When students are asked about their motivation to succeed in a course, about whether they enjoyed their instructor, and about their overall satisfaction with the class, answers can often be traced back to an educator who was perceived by the student as caring. Perceived caring occurs when a student feels that a teacher’s positive behaviors directed toward the student are motivated by good intentions and good will. Research in the area of teacher care has almost exclusively focused on elementary and secondary classrooms, and has advanced the theory that caring teachers and caring classroom environments prompt many positive educational outcomes. Noticeably lacking from the caring literature is research focusing on the application of caring theory in postsecondary classrooms. Does caring have as large an impact on college students? A pilot study was conducted in which four students at a major university were invited to document their thoughts and perceptions of care by their professors, and were asked to pay particular attention to what caring behaviors their professors took. As a result of the qualitative analysis, five caring behaviors were discovered: efforts by professors to know student names, efforts to display care and concern during office hours, efforts in knowing and understanding students, efforts to create interesting and applicable lessons, and efforts to address student concerns during class. The current study sought through further qualitative inquiry to validate these five caring behaviors and attempted to identify others that may strengthen an atmosphere of perceived care in the college classroom. Twenty students were interviewed and invited to chronicle impressions of caring principles in their classrooms, with the objective of shedding insight into those caring behaviors that are most meaningful. Ten professors were also interviewed regarding their perceptions of extending care to students. Eight factors were found to influence the perception of care in college classrooms. These included verbal expressions of care, nonverbal expressions of care, knowing student names, displaying care and concern during office hours, making an effort to get to know students, creating interesting and applicable lessons, addressing student concerns during class, and the existence of a “feeling of care.”

<p>Den här uppsatsen var en genomgång av litteratur som publicerats mellan 2005 till mars 2008 rörande ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) i förhållande till arbetsterapi. ICF är en klassifikation som anses vara användbar inom rehabilitering och arbetsterapi. Syftet med studien var att redogöra för den senaste vetenskapliga litteraturens beskrivningar om betydelsen och användningen av ICF inom arbetsterapi. Frågeställningarna var inriktade mot hur ICF använts inom olika områden, vilka faktorer som påverkar användningen, vilka metoder som kan utnyttjas för att öka användning samt kritik och utvecklingsmöjligheter för ICF. En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes med sökningar i olika databaser och 13 artiklar inkluderas efter urvalsprocessen. Artiklarna analyserades först utifrån frågeställningarna med hjälp av en mall. Under de teman som togs fram utifrån frågeställningarna identifierades ett antal skiljda kategorier där vissa teman innehöll flera kategorier och vissa teman endast en kategori. ICF kan användas i arbetsterapeutisk forskning och praxis i många olika syften bl.a. för identifiering av olika faktorer som t ex hinder eller funktionsproblem. Låg kunskapsnivå, otillräckliga resurser och ont om tid bidrog till att ICF inte används. Effektivare utbildningsmetoder och lättillgänglig information skulle således bidra till ökad användning. Ur arbetsterapeutisk synvinkel gavs både positiv och negativ kritik och till följd av detta anser många att ICF behövde utvecklas för att bättre passa arbetsterapi. Större delen av resultatet bekräftade de fynd som tidigare forskning presenterat. Slutsatsen var att mer information och utbildning var det första steget för att på sikt öka användandet av ICF i arbetsterapi.</p>

Den här uppsatsen var en genomgång av litteratur som publicerats mellan 2005 till mars 2008 rörande ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) i förhållande till arbetsterapi. ICF är en klassifikation som anses vara användbar inom rehabilitering och arbetsterapi. Syftet med studien var att redogöra för den senaste vetenskapliga litteraturens beskrivningar om betydelsen och användningen av ICF inom arbetsterapi. Frågeställningarna var inriktade mot hur ICF använts inom olika områden, vilka faktorer som påverkar användningen, vilka metoder som kan utnyttjas för att öka användning samt kritik och utvecklingsmöjligheter för ICF. En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes med sökningar i olika databaser och 13 artiklar inkluderas efter urvalsprocessen. Artiklarna analyserades först utifrån frågeställningarna med hjälp av en mall. Under de teman som togs fram utifrån frågeställningarna identifierades ett antal skiljda kategorier där vissa teman innehöll flera kategorier och vissa teman endast en kategori. ICF kan användas i arbetsterapeutisk forskning och praxis i många olika syften bl.a. för identifiering av olika faktorer som t ex hinder eller funktionsproblem. Låg kunskapsnivå, otillräckliga resurser och ont om tid bidrog till att ICF inte används. Effektivare utbildningsmetoder och lättillgänglig information skulle således bidra till ökad användning. Ur arbetsterapeutisk synvinkel gavs både positiv och negativ kritik och till följd av detta anser många att ICF behövde utvecklas för att bättre passa arbetsterapi. Större delen av resultatet bekräftade de fynd som tidigare forskning presenterat. Slutsatsen var att mer information och utbildning var det första steget för att på sikt öka användandet av ICF i arbetsterapi.

Extreme hunger, malnutrition, and the lack of access to sanitation are among the most pressing development challenges, but the world is not on track to meet the targets that have been established by the Millennium Development Goals. The integration of wastewater treatment and food production systems allows for the recovery of resources from wastewater, and can provide an important solution to meet the sanitation needs of growing urban populations and provide periurban farmers with a consistent supply of water and nutrients. Stabilization ponds have been long considered to be an appropriate technology for wastewater reuse systems in developing countries, but advanced anaerobic treatment technologies, such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, are also becoming common. The objective of this study is to evaluate the reuse potential of wastewater for irrigation from two community-managed treatment systems in Bolivia: one consisting of three stabilization ponds in series (three-pond system) and the other consisting of a UASB reactor and two stabilization ponds in series (UASB-pond system). Specifically, the removal of helminth eggs and thermotolerant coliform bacteria is measured in both systems and evaluated with respect to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, which are based on health targets. Results indicate that both systems provide good removal of conventional water quality parameters but poor removal of nutrients, discharging effluents with 37 to 54 mg/L of total nitrogen and 5.7 to 9.4 mg/L of total phosphorus. The three-pond system provided >92% removal of helminth eggs and 3.4-log removal of thermotolerant coliforms, and no geohelminth eggs were detected in the system effluents. However, Ascaris eggs were detected in the effluents of the UASB-pond system and the overall removal of thermotolerant coliforms was only 2.3 log units. Viability estimates based on the use of a vital stain indicate that eggs detected in pond effluents are less likely to be viable than eggs detected in the raw wastewater, in the sludge, or in the effluent of the UASB reactor. Sludge samples from the facultative pond in the three-pond system had higher concentrations of helminth eggs than sludge samples from the UASB reactor. Based on these results, the effluents from the three-pond system can be reused for irrigating any crop with the exception of root crops and low-growing crops that can be consumed raw (i.e. onions and strawberries). Effluents from the three-pond system may be used to irrigate salad crops or high-growing crops that are consumed raw, but additional public health interventions must be implemented throughout the food production process to meet WHO recommendations for protecting the health of farmers and consumers. The effluents from the UASB-pond system should not be reused unless improvements to the system increase its pathogen removal efficiency. The results from this study indicate that a system consisting of stabilization ponds in series may produce a higher quality effluent that is more suitable for wastewater irrigation than a system with a UASB reactor.

The aim of this study was to investigate how young adults who stutterer allocate attentional resources during two linguistic stages in picture naming, specifically lemma and lexeme retrieval. This study reports on behavioral and brain electrophysiological data collected during a simple auditory oddball task and a Dual Picture-Word Interference/Tone Monitoring Task.

The debate regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using DDT for IRS has divided the scientific community. The health benefits of reducing malaria spreading are weighed against the potential health and environmental consequences of the chemical, and opinions also differ regarding the cost-effectiveness of the use of DDT. Global recommendations regarding use of DDT for IRS have been issued by the WHO, and the receipt of these on the local level is determined by the intended beneficiaries’ perception of legitimacy of the organisation. The WHO recommendations on DDT as well as interviews conducted with residents of a South African village and representatives for two South African NGOs have been reviewed using qualitative content analysis. This method was used to highlight different perceptions of and views on DDT use, as well as for examining the potential effect that the interviewees’ perception of international institutions’ legitimacy has on their views on DDT. This study shows that the controversy regarding DDT is not as prominent on the local level as on the global level, and that the perceptions of IRS with DDT differ between the WHO, the NGOs and the residents of the village. Further, this study shows that assessing legitimacy is dependent on a definition of “the people” in question, and that the accountability of authoritative actors on different levels needs to be evaluated further.

Thesis (MA)--Macquarie University (Division of Humanities, Dept. of Contemporary Music Studies), 2005. / A creative work and dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Dept. of Contemporary Music Studies. Dissertation, libretto and score of the opera. Bibliography: p. 138-141.

This thesis explores the intersection of folkloric ritual theory and popular culture, expressed in science fiction television. The three-part rite of passage model established by folklorist Arnold van Gennep and later expounded upon by anthropologist Victor Turner is used as an analytical tool to establish the themes and structures of two popular television programs, Battlestar Galactica and Doctor Who. Both contain structures that resemble a rite of passage and exhibit a particular feature of the liminal stage of a rite of passage: ludic recombination. In the discussion of Battlestar Galactica, the plot arc of the entire series is analyzed as a rite of passage. On Doctor Who, the ritual model is examined as a structural component of the "companion" character. The structure and features of rites of passage allow science fiction narratives to explore sociocultural issues and existential themes in a meaningful way.

Ce projet de recherche envisage la construction de l’histoire du réseau mondial de surveillance de la grippe de l’OMS à partir de sa création en 1947 et jusqu'à présent. La problématique est divisée en cinq axes. Le premier porte sur l’étude de la mise en place et de l’évolution du réseau en soulignant son rôle de programme global de santé publique dans la prévention et le contrôle des épidémies et des pandémies grippales. Le deuxième analyse le réseau en tant que programme innovateur et en évolution constante devant faire face aux urgences de santé publique imposées par l’émergence continue des nouveaux virus et par les pandémies et les menaces des pandémies grippales. Le troisième examine la puissance et les limites du réseau du point de vue de la globalisation et de son effectivité comme système de surveillance. Le quatrième étudie les enjeux concernant la relation entre ce réseau et la production des vaccins contre la grippe pandémique et saisonnière. Le cinquième traite des problèmes concernant la circulation des souches virales, des savoirs et des techniques au sein du réseau mondial de surveillance de la grippe. Mots-clés : grippe, surveillance, innovation, circulation, santé publique, vaccins, OMS / This dissertation traces the history of the WHO global influenza surveillance network between 1947 and 1997. This international public health system is responsible for the continuous monitoring of influenza virus mutations and the transfer of strains to the pharmaceutical industry for the production of vaccines. This story explores the various strategies employed by WHO in order to ensure the constitution and the globalization of the influenza network: development, standardization and dissemination of laboratory techniques and epidemiological surveillance methods; production and free distribution of reagents; certification and dissemination of scientific and epidemiological information on influenza; development of regulatory standards concerning the circulation and sharing of strains, epidemiological information and knowledge inside and outside of the influenza surveillance network. This analysis addresses the relationship between science, economics and international politics involved in the creation and the growth of this program. Furthermore, this story examines the challenges posed by the globalization of the influenza surveillance system, including the difficulties faced by developing countries – not producing influenza vaccine – to collaborate in the influenza surveillance. The involvement of WHO into the regulation of the production and the control of influenza vaccine and the relationship established by WHO with the industries producing the vaccine is also considered in the present study.

Introduktion Fysisk aktivitet är något vi alla utför på en daglig basis där olika intensiteter ingår vid all form av rörelse. Fysisk träning däremot, är en strukturerad form där personen i fråga har tänkt att förbättra sin egen fysiska förmåga, kondition eller styrka. Hos hälsovetenskapsstudenter runt om i världen ses en minskande aktivitetsnivå genom utbildningen, endast ca 50% når upp till WHO:s rekommendationer om fysisk aktivitet där 150 min måttlig eller 75 min mycket ansträngande aktivitet per vecka är satt som gräns. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur träningsvanor ter sig hos sistaårsstudenter på Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Metod En tvärsnittsstudie gjordes med hjälp av enkätformuläret IPAQ-SF som modifierades av författarna. Tredjeårsstudenter inom Fysioterapeut-, Arbetsterapeut-, Sjuksköterskeprogrammet eller Hälsovägledning fick kryssa i hur aktiva de var senaste sju dagarna inom olika intensitetsnivåer. Resultatet Av de 267 utskickade enkäterna svarade 42% (112 deltagare) varav 14% män och 86% kvinnor. Respektive hälsovetenskapsprogram uppnådde WHO:s rekommendationer. Fysioterapeuter och hälsovägledare ägnade flest dagar åt mycket ansträngande aktiviteter, medan hälsovägledare bedrev måttligt ansträngande aktiviteter i större omfattning än resterande program. Ingen större skillnad i frekvens eller volym kunde ses mellan könen på de olika intensitetsnivåerna. Deltagarna satt mellan 4-8 timmar om dagen med en median på 6 timmar om dagen. Konklusion Denna enkätstudie påvisade att samtliga program uppnådde WHO:s rekommendationer avseende fysisk aktivitet. En skillnad i aktivitetsgrad sågs mellan de olika hälsovetenskapsprogrammen beroende på intensitetsnivå och ingen större skillnad sågs mellan könen. Fler studier erfordras.