a sus jueces de turno y las reglas así lo permiten.

Introdução: Pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (HP) além de apresentar redução da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e da sobrevida, apresentam fraqueza dos músculos respiratórios, o que pode contribuir para o aumento dos sintomas de fadiga e dispneia. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) sobre a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida, a força muscular respiratória, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar, a função pulmonar e o nível de atividade física de pacientes com HP. Métodos: Doze pacientes com HP foram randomizados em um grupo controle (n=7) e um grupo TMI (n=5). O protocolo do TMI foi realizado durante 8 semanas. Foram feitas avaliações da pressão arterial pulmonar média, através do ecocardiograma; da qualidade de vida, através do questionário SF-36; da capacidade funcional, através do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e da força muscular respiratória, através de transdutor de pressão. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados na fase pré e pós protocolo. Resultados: A força muscular inspiratória aumentou significativamente no grupo TMI quando comparado ao grupo controle (105,2±6,6 vs 82,9±6,1; p=0,01), e o escore de saúde mental avaliado pelo questionário SF-36 aumentou no grupo TMI (de 70,4±21,6 para 80±14,4; p=0,05). Entretanto a capacidade funcional não apresentou alteração após o protocolo de TMI de 8 semanas. Conclusão: O TMI é capaz de aumentar a força muscular inspiratória e melhorar a qualidade de vida, em relação a saúde mental, de pacientes com HP. / Introduction: Besides showing pulmonary hypertension (PH), decreased functional capacity, quality of life and survival, patients also present respiratory muscle weakness, which may contribute to increased fatigue and dyspnea symptoms. Objectives: Evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on functional capacity, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary function and level of physical activity. Methods: Twelve chronic PH patients randomized to a control group (n = 7) and an IMT group (n = 5) were studied. The IMT program was performed for 8 weeks. The following measures were obtained before and after the program: respiratory muscle function; function capacity (6-min walk test); pulmonary artery pressure; quality of life (SF-36); and level de physical activity (IPAQ). Results: Maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) was higher in the IMT group than in the control group (105.2±6.6 vs 82.9±6.1; p=0.01), and the mental health score by SF-36 increased in de IMT group (from 70.4±21.6 to 80±14.4; p=0.05). However, the six-min walk test did not change after the IMT program. Conclusions: This study indicates that IMT results in improvement in inspiratory muscle strength and in the quality of life regarding PH.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / A deformidade musculo-aponeurotica da parede abdominal decorrente da gestacao e multidirecional. A tecnica mais utilizada para sua correcao e a plicatura da aponeurose anterior. Seria desejavel obter ao mesmo tempo uma correcao transversal e longitudinal. O objetivo deste estudo e avaliar o eixo vertical do plano musculo-aponeurotico apos o uso da sutura triangular na correcao da diastase de retos. Metodos: Foram selecionadas 31 pacientes com deformidade abdominal tipo III/A de Nahas, divididas em dois grupos (GST- grupo sutura triangular e GSC u grupo sutura continua). Estas foram submetidas a abdominoplastia e correcao da diastase dos musculos retos com plicatura longitudinal mediana, feita entre dois clipes metalicos implantados. Os dois tipos de sutura foram realizados em todas as pacientes. No GST, apos a realizacao da sutura continua, foi realizada e mantida a sutura triangular e o oposto ocorreu no GSC. Apos cada sutura a distancia entre os clipes foi medida. Foram realizadas radiografias de abdome tres semanas e seis meses apos a cirurgia quando foi medida a distancia entre os clipes. Os dados foram comparados utilizando-se Analise de Variancia de Friedman e teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: A sutura triangular promoveu reducao significante do eixo vertical da aponeurose quando comparada a sutura continua e a situacao sem sutura no periodo intraoperatorio (Wilcoxon p<0,001). Esta diferenca manteve-se nas radiografias de seis meses (Wilcoxon p<0,001). Conclusao: A sutura triangular produziu encurtamento do eixo vertical do plano musculo-aponeurotico da parede abdominal em longo prazo / Background: Diastasis recti secondary to pregnancy is multidirectional. Plication of the anterior rectus sheath is the most widely used technique for correction of this condition. However, it would be desirable to simultaneously perform the transverse and longitudinal repair of the defect. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the length of the musculoaponeurotic layer after diastasis recti repair using triangular sutures. Methods: Thirty-one women with Nahas’ type III/A deformity were divided into two groups: the triangular suture (TS) group and the continuous suture (CS) group. All patients underwent conventional abdominoplasty and diastasis recti repair with medial longitudinal plication performed between two metal clips. The two types of suture were used in both groups. In the TS group, after a continuous suture was performed and removed, triangular sutures were used and maintained in place. In the CS group, the order of suture placement was reversed. The distance between clips was measured before and immediately after suturing, and at 3 weeks and 6 months postoperatively using plain abdominal radiographs. Statistical analysis was conducted with the Friedman analysis of variance and Wilcoxon test. Results: The use of triangular sutures significantly reduced the length of the aponeurosis compared with both the intraoperative Abstract | 87 situation without suture (P < 0.001) and the use of continuous suture (intraoperatively and 6 months after surgery; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The repair of diastasis recti using triangular sutures resulted in vertical shortening of musculoaponeurotic layer immediately after the procedure and in the long term. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Le motif de la fragilité humaine dans le Psaume dit « de Moïse » est appréhendé dans une vision positive. Elle relativise l’apparente souffrance humaine, et suggère la reconnaissance du destin de l’homme, comme une voie de sagesse. Si cette réalité apparaît d’une façon visible dans ce Psaume, c’est grâce à la stratégie que les rédacteurs du Psautier ont exploité. Cette stratégie apparait à travers la disposition des versets dans le Psaume 90 d’une part, d’autre part, à travers la place du Psaume 90 dans le quatrième livre du Psautier. En effet, préoccupé par la question du retour de YHWH qu’il sollicite dès le début du Psaume, le psalmiste sollicite le motif de la fragilité humaine, comme un trait de différence entre YHWH et l’homme, dans le but de persuader ce dernier à reconnaître la grandeur de YHWH, comme maître du temps et de l’histoire. Dès lors, les limites du temps qui s’imposent à la nature de l’homme, ne doivent plus être appréhendées comme un mal, ni comme le résultat d’une quelconque punition de l’homme, mais plutôt comme une caractéristique de la condition humaine. En ce sens, le Psaume 90 considère la fragilité humaine comme un code- cryptogramme de la sagesse et comme un motif, qui offre un accès significatif, pour véhiculer une perception tout à fait originale de la foi à l’époque Post-Exilique. Dans ce contexte en effet, le psalmiste plonge son lecteur dans une méditation où se révèle le sentiment de culpabilité du psalmiste et de sa communauté, à la suite de la catastrophe de l’Exil, et de la chute de la monarchie qu’il vit comme la conséquence de la colère de YHWH. En réponse à cette lamentation, la reprise du motif de la fragilité humaine des Ps 88-89 dans le Psaume 90 et dans le quatrième livre du Psautier, requiert une double importance à savoir, amener l’homme à assumer les échecs, et les souffrances dûes à la chute de la monarchie et à la destruction du temple d’une part, et d’autre part, persuader ce dernier à compter encore et toujours sur la dsx de YHWH.D’une façon générale, les réponses du Psaume 90 sur les fragilités humaines remettent la question de la foi en Dieu au cœur de la vie humaine. Ce Psaume 90 n’élude nullement la réelle souffrance que l’homme éprouve, ni n’encourage une résignation coupable de sa part, mais propose une nouvelle re-définition de l’homme. L’homme peut affirmer sa foi en Dieu, comme maître des temps et de l’histoire,sans être perturbé par les limites que lui impose son état d’être mortel. Ce réalisme de la vie humaine apparaît, comme une condition indispensable pour réaliser l’équilibre entre le réalisme de la vie et l’espérance en Dieu. / The motif of human weakness, in the Psalm known as the Psalm of Moses is apprehended in a positive vision. It relativizes the apparent human suffering, and suggests the recognition of the destiny of man, as a way to wisdom. If this reality appears visibly in this Psalm, it’s thanks to the strategy used by the writers of the Psalter. This strategy appears through the layout of the verses in Psalm 90 on the one hand, and through the place of Psalm 90 in the fourth book of the Psalter on the other hand. Indeed, concerned by the question of the return of YHWH that he seeks from the beginning of the Psalm, the psalmist considers the reason for human frailty, as a sign of the difference between YHWH and man to persuade the latter to recognize the greatness of YHWH, master of time and history. Therefore, the time limits imposed on the nature of the human being, should be understood neither as an evil, nor as the result of any punishment for him, but rather as a feature of the human condition. In this sense, Psalm 90 considers human weakness as a cipher code of wisdom and as a ground, which offers a significant access to convey a quite original perception of the faith at the Post - Exilique time. In this context, indeed, the psalmist plunges his reader into a meditation where the guilt of the psalmist and his community, following the disaster of the Exile and the fall of the monarchy which he saw as a consequence of the wrath of YHWH, is revealed. In response to this lament, the resumption of the motif of the human weakn ess of the Ps 88-89 in Psalm 90 and in the fourth book of the Psalter, requires a double importance that consists, on the one hand, in leading man to assume the failures and the suffering due to the fall of the monarchy and the destruction of the temple, and on the other hand in persuading the latter to rely on YHWH’s dsx again and again.Generally, the responses of Psalm 90 about human weakness put the question of faith in God at the heart of the human life. Psalm 90 doesn’t at all, either elude the real suffering that man experiences, or encourages a guilty resignation on his part, but proposes a new re - definition of man. Man can assert his faith in God the master of time and history, without being disturbed by the limits imposed on him by his state of being mortal. This realism of human life appears as an essential condition to achieve the balance between the realism of life and hope in God.

Introdução: Pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (HP) além de apresentar redução da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e da sobrevida, apresentam fraqueza dos músculos respiratórios, o que pode contribuir para o aumento dos sintomas de fadiga e dispneia. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) sobre a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida, a força muscular respiratória, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar, a função pulmonar e o nível de atividade física de pacientes com HP. Métodos: Doze pacientes com HP foram randomizados em um grupo controle (n=7) e um grupo TMI (n=5). O protocolo do TMI foi realizado durante 8 semanas. Foram feitas avaliações da pressão arterial pulmonar média, através do ecocardiograma; da qualidade de vida, através do questionário SF-36; da capacidade funcional, através do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e da força muscular respiratória, através de transdutor de pressão. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados na fase pré e pós protocolo. Resultados: A força muscular inspiratória aumentou significativamente no grupo TMI quando comparado ao grupo controle (105,2±6,6 vs 82,9±6,1; p=0,01), e o escore de saúde mental avaliado pelo questionário SF-36 aumentou no grupo TMI (de 70,4±21,6 para 80±14,4; p=0,05). Entretanto a capacidade funcional não apresentou alteração após o protocolo de TMI de 8 semanas. Conclusão: O TMI é capaz de aumentar a força muscular inspiratória e melhorar a qualidade de vida, em relação a saúde mental, de pacientes com HP. / Introduction: Besides showing pulmonary hypertension (PH), decreased functional capacity, quality of life and survival, patients also present respiratory muscle weakness, which may contribute to increased fatigue and dyspnea symptoms. Objectives: Evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on functional capacity, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary function and level of physical activity. Methods: Twelve chronic PH patients randomized to a control group (n = 7) and an IMT group (n = 5) were studied. The IMT program was performed for 8 weeks. The following measures were obtained before and after the program: respiratory muscle function; function capacity (6-min walk test); pulmonary artery pressure; quality of life (SF-36); and level de physical activity (IPAQ). Results: Maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) was higher in the IMT group than in the control group (105.2±6.6 vs 82.9±6.1; p=0.01), and the mental health score by SF-36 increased in de IMT group (from 70.4±21.6 to 80±14.4; p=0.05). However, the six-min walk test did not change after the IMT program. Conclusions: This study indicates that IMT results in improvement in inspiratory muscle strength and in the quality of life regarding PH.

Introdução: Pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar (HP) além de apresentar redução da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e da sobrevida, apresentam fraqueza dos músculos respiratórios, o que pode contribuir para o aumento dos sintomas de fadiga e dispneia. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) sobre a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida, a força muscular respiratória, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar, a função pulmonar e o nível de atividade física de pacientes com HP. Métodos: Doze pacientes com HP foram randomizados em um grupo controle (n=7) e um grupo TMI (n=5). O protocolo do TMI foi realizado durante 8 semanas. Foram feitas avaliações da pressão arterial pulmonar média, através do ecocardiograma; da qualidade de vida, através do questionário SF-36; da capacidade funcional, através do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e da força muscular respiratória, através de transdutor de pressão. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados na fase pré e pós protocolo. Resultados: A força muscular inspiratória aumentou significativamente no grupo TMI quando comparado ao grupo controle (105,2±6,6 vs 82,9±6,1; p=0,01), e o escore de saúde mental avaliado pelo questionário SF-36 aumentou no grupo TMI (de 70,4±21,6 para 80±14,4; p=0,05). Entretanto a capacidade funcional não apresentou alteração após o protocolo de TMI de 8 semanas. Conclusão: O TMI é capaz de aumentar a força muscular inspiratória e melhorar a qualidade de vida, em relação a saúde mental, de pacientes com HP. / Introduction: Besides showing pulmonary hypertension (PH), decreased functional capacity, quality of life and survival, patients also present respiratory muscle weakness, which may contribute to increased fatigue and dyspnea symptoms. Objectives: Evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on functional capacity, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary function and level of physical activity. Methods: Twelve chronic PH patients randomized to a control group (n = 7) and an IMT group (n = 5) were studied. The IMT program was performed for 8 weeks. The following measures were obtained before and after the program: respiratory muscle function; function capacity (6-min walk test); pulmonary artery pressure; quality of life (SF-36); and level de physical activity (IPAQ). Results: Maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) was higher in the IMT group than in the control group (105.2±6.6 vs 82.9±6.1; p=0.01), and the mental health score by SF-36 increased in de IMT group (from 70.4±21.6 to 80±14.4; p=0.05). However, the six-min walk test did not change after the IMT program. Conclusions: This study indicates that IMT results in improvement in inspiratory muscle strength and in the quality of life regarding PH.

One dominant scientific view holds that willpower is a type of muscle which can be weakened through use in the short term and strengthened through use over time. However, evidence from neuroscience, social psychology and behavioral economics suggest that willpower is regional, subverted through desire and strengthened by strategy--these are features a muscular account would not predict. It is better to think about willpower as a skill with a physiological component. Willpower strategies extend the brute effort of self-control through the use of reason and have the practical effect of increasing self-regulation. Willpower is "worth wanting" because there is a gap in our given desires and our evaluations. In general willpower is the skill responsible for extending the motivational force of evaluations to overcome the motivational force of other interests. Of course, willpower can be used in the service of evil, but in general it is a power we would prefer to have. Interestingly, not all cases of weakness of will are, on balance, bad. As a practical matter weakness of will is a crucial element of developing willpower skills over time. Just as a skilled batter relies on failures to teach what is required for good hitting, willpower failures are an important element in developing habits for success. Additionally, the motivational failure of evaluation built in to weakness of will requires a commitment to practical claim that one can choose how to act in ways not dictated by given desires. This commitment to the importance and viability of evaluation is a crucial component of having a moral perspective in a natural system and weakness of will is a signifier of this foundational element of a practical perspective.