The aim of the research is to explore the impact factors that the students of the private high school may consider. By so doing, we can understand the significant points that the private high school students may consider on the one hand and whether there exists any differences among the impact factors of choosing school from their diversity of backgrounds on the other hand. The survey is used in the research as the methodology; a survey tool is designed as ¡§The Impact Factors of the 12th and the 13th Grade Students in School Choosing.¡¨ The participants of the research are the 12th and the 13th grade students in a private school in Kaohsiung City. The data obtained would be further analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and so on. The research discovers that: I. The ¡§curriculum and teaching factor¡¨ is the most significant among the impact factors of the private high school students in their school choosing. II. In the item of ¡§key person¡¦s factor¡¨ of the private high school students in their school choosing, ¡§my own choice¡¨ is the most significant. III. In the item of ¡§curriculum and teaching¡¨ of the private high school students in their school choosing, ¡§teacher¡¦s hardworking¡¨ is the most significant. IV. In the item of ¡§school counseling factor¡¨ of the private high school students in their school choosing, ¡§the peers¡¦ good relationship¡¨ is the most significant. V. In the item of the ¡§environmental equipment factor¡¨ of the private high school students in their school choosing, ¡§the air conditioning in the classroom¡¨ is the most significant. VI. In the item of ¡§the school marketing factor¡¨ of the private high school students in their school choosing, ¡§the reasonable tuition¡¨ is the most significant. VII. The science-majored private high school students consider the ¡§counseling factor¡¨ and the ¡§school marketing factor¡¨ more than the humanities-majored students do. VIII. The male private high school students consider the ¡§curriculum and teaching factor¡¨ and the ¡§counseling factor¡¨ more than the female students do. IX. The private high school students whose father¡¦s education is ¡§more than graduate school¡¨ consider the ¡§counseling factor¡¨ more than those whose father¡¦s education is ¡§college or university¡¨ do. X. The private high school students whose mother¡¦s education is ¡§college or university¡¨ consider the ¡§key person¡¦s factor,¡¨ ¡§curriculum and teaching factor,¡¨ and ¡§counseling factor¡¨ more than those whose mother¡¦s education is ¡§less than the (vocational) high school¡¨ do. XI. The private high school students whose mother¡¦s education is ¡§less than the (vocational) high school¡¨ consider the ¡§school marketing factor¡¨ more than those whose mother¡¦s education is ¡§more than graduate school¡¨ do. XII. The private high school students who live in ¡§the suburban area¡¨ in their school choosing factors consider ¡§the environmental equipment factor¡¨ more than those who live in ¡§the urban area of Fongshan District¡¨ do. According to the results, the research attempts to propose student recruiting strategies for the private schools.

No description available.

In classic GARCH models for financial returns the innovations are usually assumed to be normally distributed. However, it is generally accepted that a non-normal innovation distribution is needed in order to account for the heavier tails often encountered in financial returns. Since the structure of the normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution makes it an attractive alternative innovation distribution for this purpose, we extend the normal GARCH model by assuming that the innovations are NIG-distributed. We use the normal variance mixture interpretation of the NIG distribution to show that a NIG innovation may be interpreted as a normal innovation coupled with a multiplicative random impact factor adjustment of the ordinary GARCH volatility. We relate this new volatility estimate to realised volatility and suggest that the random impact factors are due to a news noise process influencing the underlying returns process. This GARCH model with NIG-distributed innovations leads to more accurate parameter estimates than the normal GARCH model. In order to obtain even more accurate parameter estimates, and since we expect an information gain if we use more data, we further extend the model to cater for high, low and close data, as well as full intraday data, instead of only daily returns. This is achieved by introducing the Brownian inverse Gaussian (BIG) process, which follows naturally from the unit inverse Gaussian distribution and standard Brownian motion. Fitting these models to empirical data, we find that the accuracy of the model fit increases as we move from the models assuming normally distributed innovations and allowing for only daily data to those assuming underlying BIG processes and allowing for full intraday data. However, we do encounter one problematic result, namely that there is empirical evidence of time dependence in the random impact factors. This means that the news noise processes, which we assumed to be independent over time, are indeed time dependent, as can actually be expected. In order to cater for this time dependence, we extend the model still further by allowing for autocorrelation in the random impact factors. The increased complexity that this extension introduces means that we can no longer rely on standard Maximum Likelihood methods, but have to turn to Simulated Maximum Likelihood methods, in conjunction with Efficient Importance Sampling and the Control Variate variance reduction technique, in order to obtain an approximation to the likelihood function and the parameter estimates. We find that this time dependent model assuming an underlying BIG process and catering for full intraday data fits generated data and empirical data very well, as long as enough intraday data is available. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Risk Analysis))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Problem Statement. Anyone trying to analyze the dimensions of the impact of non-governmental organizations on democracy in the Baltic States comparatively faces a double dilemma: on the one hand, dimensions should be conceptualized and integrated into a range of theories and, on the other hand, the characteristics of the system in these countries both referring to historical reality and theoretical exceptions have to be taken into sufficient considerations. The latter constructs the following problem statement – the impact of non-governmental organizations on democracy can be regarded from approach of social sciences as a comprehensive interconnection, on which could be based theoretical outputs and which can be analyzed empirically applying qualitative and quantitative measures and meta-analysis. The problem statement has been used to guide the thesis by principle research questions: 1. What are the chances of support of non-governmental organizations to democracy?; 2. Which are the factors contributing most to the development of democracy in the Baltic States referring to the role of non-governmental organizations, and what are the differences among the countries? 3. What is the quality of the impact of relations between non-governmental organizations and democracy in the Baltic States, and what are the differences among the countries? The answers to these questions are definitely neither simple nor straight forward. They depend on the method of analysis and also on the... [to full text] / Temos aktualumas Demokratijos plėtros sąlygomis Rytų ir Centrinėje Europoje vienu svarbiausiu tyrimo objektu žlugus Sovietų Sąjungai tampa demokratija. Skirtingų šalių mokslininkai atlieka lyginamuosius tyrimus, remdamiesi gausiais statistikos duomenimis ir originalių tyrimų rezultatais, ir taip formuluoja išvadas, pabrėždami efektyvios demokratijos plėtros galimybes. Tačiau daugiausia tyrimų apima Lenkiją, Čekiją, Slovakiją, Vengrijos Respubliką ar net Rusijos Federaciją, bet maža jų dalis yra siejama su Baltijos šalimis. Pažymėtina ir tai, kad nėra pakankamai analizuojamos demokratijos ir pilietinės visuomenės sąsajos bei nevyriausybinių organizacijų, kaip pilietinės visuomenės elemento, įtakos demokratijai identifikavimo dimensijos. Skirtingų šalių mokslininkai (A. Uhlin, T. Vanhanen, L. Diamond, D. Held, R. Dahl ir kiti) teigia, kad svarbiausia demokratijos prielaida yra pilietinės visuomenės gebėjimas mobilizuotis. Pabrėžiama, kad nėra taip svarbu užtikrinti, kad kiekvienas pilietis aktyviai dalyvautų politiniame procese, tačiau kiekvienas turi turėti tokią galimybę (A. Uhlin, 2004). Praktinėje veikloje pastebima, kad pilietinei visuomenei siekiant dalyvauti politinėje, socialinėje, ekonominėje ar kultūrinėje arenoje būtina pasitelkti nevyriausybines organizacijas, kurių veikla padeda įgyvendinti pilietinės visuomenės idėjas, tačiau šioje disertacijoje nagrinėjama ne nevyriausybinių organizacijų veikla, o tik jų sąsajos su demokratija. Vis dėlto nepaisant gana gausių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

In classic GARCH models for financial returns the innovations are usually assumed to be normally distributed. However, it is generally accepted that a non-normal innovation distribution is needed in order to account for the heavier tails often encountered in financial returns. Since the structure of the normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution makes it an attractive alternative innovation distribution for this purpose, we extend the normal GARCH model by assuming that the innovations are NIG-distributed. We use the normal variance mixture interpretation of the NIG distribution to show that a NIG innovation may be interpreted as a normal innovation coupled with a multiplicative random impact factor adjustment of the ordinary GARCH volatility. We relate this new volatility estimate to realised volatility and suggest that the random impact factors are due to a news noise process influencing the underlying returns process. This GARCH model with NIG-distributed innovations leads to more accurate parameter estimates than the normal GARCH model. In order to obtain even more accurate parameter estimates, and since we expect an information gain if we use more data, we further extend the model to cater for high, low and close data, as well as full intraday data, instead of only daily returns. This is achieved by introducing the Brownian inverse Gaussian (BIG) process, which follows naturally from the unit inverse Gaussian distribution and standard Brownian motion. Fitting these models to empirical data, we find that the accuracy of the model fit increases as we move from the models assuming normally distributed innovations and allowing for only daily data to those assuming underlying BIG processes and allowing for full intraday data. However, we do encounter one problematic result, namely that there is empirical evidence of time dependence in the random impact factors. This means that the news noise processes, which we assumed to be independent over time, are indeed time dependent, as can actually be expected. In order to cater for this time dependence, we extend the model still further by allowing for autocorrelation in the random impact factors. The increased complexity that this extension introduces means that we can no longer rely on standard Maximum Likelihood methods, but have to turn to Simulated Maximum Likelihood methods, in conjunction with Efficient Importance Sampling and the Control Variate variance reduction technique, in order to obtain an approximation to the likelihood function and the parameter estimates. We find that this time dependent model assuming an underlying BIG process and catering for full intraday data fits generated data and empirical data very well, as long as enough intraday data is available. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Risk Analysis))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Water and wastewater treatment is a critical service provided for protecting human health and the environment. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been placed on energy consumption in water and wastewater systems for the following reasons: (1) Water and energy are two interrelated resources. The nexus between water and energy can intensify the crises of fresh water and fossil fuel shortages; (2) The demand of water/wastewater treatment services is expected to continue to increase with increasing population, economic development and land use change in the foreseeable future; and (3) There is a great potential to mitigate energy use in water and wastewater systems by recovering resources in wastewater treatment systems. As a result, the goal of this dissertation study is to assess the life cycle energy use of both water supply systems and wastewater treatment systems, explore the potential of integrated resource recovery to reduce energy consumption in wastewater systems, and understand the major factors impacting the life cycle energy use of water systems. To achieve the goal, an input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model was developed for calculating life cycle energy in water and wastewater systems in the US. This approach is more comprehensive and less labor intensive than the traditional life cycle assessment. Additionally, this model is flexible in terms of data availability. It can give a rough estimation of embodied energy in water systems with limited data input. Given more site specific data, the model can modify the embodied energy of different energy paths involved in water related sectors. Using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model, the life cycle energy of a groundwater supply system (Kalamazoo, Michigan) and a surface water supply system (Tampa, Florida) was compared. The two systems evaluated have comparable total energy embodiments based on unit water production. However, the onsite energy use of the groundwater supply system is approximately 27% greater than the surface water supply system. This was primarily due to more extensive pumping requirements. On the other hand, the groundwater system uses approximately 31% less indirect energy than the surface water system, mainly because of fewer chemicals used for treatment. The results from this and other studies were also compiled to provide a relative comparison of embodied energy for major water supply options. The comparison shows that desalination is the most energy intensive option among all the water sources. The embodied energy and benefits of reclaimed water depend on local situations and additional treatment needed to ensure treated wastewater suitable for the desired application. A review was conducted on the current resource recovery technologies in wastewater treatment systems. It reveals that there are very limited life cycle studies on the resource recovery technologies applied in the municipal wastewater treatment systems and their integrations. Hence, a life cycle study was carried out to investigate the carbon neutrality in a state-of-art wastewater treatment plant in Tampa, FL. Three resource recovery methods were specifically investigated: onsite energy generation through combined heat and power systems, nutrient recycling through biosolids land application, and water reuse for residential irrigation. The embodied energy and the associated carbon footprint were estimated using the input-output-based hybrid embodied energy model and carbon emission factors. It was shown that the integrated resource (energy, nutrient and water) recovery has the potential to offset all the direct operational energy; however, it is not able to offset the total embodied energy of the treatment plant to achieve carbon neutrality. Among the three resource recovery methods, water reuse has the highest potential of offsetting carbon footprint, while nutrient recycling has the lowest. A final application of the model was to study on the correlation between embodied energy in regional water supply systems and demographic and environmental characteristics. It shows that energy embodied in water supply systems in a region is related to and can be estimated by population, land use patterns, especially percentage of urban land and water source, and water sources. This model provides an alternative way to quickly estimate embodied energy of water supply in a region. The estimated embodied energy of water supply can further be used as a supporting tool for decision making and planning.

Kompetensutveckling är en viktig del i dagens föränderliga samhälle. Syftet med studien var att undersöka chefers upplevelser kring vem och vad som styr samt driver den egna kompetensutvecklingen. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod där chefer från en kommunal organisation och en privat organisation har intervjuats och ett jämförande perspektiv mellan organisationerna har tagits i beaktande. Ett hermeneutiskt tillvägagångssätt har använts och teman identifierades utifrån chefernas upplevelser. Resultatet påvisade att den egna påverkan var den största påverkansfaktorn på chefers kompetensutveckling men att cheferna även upplevde personalens behov, HR och verksamhetens behov som betydelsefulla påverkansfaktorer. Andra utmärkande teman som uppmärksammades av cheferna som påverkansfaktorer var: den egna chefen, organisationen samt myndigheter. Ämnet kring vad som upplevs styra och driva chefers kompetensutveckling är mindre beforskat och studien bidrar till djupare förståelse och en grund för vidare forskning. / Competence development is an important part of today's changing society. The purpose of the study was to investigate managers' experiences of who and what directs and drive their competence development. The study was conducted through a qualitative method in which managers from a municipal organization and a private organization have been interviewed and a comparative perspective between the organizations has been considered. A hermeneutical approach has been used and themes were identified based on the experiences of the managers. The results showed that their own impact was the greatest factor of influence on the managers' competence development. However, they also experienced the needs of staff, HR and the business' needs as significant impact factors. Other distinctive themes that were noted by the managers as impact factors were: their own manager, the organization and the authorities. Research on what is perceived to direct and drive managers' competence development is scarce and the study contributes to deeper understanding and a foundation for further research.

The most common approach in system development is agiledevelopment methods that are based on the team membersworking physically close to each other and face-to-facecommunication. Which contributes to increased efficiency andimproved team cohesion and motivation to work for each other.Although agile system development methods are best suited forteams that are co-located, many organizations apply the agileapproach even if they work distributed. Distributed work is anestablished form of work that is used all over the world to createthe opportunity for a flexible way of work where geographicallimitations are reduced. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020several agile development teams were forced into distributedwork, which meant working from home and face-to-facecommunication became more difficult as the team was spread outin different places. As the restrictions ceased after the Covid-19pandemic, people began to return to their workplaces, severalpeople wanted to continue working from home if the opportunityarose. A hybrid form of work is considered to be the new way ofwork, which means a flexible way of working where the workplaceis site-independent and employees can choose whether they wantto work from the office, work from home or other locations.The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect theagile work process of hybrid teams. To fulfill the purpose aqualitative approach where used and semi-structured interviewswere conducted with five respondents from an IT company incentral Sweden. The identified factors were, Work ethic,Communication, Cohesion, Adaptability, Work environment andWell-being. These impact factors contribute to how the workprocess within hybrid teams works. By taking all the impact factorsinto consideration, the conditions can increase to achieve asuccessful work process in hybrid teams and increase efficiencywithin the team / Agil systemutveckling anses vara det vanligaste arbetssättet inomsystemutveckling. Agil systemutveckling anses kunna bidra tilleffektivare resultat genom att teammedlemmar arbetar fysiskt näravarandra och kommunicerar med varandra ansikte mot ansikte.Trots att agila systemutvecklingsmetoder lämpar sig bäst för teamsom är samlokaliserade är det många organisationer som tillämpardet agila arbetssättet även om de arbetar distribuerat. Distribueratarbete är en etablerad arbetsform som används över hela världenför att skapa möjligheten till ett flexiblare arbetssätt därgeografiska begränsningar minskar. På grund av Covid-19-pandemin som utbröt år 2020 tvingades flera agila utvecklingsteamtill distribuerat arbete, vilket innebar att arbeta hemifrån ochkommunikation ansikte mot ansikte försvårades då teamet blevutspritt på olika platser. Allt eftersom restriktionerna upphördesom Covid-19-pandemin medfört och människor börjat återgå tillsina arbetsplatser är det flera som vill fortsätta arbeta hemifrån ommöjligheten finns. En hybrid arbetsform anses vara det nyaarbetssättet som innebär ett flexibelt arbetssätt där arbetsplatsen ärplatsoberoende och medarbetare får välja om de vill arbeta frånkontoret, hemifrån eller från annan plats.Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera faktorer som påverkarhybrida teams agila arbetsprocess. För att uppfylla syftet användeskvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördesmed fem respondenter från ett IT-företag i mellansverige. Sexpåverkansfaktorer identifierades, Arbetsmoral, Kommunikation,Gemenskap, Anpassningsbarhet, Arbetsmiljö och Välmående.Dessa påverkansfaktorer bidrar till hur arbetsprocessen inomhybrida team fungerar. Genom att ta samtliga påverkansfaktorer ibeaktning kan förutsättningarna öka för att ett hybridteamsarbetsprocess ska fungera samt öka effektiviteten inom teamet.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von 263 Einzeltierverfolgungen in 12 Betrieben in verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich und der Tschechischen Republik zur Stallkokzidiose der Kälber zusammengefasst ausgewertet. Während diesen Untersuchungen wurden 5840 Kotproben beurteilt. Dabei wurden das Auftreten und die Ausprägung der Eimeriose der Kälber analysiert und potentielle Einflussfaktoren untersucht und ein verlässlicher Schwellenwert für die Bewertung der Oozystenausscheidung ermittelt. Weiterhin wurden in 16 Betrieben bei 23 gemeinsam aufgestallten Kälbergruppen Spezies-Prävalenzuntersuchungen über einen Zeitraum von fünf Wochen durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden 5133 Proben ausgewertet, davon 3519 mit Teil- und 1614 mit vollständiger Differenzierung. In allen Betrieben traten die Kotkzidiosen als eine Mischinfektion verschiedener Eimeria-Arten auf. Dabei herrschte in der Regel in jedem Betrieb eine der beiden pathogensten Spezies vor. Diese Prädominanz blieb auch über mehrere Jahre gleich in den Betrieben. Die Herkunft der Kälber hatte einen Einfluss auf den Infektionsverlauf. In Betrieben mit ausschließlich eigener Nachzucht verläuft die Kokzidiose als eingipflige Infektion, bei Zukaufbetrieben ist der Infektionsverlauf zweigipflig. Ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko des Auftretens einer klinisch ausgeprägten Kokzidiose bei Aufstallung auf Stroheinstreu im Vergleich zur Haltung auf Spaltenboden konnte bewiesen werden (p = 0,005). In der Verfolgungsuntersuchung korrelierten die Kokonsistenzwerte mit den nachgewiesenen OpG in den Kotproben positiv signifikant (0,135 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Für das Auftreten von Durchfall konnte eine statistisch bewiesene lineare Korrelation mit der Oozystenausscheidung für diverse Schwellenwerte festgestellt werden (p = 0,000). Bei einem Grenzwert von 500 OpG lag der Korrelationskoeffizient bei 0,149. Die Korrelationswerte erhöhten sich nicht wesentlich bei Festlegung eines höheren Grenzwertes für die Oozystenausscheidung oder sanken sogar (0,153 bis 0,121). Bei der Verrechnung von Durchfallvorkommen mit gleichzeitiger, potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung mit den verschiedenen Schwellenwerten der Oozystenausscheidung konnte der höchste Zusammenhang zwischen dem Durchfallgeschehen und dem Schwellenwert von 500 OpG bewiesen werden (0,633 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000). Daher kann ein Wert von 500 OpG pathogener Eimeria spp. als geeigneter Schwellenwert für die Feststellung einer relevanten Oozystenausscheidung angesehen werden. Bei gleichzeitigem Auftreten von Durchfall ist von einer maßgeblichen Beteiligung der Eimerien auszugehen. Ein gehäuftes Auftreten von mit Oozystenausscheidung assoziierten Durchfällen trat bei Tieren ohne oder ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’) signifikant seltener auf (p = 0,000) als bei Tieren mit mindestens 500 aufsummierten OpG während des gesamten Beobachtungszeitraumes (‚rK +’). Kälber der Kategorie ‚Kok-Kat 1’ hatten signifikant niedrigere Kotkonsistenzwerte und weniger Durchfälle als Tiere der Subpopulation ‚rK -’ (p = 0,000). Dagegen hatten die Tiere der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ statistisch bewiesen in allen Durchfall-Kategorien höhere Werte bzw. ein häufigeres Durchfallvorkommen als beide anderen Subpopulationen (p = 0,000 für alle Vergleiche). Wässrige Durchfälle mit Beimengungen traten, mit Ausnahme einer Einzelbeobachtung in Gruppe ‚rK -’, ausschließlich bei Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 2’ auf. Sowohl Kälber der Gruppe ‚rK +’ als auch ‚Kok-Kat 2’-Tiere (jeweils p = 0,000) und Kälber mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung, aber ohne gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen, (‚Kok-Kat 1’) (p = 0,005) hatten signifikant geringere relative Gewichtszunahmen als Tiere ohne bzw. ohne potentiell relevante Oozystenausscheidung (‚rK -’). Eine lineare Korrelation der Ausscheidung der pathogenen Spezies E. bovis und E. zuernii mit den absoluten (-0,098 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,005) und relativen Gewichtszunahmen (-0,170 Korrelationskoeffizient; p = 0,000) konnte statistisch bewiesen werden. Bei Haltung auf Stroheinstreu zeigten Tiere ohne bzw. mit weniger als 500 ausgeschiedenen OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (‚rK -’) signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung (p = 0,000). Dabei war es ohne Bedeutung, ob diese Kälber ein gleichzeitiges Durchfallgeschehen zeigten oder nicht. Besonders zum Tragen kommen diese Unterschiede in der Gewichtsentwicklung in den Wochen mit den höchsten Oozystenausscheidungen bei zweigipfligem Infektionsverlauf. Unter den Milchviehkälbern nahmen Tiere ohne relevante Oozystenausscheidung signifikant mehr relatives Gewicht zu als Kälber mit kumulativ mindestens 500 OpG im Untersuchungszeitraum (p = 0,004). Dies galt sowohl für Tiere mit gleichzeitigem Durchfall ‚Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0,002) als auch tendenziell für Kälber der Gruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,059). Mastviehkälber der Gruppe ‚rK -’ zeigten signifikant höhere relative Zunahmen im Vergleich zu Tieren mit potentiell relevanter Oozystenausscheidung ‚rK +’ (p = 0,039). Dies galt auch in Relation zu den Kälbern der Auswertungsgruppe ‚Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0,029). Während der Prävalenzuntersuchungen wurden insgesamt neun verschiedene Eimeria-Arten nachgewiesen. In Einzelkotproben wurden zwischen einer und neun verschiedene Spezies beobachtet. Unter den in Europa als heimisch bekannten Arten wurden während dieser Untersuchung lediglich E. wyomingensis, E. brasiliensis und E. bukidnonensis nicht gefunden. E. ellipsoidalis hatte sowohl die höchste Inzidenz (20,99 %) als auch die größte Intensität (arithmetischer Mittelwert von 765963,37 OpG), gefolgt von E. bovis und E. zuernii. Zudem wurde in Aufzuchtbetrieben E. ellipsoidalis in der Regel als erste Eimeria-Spezies, gefolgt von E. auburnensis und den pathogenen Arten E. zuernii und E. bovis, nachgewiesen. Die seltensten Spezies waren E. canadensis und E. pellita. Eimeria pellita wurde als letzte Art erst ab der fünften Woche nach Aufstallung beobachtet. E. cylindrica trat vermehrt in den Betrieben in Belgien und Frankreich auf. Diese Art sowie E. canadensis wurden nur in Betrieben in Bayern, Belgien und Frankreich festgestellt. E. pellita hatte, neben E. canadensis, die geringsten Prävalenzen, Nachweise wurden vor allem für zentral gelegene Betriebe sowie im Süden des Untersuchungsgebietes dokumentiert. Die Übereinstimmung der gefundenen Varianzen der Speziesprävalenzen der vorliegenden Untersuchung mit den Daten epidemiologischer Studien in den verschiedenen Regionen aus der Literatur bestätigt einen repräsentativen Charakter der Untersuchungsbetriebe. Dies belegt zusätzlich die Allgemeingültigkeit der festgestellten Einflussfaktoren auf das Auftreten und die Auswirkungen der Stallkokzidiose der Kälber. / A total number of 263 calves housed on 12 different farms in several regions in Germany, Belgium, France and the Czech Republic were followed individually in tracking studies and data was compiled and analysed to investigate factors influencing occurrence and severity of bovine eimeriosis of housed calves. The same data was used for development and verification of a suitable threshold indicating relevant oocyst excretion. Within the tracking studies a total number of 5840 faecal samples were examined for faecal consistency, oocyst counts of pathogenic E. bovis and E. zuernii excretion carried out and individual body weight development was documented regularly. Additionally 23 groups of animals on 16 farms were observed for a period of five weeks and 5133 faecal samples examined for oocyst excretion and Eimeria species differentiated. All study sites were positive for mixed coccidia species infections. Nevertheless all farms except one showed a predominance of one pathogenic Eimeria species, which remained unchanged in different groups of animals and even in different years of investigations. Animal origin, i.e. groups of animals representing own breeding or originating of only one source in contrast to groups of calves coming from several origins, influences the course of the coccidiosis infection. Farms with only one single and permanent animal origin or raising exclusively the own breeding show coccidiosis with a single peak of oocyst excretion. On farms housing groups of animals of various origins the course of infection and oocyst shedding has typically two peaks with an interval of two to three weeks. The risk for development of clinical coccidiosis rises significantly if animals were housed on straw bedding compared to slatted-floor (p = 0.005). Faecal scores correlated significantly (p = 0.000) with the intensity of oocyst excretion with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.135. For occurrence of diarrhoea a positive linear correlation with the oocyst excretion was statistically proved (p = 0.000) for various thresholds. At a threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii the correlation coefficient rised to 0.149 and correlation coefficients did not rise distinctly or even got down if higher thresholds were used (values between 0.153 and 0.121). Focusing only on potentially coccidiosis related diarrhoea the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii proved to result in the highest correlation (0.633; p = 0.000) of all tested threshold levels. Therefore the threshold of 500 opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii can be accounted modest and reliable to detect a relevant oocyst excretion in individual faecal samples as well as in compiled samples. In cases of coincidental diarrhoea coccidiosis can be considered as a major factor. Increased numbers of days with diarrhoea in coincidence with an oocyst excretion (‘Kokass-DF’) within the observation period were seen significantly more often (p = 0.000) in animals with a potentially relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK +’) of at least 500 summed up opg of E. bovis and E. zuernii in comparison to calves without such an oocyst excretion (‘rK -‘). Significantly lower faecal scores and fewer days with diarrhoea were documented for calves of the group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ in contrast to animals of group ‘rK -‘ (p = 0.000). Nevertheless significantly higher faecal scores and more days with diarrhoea than both other groups were calculated for those calves meeting the inclusion criteria for group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.000 for all comparisons). Additionally liquid faeces or faeces with constituencies were seen only in this group, except for one single sample of a calf of group ‘rK -‘. Calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ as well as both subpopulations representing group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ and calves with potentially relevant oocyst excretion but without diarrhoea associated to an oocyst excretion (‘Kok-Kat 1’) showed significant lower values for relative body weight increases in comparison to animals without relevant oocyst excretion throughout the complete study period of five weeks (‘rK -‘) (p = 0.000 vs. ‘rK +’ and vs. ‘Kok-Kat 2‘; p = 0.005 compared with ‘Kok-Kat 1’). A negative linear correlation between oocyst excretion of pathogenic Eimeria spp. and absolute (-0.098 correlation coefficient; p = 0.005) as well as relative body weight gain (-0.170 correlation coefficient) was verified statistically (p = 0.000). Animals housed on straw bedding and belonging to the group ‘rK -‘ gained relatively more body weight in comparison to calves housed in the same stables and meeting the inclusion criterium of group ‘rK +’, i.e. excreting at least 500 summed up opg of pathogenic E. spp., (p = 0.000) within the total study period. The presence of coincidental diarrhoea had no impact on impaired body weight development of animals with a potentially relevant coccidia excretion. Differences in body weight development were most distinct within the weeks of highest intensities in oocyst excretion according to a course of infection with two peaks. Within the subpopulation of dairy calves those animals belonging to evaluation group ‘rK -‘ developed significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.004). Similar results were found for animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 2’ (p = 0.002) and a statistical tendency was calculated for group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.059) in comparison to group ‘rK -‘. Analogous to the differences in dairy calves animals on fattening farms without relevant oocyst excretion (‘rK -’) had significantly higher relative body weight gains compared to calves of evaluation group ‘rK +’ (p = 0.039) and animals of group ‘Kok-Kat 1’ (p = 0.029) of the same breeds and farms. Nine different Eimeria spp. were detected during the prevalence studies. In single individual samples a minimum of one and up to nine different species were found. Twelve Eimeria spp. are known to be endemic in Europe of which only E. brasiliensis, E. bukidnonensis and E. wyomingensis were not present in any faecal sample in this study. E. bovis and E. zuernii were only second to E. ellipsoidalis which had the highest prevalence (20.99 %) as well as the highest intensity (765963.37 mean opg) in the faecal samples examined. In breeding farms E. ellipsoidalis was the first species to be found in faecal examination in most cases, followed by E. auburnensis and the pathogenic species E. zuernii and E. bovis. E. canadensis and E. pellita were detected only in a low number of samples. E. pellita was observed for the first time at the faecal samplings five weeks after stabling and mainly in farms situated in the central and southern region of the prevalence study. E. canadensis and E. cylindrica were most prominent in farms situated in Belgium and France. Variances in prevalence of the species observed are in conformity with those to be found in recent literature according to the different regions of Europe. This may indicate a representative character of the farms participating in this study and therefore universal validity of the results and impactfactors on coccidiosis in calves described in this manuscript.

Syfte – Ett IT-projekt påverkas av faktorer som i olika faser på olika sätt leder till positiva eller negativa konsekvenser. Dessa faktorer bör identifieras, analyseras och hanteras för att skapa ett lyckat IT-projekt. Därmed är studiens syfte: Undersöka viktiga aspekter som påverkar ett IT-projekt. Metod – En fallstudie med intervjuer på ett utvalt fallföretag har genomförts. Intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket för att därefter besvara studiens två frågeställningar och uppnå syftet med studien. Resultat – Resultatet från fallstudien visar på 16 faktorer som påverkar ett IT-projekt: strategi, ledarskap, stöd, team, management, plan, extern, kultur, förändring, process, kommunikation, teknik, utbildning, användare och egenmakt. Faktorerna ledarskap, stöd, kompetens, kultur och kommunikation är betydelsefulla i alla projektets faser medan de övriga faktorerna visar sig har mer eller mindre påverkan beroende på vilken fas projektet befinner sig i. Faktorernas betydelse på projektet och faserna varierar även beroende på projektmedlemmarnas roll. Resultatet från fallstudien redogör för de tre viktigaste faktorerna som bidrar till om ett projekt blir lyckat eller ej vilka är: kommunikation, ledarskap och egenmakt. Implikationer – Studien ger en generell bild över hur påverkansfaktorer i ett IT-projekt bör hanteras. De viktigaste faktorerna i olika faser belyses, därmed kan studiens resultat finnas som en vägledning för verksamheter som arbetar med IT-projekt. Studien kan finnas som stöd för verksamheter genom att identifiera de faktorer som avgör om projektet blir lyckat eller ej. Begränsningar – Denna studie har genomförts på ett fallföretag. Om fler fallföretag blivit studerade hade reliabiliteten blivit större. / Purpose – An IT project is affected by factors in different phases that in different ways lead to positive or negative consequences. These factors should be identified, analyzed and managed to create a successful IT project. The purpose of the study is thus to: Investigate important aspects that affect an IT project. Method – A case study with interviews at a selected case company has been conducted. The interviews were analyzed using the theoretical framework in order to answer the study's two questions and achieve the purpose of the study. Findings – The result from the case study shows 16 factors that affect an IT project: strategy, leadership, support, team, management, plan, external, culture, change, process, communication, technology, education, users and empowerment. The factors of leadership, support, competence, culture and communication are important in all phases of the project, while the other factors appear to have more or less influence depending on the phase of the project. The results from the case study describe the three most important factors that contribute to whether or not a project is successful: communication, leadership and empowerment. Implications – The study provides a general picture of how impacting factors in an IT project should be managed. The most important factors in different phases are highlighted, thus the study's results can serve as a guide for businesses working on IT projects. The study can be used to support businesses by identifying the factors that determine whether the project is successful or not. Limitations – This study was conducted at one company. If more case companies had been studied, reliability would have been greater.