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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação de búfalas da raça Mediterrâneo durante o período de transição e início de lactação e de bezerros lactantes até o desmame / Evaluation of Mediterranean buffalo cows during the transition period and early lactation and young calves until weaning

Verdurico, Lenita Camargo 14 December 2010 (has links)
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar búfalas da raça Mediterrâneo durante o período de transição e início de lactação e bezerros lactantes até o desmame. O experimento foi conduzido na área de produção de bubalinos junto com o Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Veterinária, pertencente à Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), localizada no município de Pirassununga/SP. Foram utilizadas 17 matrizes mestiças da raça Mediterrânea. A produção de leite foi registrada diariamente durante todo o periodo expeirmental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição fisico quimica e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes da única ordenha diária. Para avaliação do suplemento vitamínico foram utilizados 17 bezerros búfalos divididos em dois grupos, o primeiro o grupo controle (aleitemanto artificial) e outro grupo foi administrado aditivo vitamínico-mineral (Metacell). Para avaliação do desenvolvimento ponderal os bezerros foram pesados semanalmente e foram mensurados o perímetro torácico (PT), a altura (ALT) e o comprimento corporal (COPM). Os bezerros foram avaliados até completarem 120 dias e alojados em piquete com silagem de milho e concentrado ad libitum. Houve efeito das semanas no período de transição e início de lactação para a produção de gordura e para o peso vivo das búfalas em lactação. Entretanto não houve efeito das semanas em lactação para os valores de PL, PLC, MPC, porcentagem de gordura e composição dos ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Quando avaliado o perfil bioquímico das búfalas foi observado efeito das semanas do período de transição e início de lactação para as concentrações no soro de uréia, NUS, colesterol total, AST, BHB e AGNE. Entretanto as concentrações de glicose, PT, C-HDL, GGT e albumina não foram inlfuenciadas no período de transição e inicio de lactação. Entre todos os resultados de parâmetros hematologicos avaliados para as búfalas somente foi observado efeito de tempo para as concentrações no sangue da concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média. Os bezerros suplemetados com aditivo apresentaram maior desenvolvimento ponderal de forma geral em relação ao grupo controle. Os bezerros bubalinos tratados com aditivo vitamínico-mineral, apresenatram maiores concentrações de colesterol total, uréia e proteínas totais. Entretanto não houve efeito do aditivo sobre os valores de glicose, albumina e beta hidroxibutirato. Os valores de leutcócitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfócitos típicos aumentaram com a utilização do aditivo oral em relação ao grupo controle. Porém a quantidade de plaquetas diminuíram com a adição do suplemento. Este estudo permite definição de valores padrões de referência para avaliação fisiológica bioquímica e hematológica de búfalas no período de transição e início de lactação. A utilização de aditivo para bezerros da espécie bubalina melhora o desempenho ponderal com respectiva melhora no perfil metabólico. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Mediterranean buffalo cows during the transition period and early lactation and lactation calves until weaning. The experiment was conducted in the production of buffaloes with the Departamento of Nutrition and Veterinary Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), located in the city of Pirassununga/SP. Were used 17 crossbred Mediterranean. Milk production was recorded daily throughout the experimental period. The samples used for analysis of chemical and physical composition and fatty acid profile of milk were colected weekly and then daily single milking. To assess the vitamin supplement was used 17 buffalo calves divided into two groups, the first control group (artificial feeding) and another group was given vitamin and mineral additive (Metacell). To assess weight development calves were weighed weekly and were measured the girth (HG), height (ALT) and body length (COPM). The calves were evaluated until 120 days of age and housed in a paddock with corn silage and concentrate ad libitum. There was an effect of the weeks during the transition and early lactation for the fat production and the body weight of lactating buffaloes. However there was no effect of lactation week on the values of PL, PLC, MPC, fat percentage and fatty acid composition of milk fat. Investigation of the biochemical profile of the buffaloes was no effect of weeks of the transition period and early lactation to concentrations in serum urea, NUS, total cholesterol, AST, BHB and AGNE. However the concentrations of glucose, PT, C-HDL, GGT, and albumin were not affected during the transition period and early lactation. Among all the results of hematologic parameters evaluated for the buffaloes was only observed effect of time for concentrations in the blood mean conpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Calves supplemented with additive showed higher weight development in general in relation to the control group. The buffalo calves treated with vitamin-mineral additive, had higher concentrations of total cholesterol, urea and total protein. However there was no effect of the additive on the levels of glucose, albumin and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The values of leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes typically increased with the oral use of the additive in relation to the control group. But the number of platelets decreased with the addition of the supplement. This study supports the definition of standard values of reference for assessing physiological biochemical and hematological parameters of buffaloes in the period of transition and early lactation. The use of additives to improve water buffalo calves and their weight gain with improved metabolic profile.
2

Avaliação de búfalas da raça Mediterrâneo durante o período de transição e início de lactação e de bezerros lactantes até o desmame / Evaluation of Mediterranean buffalo cows during the transition period and early lactation and young calves until weaning

Lenita Camargo Verdurico 14 December 2010 (has links)
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar búfalas da raça Mediterrâneo durante o período de transição e início de lactação e bezerros lactantes até o desmame. O experimento foi conduzido na área de produção de bubalinos junto com o Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Veterinária, pertencente à Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), localizada no município de Pirassununga/SP. Foram utilizadas 17 matrizes mestiças da raça Mediterrânea. A produção de leite foi registrada diariamente durante todo o periodo expeirmental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição fisico quimica e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes da única ordenha diária. Para avaliação do suplemento vitamínico foram utilizados 17 bezerros búfalos divididos em dois grupos, o primeiro o grupo controle (aleitemanto artificial) e outro grupo foi administrado aditivo vitamínico-mineral (Metacell). Para avaliação do desenvolvimento ponderal os bezerros foram pesados semanalmente e foram mensurados o perímetro torácico (PT), a altura (ALT) e o comprimento corporal (COPM). Os bezerros foram avaliados até completarem 120 dias e alojados em piquete com silagem de milho e concentrado ad libitum. Houve efeito das semanas no período de transição e início de lactação para a produção de gordura e para o peso vivo das búfalas em lactação. Entretanto não houve efeito das semanas em lactação para os valores de PL, PLC, MPC, porcentagem de gordura e composição dos ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Quando avaliado o perfil bioquímico das búfalas foi observado efeito das semanas do período de transição e início de lactação para as concentrações no soro de uréia, NUS, colesterol total, AST, BHB e AGNE. Entretanto as concentrações de glicose, PT, C-HDL, GGT e albumina não foram inlfuenciadas no período de transição e inicio de lactação. Entre todos os resultados de parâmetros hematologicos avaliados para as búfalas somente foi observado efeito de tempo para as concentrações no sangue da concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média. Os bezerros suplemetados com aditivo apresentaram maior desenvolvimento ponderal de forma geral em relação ao grupo controle. Os bezerros bubalinos tratados com aditivo vitamínico-mineral, apresenatram maiores concentrações de colesterol total, uréia e proteínas totais. Entretanto não houve efeito do aditivo sobre os valores de glicose, albumina e beta hidroxibutirato. Os valores de leutcócitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfócitos típicos aumentaram com a utilização do aditivo oral em relação ao grupo controle. Porém a quantidade de plaquetas diminuíram com a adição do suplemento. Este estudo permite definição de valores padrões de referência para avaliação fisiológica bioquímica e hematológica de búfalas no período de transição e início de lactação. A utilização de aditivo para bezerros da espécie bubalina melhora o desempenho ponderal com respectiva melhora no perfil metabólico. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Mediterranean buffalo cows during the transition period and early lactation and lactation calves until weaning. The experiment was conducted in the production of buffaloes with the Departamento of Nutrition and Veterinary Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), located in the city of Pirassununga/SP. Were used 17 crossbred Mediterranean. Milk production was recorded daily throughout the experimental period. The samples used for analysis of chemical and physical composition and fatty acid profile of milk were colected weekly and then daily single milking. To assess the vitamin supplement was used 17 buffalo calves divided into two groups, the first control group (artificial feeding) and another group was given vitamin and mineral additive (Metacell). To assess weight development calves were weighed weekly and were measured the girth (HG), height (ALT) and body length (COPM). The calves were evaluated until 120 days of age and housed in a paddock with corn silage and concentrate ad libitum. There was an effect of the weeks during the transition and early lactation for the fat production and the body weight of lactating buffaloes. However there was no effect of lactation week on the values of PL, PLC, MPC, fat percentage and fatty acid composition of milk fat. Investigation of the biochemical profile of the buffaloes was no effect of weeks of the transition period and early lactation to concentrations in serum urea, NUS, total cholesterol, AST, BHB and AGNE. However the concentrations of glucose, PT, C-HDL, GGT, and albumin were not affected during the transition period and early lactation. Among all the results of hematologic parameters evaluated for the buffaloes was only observed effect of time for concentrations in the blood mean conpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Calves supplemented with additive showed higher weight development in general in relation to the control group. The buffalo calves treated with vitamin-mineral additive, had higher concentrations of total cholesterol, urea and total protein. However there was no effect of the additive on the levels of glucose, albumin and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The values of leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes typically increased with the oral use of the additive in relation to the control group. But the number of platelets decreased with the addition of the supplement. This study supports the definition of standard values of reference for assessing physiological biochemical and hematological parameters of buffaloes in the period of transition and early lactation. The use of additives to improve water buffalo calves and their weight gain with improved metabolic profile.
3

Övervikt/fetma hos barn, ungdomar och unga vuxna i relation till vikt, viktutveckling och kariesförekomst.

Celsing Fåhraeus, Christina January 2012 (has links)
Fetma är en av världens snabbast växande sjukdomar och karies är fortfarande en vanlig sjukdom hos barn och ungdomar. Syftet med denna licentiatavhandling har varit att: beskriva frekvensen av övervikt och fetma från födseln till tjugo års ålder. analysera vikt och viktutvecklingen från födseln till vuxen ålder. undersöka prevalens av approximal karies hos femtonåringar i förhållande till deras åldersspecifika BMI (isoBMI). undersöka tidiga mellanmålsvanor och karies vid femton års ålder. I studien ingick 671 barn följda från 1 till 20 års ålder. Studien har en populationsbaserad longitudinell design och analyserna baserar sig på uppgifter från barnhälsovårds (BHV) -, skolhälsovårds (SHV)- och folktandvårdsjournaler (FTV) från fyra distrikt i Jönköpings kommun. Längd, vikt och födelsediagnoser är inhämtade från BHV- journaler. Från SHV journaler inhämtades längd och viktuppgifter vid 15 år och från FTV journaler inhämtades uppgifter om kariesförekomst vid 15 och 20 års ålder. Dessutom inhämtades data från intervjuer och frågeformulär, som samlats in då barnen var 1 och 3 år gamla. Studien visade att det finns ett samband mellan övervikt/fetma vid 20 års ålder och övervikt/fetma vid 5½ och 15 års ålder. Emellertid var 70 % av dem som hade övervikt/fetma vid 20 år normalviktiga vid 5½ år och 47 % av dem med övervikt/fetma var normalviktiga vid 15 års ålder. Studien visade också att tonåringar med övervikt och fetma hade en signifikant högre prevalens av approximal karies än de som var normalviktiga. Vidare påvisades ett samband mellan förtäring av kariesriskprodukter vid 1 och 3 år och kariesförekomst vid 15 år. Det framkom inget samband mellan födelsevikt och senare övervikt/fetma vid 20 års ålder. Studien visade inte heller något tydligt mönster av viktutvecklingen från tidig barndom till ung vuxen. Ett barn kunde t ex ha övervikt vid ett mättillfälle för att vid nästa mättillfälle vara normalviktig och sedan överviktig igen. Framtida preventionsprogram för att förebygga både fetma och karies bör samordnas mellan de olika hälsoprofessionerna. Med tanke på att minst hälften av individer som utvecklar övervikt/ fetma till 20 års ålder rekryterades efter 15 års ålder bör denna tonårsgrupp ges särskild uppmärksamhet och nya former för prevention och behandling behöver utvecklas. För barn i förskoleåldern bör primär prevention riktas till hela populationen. / Obesity is one of the most rapid growing illnesses and dental caries is still a common illness by children and youth. The aims of this licentiate thesis were: describe frequency of overweight and obesity from birth to twenty years of age. analyze weight and weight development from birth to adult age. examine prevalence of approximal dental caries by teenagers fifteen years of age comparing to their age-specific BMI (isoBMI). examine early snacking habits and dental caries at the age of fifteen. The investigations have a population based longitudinal design and the analyses are based on data from 671 children followed from birth to 20 years of age. Information about weight and height were collected from health records at child health centers and school health care. At 20 years of age, weight and height measurements were performed by one of the authors. Data were also selected from caries examinations, interviews and questionnaires when the children were 1 and 3 years of age and from the children’s bitewing radiographs at 15 years of age. The result showed an association between overweight/obesity at 20 years and overweight/obesity at 5½ and 15 years. However, 70% of those who were overweight/obese at 20 years were of normal weight at 5½ years and 47% at 15 years. The majority of those who were overweight/obese at 20 years of age were recruited after 5.5 years of age and half of them in their late teens. Another finding was that overweight and obese adolescents had more approximal caries than normal-weight adolescents. Furthermore, consumption of snacking products and soft drinks at an early age appears to be associated with caries at 15 years of age. There was no connection found between birth weight and later overweight/obesity at 20 years of age. The study could not demonstrate any distinct patterns of the weight development from early childhood to young adult. A child could, for example, have overweight/obesity at one measurement, have normal weight at the next and then again have overweight/obesity at the third measurement. Because dental caries and overweight/obesity have common determinants further prevention measures should include strategies to prevent and reduce both overweight/obesity and dental caries in the young population. During the preschool period, the entire population should be the target of primary prevention from overweight/obesity, while, in the case of teenagers, prevention strategies should be developed for the whole population and treatment strategies for teenagers with established overweight/obesity.
4

Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Auftreten und Verlauf von bovinen Eimeria spp. Infektionen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und der Tschechischen Republik / Epidemiological investigations into impact factors for occurrence and pursuit of bovine Eimeria spp. infections in Germany, Belgium, France and the Czech Republic

Mengel, Heidrun 14 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von 263 Einzeltierverfolgungen in 12 Betrieben in verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und der Tschechischen Republik zur Stallkokzidiose der Kälber zusammengefasst ausgewertet. Während diesen Untersuchungen wurden 5840 Kotproben beurteilt. Dabei wurden das Auftreten und die Ausprägung der Eimeriose der Kälber analysiert und potentielle Einflussfaktoren untersucht und ein verlässlicher Schwellenwert für die Bewertung der Oozystenausscheidung ermittelt. Weiterhin wurden in 16 Betrieben bei 23 gemeinsam aufgestallten Kälbergruppen Spezies-Prävalenzuntersuchungen über einen Zeitraum von fünf Wochen durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden 5133 Proben ausgewertet, davon 3519 mit Teil- und 1614 mit vollständiger Differenzierung. In allen Betrieben traten die Kotkzidiosen als eine Mischinfektion verschiedener Eimeria-Arten auf. Dabei herrschte in der Regel in jedem Betrieb eine der beiden pathogensten Spezies vor. Diese Prädominanz blieb auch über mehrere Jahre gleich in den Betrieben. Die Herkunft der Kälber hatte einen Einfluss auf den Infektionsverlauf. In Betrieben mit ausschließlich eigener Nachzucht verläuft die Kokzidiose als eingipflige Infektion, bei Zukaufbetrieben ist der Infektionsverlauf zweigipflig. Ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko des Auftretens einer klinisch ausgeprägten Kokzidiose bei Aufstallung auf Stroheinstreu im Vergleich zur Haltung auf Spaltenboden konnte bewiesen werden (p = 0,005). In der Verfolgungsuntersuchung korrelierten die Kokonsistenzwerte mit den nachgewiesenen OpG in den Kotproben positiv signifikant (0,135 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Für das Auftreten von Durchfall konnte eine statistisch bewiesene lineare Korrelation mit der Oozystenausscheidung für diverse Schwellenwerte festgestellt werden (p = 0,000). Bei einem Grenzwert von 500 OpG lag der Korrelationskoeffizient bei 0,149. Die Korrelationswerte erhöhten sich nicht wesentlich bei Festlegung eines höheren Grenzwertes für die Oozystenausscheidung oder sanken sogar (0,153 bis 0,121). Bei der Verrechnung von Durchfallvorkommen mit gleichzeitiger, potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung mit den verschiedenen Schwellenwerten der Oozystenausscheidung konnte der höchste Zusammenhang zwischen dem Durchfallgeschehen und dem Schwellenwert von 500 OpG bewiesen werden (0,633 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Daher kann ein Wert von 500 OpG pathogener Eimeria spp. als geeigneter Schwellenwert für die Feststellung einer relevanten Oozystenausscheidung angesehen werden. Bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten von Durchfall ist von einer maßgeblichen Beteiligung der Eimerien auszugehen. Ein gehäuftes Auftreten von mit Oozystenausscheidung assoziierten Durchfällen trat bei Tieren ohne oder ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’) signifikant seltener auf (p = 0,000) als bei Tieren mit mindestens 500 aufsummierten OpG während des gesamten Beobachtungszeitraumes (‚rK +’). Kälber der Kategorie ‚Kok-Kat 1’ hatten signifikant niedrigere Kotkonsistenzwerte und weniger Durchfälle als Tiere der Subpopulation ‚rK -’ (p = 0,000). Dagegen hatten die Tiere der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ statistisch bewiesen in allen Durchfall-Kategorien höhere Werte bzw. ein häufigeres Durchfallvorkommen als beide anderen Subpopulationen (p = 0,000 für alle Vergleiche). Wässrige Durchfälle mit Beimengungen traten, mit Ausnahme einer Einzelbeobachtung in Gruppe ‚rK -’, ausschließlich bei Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ auf. Sowohl Kälber der Gruppe ‚rK +’ als auch ‚Kok-Kat 2’-Tiere (jeweils p = 0,000) und Kälber mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung, aber ohne gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen, (‚Kok-Kat 1’) (p = 0,005) hatten signifikant geringere relative Gewichtszunahmen als Tiere ohne bzw. ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’). Eine lineare Korrelation der Ausscheidung der pathogenen Spezies E. bovis und E. zuernii mit den absoluten (-0,098 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,005) und relativen Gewichtszunahmen (-0,170 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000) konnte statistisch bewiesen werden. Bei Haltung auf Stroheinstreu zeigten Tiere ohne bzw. mit weniger als 500 ausgeschiedenen OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (‚rK -’) signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung (p = 0,000). Dabei war es ohne Bedeutung, ob diese Kälber ein gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen zeigten oder nicht. Besonders zum Tragen kommen diese Unterschiede in der Gewichtsentwicklung in den Wochen mit den höchsten Oozystenausscheidungen bei zweigipfligem Infektionsverlauf. Unter den Milchviehkälbern nahmen Tiere ohne relevante Oozystenausscheidung signifikant mehr relatives Gewicht zu als Kälber mit kumulativ mindestens 500 OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (p = 0,004). Dies galt sowohl für Tiere mit gleichzeitigem Durchfall ‚Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0,002) als auch tendenziell für Kälber der Gruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,059). Mastviehkälber der Gruppe ‚rK -’ zeigten signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung ‚rK +’ (p = 0,039). Dies galt auch in Relation zu den Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,029). Während der Prävalenzuntersuchungen wurden insgesamt neun verschiedene Eimeria-Arten nachgewiesen. In Einzelkotproben wurden zwischen einer und neun verschiedene Spezies beobachtet. Unter den in Europa als heimisch bekannten Arten wurden während dieser Untersuchung lediglich E. wyomingensis, E. brasiliensis und E. bukidnonensis nicht gefunden. E. ellipsoidalis hatte sowohl die höchste Inzidenz (20,99 %) als auch die größte Intensität (arithmetischer Mittelwert von 765963,37 OpG), gefolgt von E. bovis und E. zuernii. Zudem wurde in Aufzuchtbetrieben E. ellipsoidalis in der Regel als erste Eimeria-Spezies, gefolgt von E. auburnensis und den pathogenen Arten E. zuernii und E. bovis, nachgewiesen. Die seltensten Spezies waren E. canadensis und E. pellita. Eimeria pellita wurde als letzte Art erst ab der fünften Woche nach Aufstallung beobachtet. E. cylindrica trat vermehrt in den Betrieben in Belgien und Frankreich auf. Diese Art sowie E. canadensis wurden nur in Betrieben in Bayern, Belgien und Frankreich festgestellt. E. pellita hatte, neben E. canadensis, die geringsten Prävalenzen, Nachweise wurden vor allem für zentral gelegene Betriebe sowie im Süden des Untersuchungsgebietes dokumentiert. Die Übereinstimmung der gefundenen Varianzen der Speziesprävalenzen der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit den Daten epidemiologischer Studien in den verschiedenen Regionen aus der Literatur bestätigt einen repräsentativen Charakter der Untersuchungsbetriebe. Dies belegt zusätzlich die Allgemeingültigkeit der festgestellten Einflussfaktoren auf das Auftreten und die Auswirkungen der Stallkokzidiose der Kälber. / A total number of 263 calves housed on 12 different farms in several regions in Germany, Belgium, France and the Czech Republic were followed individually in tracking studies and data was compiled and analysed to investigate factors influencing occurrence and severity of bovine eimeriosis of housed calves. The same data was used for development and verification of a suitable threshold indicating relevant oocyst excretion. Within the tracking studies a total number of 5840 faecal samples were examined for faecal consistency, oocyst counts of pathogenic E. bovis and E. zuernii excretion carried out and individual body weight development was documented regularly. Additionally 23 groups of animals on 16 farms were observed for a period of five weeks and 5133 faecal samples examined for oocyst excretion and Eimeria species differentiated. All study sites were positive for mixed coccidia species infections. Nevertheless all farms except one showed a predominance of one pathogenic Eimeria species, which remained unchanged in different groups of animals and even in different years of investigations. Animal origin, i.e. groups of animals representing own breeding or originating of only one source in contrast to groups of calves coming from several origins, influences the course of the coccidiosis infection. Farms with only one single and permanent animal origin or raising exclusively the own breeding show coccidiosis with a single peak of oocyst excretion. On farms housing groups of animals of various origins the course of infection and oocyst shedding has typically two peaks with an interval of two to three weeks. The risk for development of clinical coccidiosis rises significantly if animals were housed on straw bedding compared to slatted-floor (p = 0.005). Faecal scores correlated significantly (p = 0.000) with the intensity of oocyst excretion with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.135. For occurrence of diarrhoea a positive linear correlation with the oocyst excretion was statistically proved (p = 0.000) for various thresholds. At a threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii the correlation coefficient rised to 0.149 and correlation coefficients did not rise distinctly or even got down if higher thresholds were used (values between 0.153 and 0.121). Focusing only on potentially coccidiosis related diarrhoea the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii proved to result in the highest correlation (0.633; p = 0.000) of all tested threshold levels. Therefore the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii can be accounted modest and reliable to detect a relevant oocyst excretion in individual faecal samples as well as in compiled samples. In cases of coincidental diarrhoea coccidiosis can be considered as a major factor. Increased numbers of days with diarrhoea in coincidence with an oocyst excretion (‘Kokass-DF’) within the observation period were seen significantly more often (p = 0.000) in animals with a potentially relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK +’) of at least 500 summed up opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii in comparison to calves without such an oocyst excretion (‘rK -‘). Significantly lower faecal scores and fewer days with diarrhoea were documented for calves of the group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ in contrast to animals of group ‘rK -‘ (p = 0.000). Nevertheless significantly higher faecal scores and more days with diarrhoea than both other groups were calculated for those calves meeting the inclusion criteria for group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.000 for all comparisons). Additionally liquid faeces or faeces with constituencies were seen only in this group, except for one single sample of a calf of group ‘rK -‘. Calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ as well as both subpopulations representing group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ and calves with potentially relevant oocyst excretion but without diarrhoea associated to an oocyst excretion (‘Kok-Kat 1’) showed significant lower values for relative body weight increases in comparison to animals without relevant oocyst excretion throughout the complete study period of five weeks (‘rK -‘) (p = 0.000 vs. ‘rK +’ and vs. ‘Kok-Kat 2‘; p = 0.005 compared with ‘Kok-Kat 1’). A negative linear correlation between oocyst excretion of pathogenic Eimeria spp. and absolute (-0.098 correlation coefficient; p = 0.005) as well as relative body weight gain (-0.170 correlation coefficient) was verified statistically (p = 0.000). Animals housed on straw bedding and belonging to the group ‘rK -‘ gained relatively more body weight in comparison to calves housed in the same stables and meeting the inclusion criterium of group ‘rK +’, i.e. excreting at least 500 summed up opg of pathogenic E. spp., (p = 0.000) within the total study period. The presence of coincidental diarrhoea had no impact on impaired body weight development of animals with a potentially relevant coccidia excretion. Differences in body weight development were most distinct within the weeks of highest intensities in oocyst excretion according to a course of infection with two peaks. Within the subpopulation of dairy calves those animals belonging to evaluation group ‘rK -‘ developed significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.004). Similar results were found for animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.002) and a statistical tendency was calculated for group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.059) in comparison to group ‘rK -‘. Analogous to the differences in dairy calves animals on fattening farms without relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK -’) had significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.039) and animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.029) of the same breeds and farms. Nine different Eimeria spp. were detected during the prevalence studies. In single individual samples a minimum of one and up to nine different species were found. Twelve Eimeria spp. are known to be endemic in Europe of which only E. brasiliensis, E. bukidnonensis and E. wyomingensis were not present in any faecal sample in this study. E. bovis and E. zuernii were only second to E. ellipsoidalis which had the highest prevalence (20.99 %) as well as the highest intensity (765963.37 mean opg) in the faecal samples examined. In breeding farms E. ellipsoidalis was the first species to be found in faecal examination in most cases, followed by E. auburnensis and the pathogenic species E. zuernii and E. bovis. E. canadensis and E. pellita were detected only in a low number of samples. E. pellita was observed for the first time at the faecal samplings five weeks after stabling and mainly in farms situated in the central and southern region of the prevalence study. E. canadensis and E. cylindrica were most prominent in farms situated in Belgium and France. Variances in prevalence of the species observed are in conformity with those to be found in recent literature according to the different regions of Europe. This may indicate a representative character of the farms participating in this study and therefore universal validity of the results and impactfactors on coccidiosis in calves described in this manuscript.
5

Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Auftreten und Verlauf von bovinen Eimeria spp. Infektionen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und der Tschechischen Republik

Mengel, Heidrun 18 September 2012 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von 263 Einzeltierverfolgungen in 12 Betrieben in verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und der Tschechischen Republik zur Stallkokzidiose der Kälber zusammengefasst ausgewertet. Während diesen Untersuchungen wurden 5840 Kotproben beurteilt. Dabei wurden das Auftreten und die Ausprägung der Eimeriose der Kälber analysiert und potentielle Einflussfaktoren untersucht und ein verlässlicher Schwellenwert für die Bewertung der Oozystenausscheidung ermittelt. Weiterhin wurden in 16 Betrieben bei 23 gemeinsam aufgestallten Kälbergruppen Spezies-Prävalenzuntersuchungen über einen Zeitraum von fünf Wochen durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden 5133 Proben ausgewertet, davon 3519 mit Teil- und 1614 mit vollständiger Differenzierung. In allen Betrieben traten die Kotkzidiosen als eine Mischinfektion verschiedener Eimeria-Arten auf. Dabei herrschte in der Regel in jedem Betrieb eine der beiden pathogensten Spezies vor. Diese Prädominanz blieb auch über mehrere Jahre gleich in den Betrieben. Die Herkunft der Kälber hatte einen Einfluss auf den Infektionsverlauf. In Betrieben mit ausschließlich eigener Nachzucht verläuft die Kokzidiose als eingipflige Infektion, bei Zukaufbetrieben ist der Infektionsverlauf zweigipflig. Ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko des Auftretens einer klinisch ausgeprägten Kokzidiose bei Aufstallung auf Stroheinstreu im Vergleich zur Haltung auf Spaltenboden konnte bewiesen werden (p = 0,005). In der Verfolgungsuntersuchung korrelierten die Kokonsistenzwerte mit den nachgewiesenen OpG in den Kotproben positiv signifikant (0,135 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Für das Auftreten von Durchfall konnte eine statistisch bewiesene lineare Korrelation mit der Oozystenausscheidung für diverse Schwellenwerte festgestellt werden (p = 0,000). Bei einem Grenzwert von 500 OpG lag der Korrelationskoeffizient bei 0,149. Die Korrelationswerte erhöhten sich nicht wesentlich bei Festlegung eines höheren Grenzwertes für die Oozystenausscheidung oder sanken sogar (0,153 bis 0,121). Bei der Verrechnung von Durchfallvorkommen mit gleichzeitiger, potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung mit den verschiedenen Schwellenwerten der Oozystenausscheidung konnte der höchste Zusammenhang zwischen dem Durchfallgeschehen und dem Schwellenwert von 500 OpG bewiesen werden (0,633 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Daher kann ein Wert von 500 OpG pathogener Eimeria spp. als geeigneter Schwellenwert für die Feststellung einer relevanten Oozystenausscheidung angesehen werden. Bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten von Durchfall ist von einer maßgeblichen Beteiligung der Eimerien auszugehen. Ein gehäuftes Auftreten von mit Oozystenausscheidung assoziierten Durchfällen trat bei Tieren ohne oder ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’) signifikant seltener auf (p = 0,000) als bei Tieren mit mindestens 500 aufsummierten OpG während des gesamten Beobachtungszeitraumes (‚rK +’). Kälber der Kategorie ‚Kok-Kat 1’ hatten signifikant niedrigere Kotkonsistenzwerte und weniger Durchfälle als Tiere der Subpopulation ‚rK -’ (p = 0,000). Dagegen hatten die Tiere der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ statistisch bewiesen in allen Durchfall-Kategorien höhere Werte bzw. ein häufigeres Durchfallvorkommen als beide anderen Subpopulationen (p = 0,000 für alle Vergleiche). Wässrige Durchfälle mit Beimengungen traten, mit Ausnahme einer Einzelbeobachtung in Gruppe ‚rK -’, ausschließlich bei Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ auf. Sowohl Kälber der Gruppe ‚rK +’ als auch ‚Kok-Kat 2’-Tiere (jeweils p = 0,000) und Kälber mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung, aber ohne gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen, (‚Kok-Kat 1’) (p = 0,005) hatten signifikant geringere relative Gewichtszunahmen als Tiere ohne bzw. ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’). Eine lineare Korrelation der Ausscheidung der pathogenen Spezies E. bovis und E. zuernii mit den absoluten (-0,098 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,005) und relativen Gewichtszunahmen (-0,170 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000) konnte statistisch bewiesen werden. Bei Haltung auf Stroheinstreu zeigten Tiere ohne bzw. mit weniger als 500 ausgeschiedenen OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (‚rK -’) signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung (p = 0,000). Dabei war es ohne Bedeutung, ob diese Kälber ein gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen zeigten oder nicht. Besonders zum Tragen kommen diese Unterschiede in der Gewichtsentwicklung in den Wochen mit den höchsten Oozystenausscheidungen bei zweigipfligem Infektionsverlauf. Unter den Milchviehkälbern nahmen Tiere ohne relevante Oozystenausscheidung signifikant mehr relatives Gewicht zu als Kälber mit kumulativ mindestens 500 OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (p = 0,004). Dies galt sowohl für Tiere mit gleichzeitigem Durchfall ‚Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0,002) als auch tendenziell für Kälber der Gruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,059). Mastviehkälber der Gruppe ‚rK -’ zeigten signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung ‚rK +’ (p = 0,039). Dies galt auch in Relation zu den Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,029). Während der Prävalenzuntersuchungen wurden insgesamt neun verschiedene Eimeria-Arten nachgewiesen. In Einzelkotproben wurden zwischen einer und neun verschiedene Spezies beobachtet. Unter den in Europa als heimisch bekannten Arten wurden während dieser Untersuchung lediglich E. wyomingensis, E. brasiliensis und E. bukidnonensis nicht gefunden. E. ellipsoidalis hatte sowohl die höchste Inzidenz (20,99 %) als auch die größte Intensität (arithmetischer Mittelwert von 765963,37 OpG), gefolgt von E. bovis und E. zuernii. Zudem wurde in Aufzuchtbetrieben E. ellipsoidalis in der Regel als erste Eimeria-Spezies, gefolgt von E. auburnensis und den pathogenen Arten E. zuernii und E. bovis, nachgewiesen. Die seltensten Spezies waren E. canadensis und E. pellita. Eimeria pellita wurde als letzte Art erst ab der fünften Woche nach Aufstallung beobachtet. E. cylindrica trat vermehrt in den Betrieben in Belgien und Frankreich auf. Diese Art sowie E. canadensis wurden nur in Betrieben in Bayern, Belgien und Frankreich festgestellt. E. pellita hatte, neben E. canadensis, die geringsten Prävalenzen, Nachweise wurden vor allem für zentral gelegene Betriebe sowie im Süden des Untersuchungsgebietes dokumentiert. Die Übereinstimmung der gefundenen Varianzen der Speziesprävalenzen der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit den Daten epidemiologischer Studien in den verschiedenen Regionen aus der Literatur bestätigt einen repräsentativen Charakter der Untersuchungsbetriebe. Dies belegt zusätzlich die Allgemeingültigkeit der festgestellten Einflussfaktoren auf das Auftreten und die Auswirkungen der Stallkokzidiose der Kälber. / A total number of 263 calves housed on 12 different farms in several regions in Germany, Belgium, France and the Czech Republic were followed individually in tracking studies and data was compiled and analysed to investigate factors influencing occurrence and severity of bovine eimeriosis of housed calves. The same data was used for development and verification of a suitable threshold indicating relevant oocyst excretion. Within the tracking studies a total number of 5840 faecal samples were examined for faecal consistency, oocyst counts of pathogenic E. bovis and E. zuernii excretion carried out and individual body weight development was documented regularly. Additionally 23 groups of animals on 16 farms were observed for a period of five weeks and 5133 faecal samples examined for oocyst excretion and Eimeria species differentiated. All study sites were positive for mixed coccidia species infections. Nevertheless all farms except one showed a predominance of one pathogenic Eimeria species, which remained unchanged in different groups of animals and even in different years of investigations. Animal origin, i.e. groups of animals representing own breeding or originating of only one source in contrast to groups of calves coming from several origins, influences the course of the coccidiosis infection. Farms with only one single and permanent animal origin or raising exclusively the own breeding show coccidiosis with a single peak of oocyst excretion. On farms housing groups of animals of various origins the course of infection and oocyst shedding has typically two peaks with an interval of two to three weeks. The risk for development of clinical coccidiosis rises significantly if animals were housed on straw bedding compared to slatted-floor (p = 0.005). Faecal scores correlated significantly (p = 0.000) with the intensity of oocyst excretion with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.135. For occurrence of diarrhoea a positive linear correlation with the oocyst excretion was statistically proved (p = 0.000) for various thresholds. At a threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii the correlation coefficient rised to 0.149 and correlation coefficients did not rise distinctly or even got down if higher thresholds were used (values between 0.153 and 0.121). Focusing only on potentially coccidiosis related diarrhoea the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii proved to result in the highest correlation (0.633; p = 0.000) of all tested threshold levels. Therefore the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii can be accounted modest and reliable to detect a relevant oocyst excretion in individual faecal samples as well as in compiled samples. In cases of coincidental diarrhoea coccidiosis can be considered as a major factor. Increased numbers of days with diarrhoea in coincidence with an oocyst excretion (‘Kokass-DF’) within the observation period were seen significantly more often (p = 0.000) in animals with a potentially relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK +’) of at least 500 summed up opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii in comparison to calves without such an oocyst excretion (‘rK -‘). Significantly lower faecal scores and fewer days with diarrhoea were documented for calves of the group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ in contrast to animals of group ‘rK -‘ (p = 0.000). Nevertheless significantly higher faecal scores and more days with diarrhoea than both other groups were calculated for those calves meeting the inclusion criteria for group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.000 for all comparisons). Additionally liquid faeces or faeces with constituencies were seen only in this group, except for one single sample of a calf of group ‘rK -‘. Calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ as well as both subpopulations representing group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ and calves with potentially relevant oocyst excretion but without diarrhoea associated to an oocyst excretion (‘Kok-Kat 1’) showed significant lower values for relative body weight increases in comparison to animals without relevant oocyst excretion throughout the complete study period of five weeks (‘rK -‘) (p = 0.000 vs. ‘rK +’ and vs. ‘Kok-Kat 2‘; p = 0.005 compared with ‘Kok-Kat 1’). A negative linear correlation between oocyst excretion of pathogenic Eimeria spp. and absolute (-0.098 correlation coefficient; p = 0.005) as well as relative body weight gain (-0.170 correlation coefficient) was verified statistically (p = 0.000). Animals housed on straw bedding and belonging to the group ‘rK -‘ gained relatively more body weight in comparison to calves housed in the same stables and meeting the inclusion criterium of group ‘rK +’, i.e. excreting at least 500 summed up opg of pathogenic E. spp., (p = 0.000) within the total study period. The presence of coincidental diarrhoea had no impact on impaired body weight development of animals with a potentially relevant coccidia excretion. Differences in body weight development were most distinct within the weeks of highest intensities in oocyst excretion according to a course of infection with two peaks. Within the subpopulation of dairy calves those animals belonging to evaluation group ‘rK -‘ developed significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.004). Similar results were found for animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.002) and a statistical tendency was calculated for group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.059) in comparison to group ‘rK -‘. Analogous to the differences in dairy calves animals on fattening farms without relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK -’) had significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.039) and animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.029) of the same breeds and farms. Nine different Eimeria spp. were detected during the prevalence studies. In single individual samples a minimum of one and up to nine different species were found. Twelve Eimeria spp. are known to be endemic in Europe of which only E. brasiliensis, E. bukidnonensis and E. wyomingensis were not present in any faecal sample in this study. E. bovis and E. zuernii were only second to E. ellipsoidalis which had the highest prevalence (20.99 %) as well as the highest intensity (765963.37 mean opg) in the faecal samples examined. In breeding farms E. ellipsoidalis was the first species to be found in faecal examination in most cases, followed by E. auburnensis and the pathogenic species E. zuernii and E. bovis. E. canadensis and E. pellita were detected only in a low number of samples. E. pellita was observed for the first time at the faecal samplings five weeks after stabling and mainly in farms situated in the central and southern region of the prevalence study. E. canadensis and E. cylindrica were most prominent in farms situated in Belgium and France. Variances in prevalence of the species observed are in conformity with those to be found in recent literature according to the different regions of Europe. This may indicate a representative character of the farms participating in this study and therefore universal validity of the results and impactfactors on coccidiosis in calves described in this manuscript.

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