Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude d’un système de biotélémesure par gélule ingérable. L’étude concerne les problèmes de télétransmission d’énergie et d’informations entre la gélule ingérable et le système extracorporel de télécommande.Nous exposons des méthodes de conception théoriques et de caractérisation expérimentales du système de télécommande sans fil de la mise sous tension des gélules. Une deuxième partie concerne la conception du système de télétransmission d’énergie et d’informations par induction magnétique, suivi de la réalisation d’un système d’accord automatique par capacité commutée synchrone. La caractérisation d’antennes miniatures a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie dans laquelle nous avons proposé des solutions basées sur des techniques de mesure des paramètres Sij en différentiel.Enfin, nous présentons la conception d’une sonde de champ magnétique destinée à valider les résultats de simulation. / This thesis is a contribution to study of intracorporeal measure of ingestible capsule. It concerns more specifically the problems of wireless transmission of energy and information between the capsule and ingestible extracorporeal control and monitoring system. Thus we first set of design methods and theoretical characterization of the experimental system of wireless remote power up capsules. A second part was dedicated to wireless transmission of energy and information design through magnetic induction, it led to the creation of an original system of tuning by synchronous switched capacitor. The problem of miniature antennas characterization has been a third party in which we have proposed innovative solutions based on techniques for measuring parameters Sij in differential (or transmission). Finally, we presented in the last part the design and characterization of a magnetic field probe designed to validate the simulation results.

Le sujet de thèse abordé dans ce mémoire s'inscrit dans la thématique du LE²P sur l'autonomie énergétique des réseaux de capteurs. Ce travail est axé sur la partie réception et redressement du transfert de l'énergie sans fil pour l'apport d'énergie à des capteurs nomades. Ce procédé n'est pas nouveau et prend son origine dans les années 1950. Les connaissances dans l'appréhension de ce processus sont nombreuses pour certains guides d'onde tels que le microruban. Mais la nécessité de perçages dans ces structures de guide d'onde peut être contraignante et causer des disparités dans une chaîne de construction. Ceci a motivé les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire qui utilise une technologie de guide d'onde coplanaire (CPW) peu exploitée. Ainsi, la conception d'un tel dispositif passe par la maîtrise d'un point de vue conceptuel et expérimental de cette technologie. La démarche consiste à utiliser ce guide d'onde coplanaire en minimisant les effets négatifs que peut engendrer ce dernier, pour s'abroger du besoin de perçage et faciliter la réalisation des dispositifs de redressement en limitant le nombre d'interactions humaines. / The thesis subject dealt in this report lies in the LE²P framework on the energy sustainability of wireless sensor network. This work is dedicated to the reception and rectifying part of wireless power transfer to give energy sustainability to nodes in a sensor network. This process is not new and originate from the years 1950. The behavior of this process is since well-known in several waveguide such technology as microstrip. But the need of drill in those waveguide circuit may be inconvenient and lead to discrepancy from one circuit to another. This was the motivational keystone to the work address in this report which uses coplanar waveguide (CPW) over microstrip. The conception of such devices goes through a good conceptual and experimental understanding of the waveguide technology. The approach in this document consists of using coplanar waveguide while minimizing its drawbacks, in order to avoid drilling in the substrate and ease the realization of the rectifying part by limiting the human interaction.

<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>This dissertation presents and develops a novel method of wireless power transfer that relies on electromagnetic coupling from open-wire transmission lines instead of tra- ditional methods. Wireless power transfer techniques are being rapidly pursued in re- search currently due to the potential utility of powering devices over the air instead of with direct electrical connections. Uses for such techniques include an array of ap- plications from consumer electronics, to medical devices, to cars and UAVs. While con- ventional wireless power transfer techniques exist, it is shown here that open-wire trans- mission line methods present distinct advantages for certain applications. In particular, wireless power transfer using Goubau and twin-lead line architectures will be conceptual- ized and investigated in terms of their theory, design, and efficiency performance. Fur- ther, a circuit model theory will be developed in this work to provide a generalized for- mulation for open-wire-line wireless power transfer analysis. Additionally, receiver de- sign techniques will be outlined and geometries based on metamaterial principles will be pursued in order to achieve receiver miniaturization and access the applications this af- fords. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<p>Implantable wireless devices are used to treat a variety of diseases that are not able to be treated with pharmaceuticals or traditional surgery, These implantable devices have use in the treatment of neurological disorders like epilepsy, optical disorders such as glaucoma, or injury related issues such as targeted muscle reinnervation. These devices can rely upon harvesting power from an inductive wireless power source and batteries. Improvements to how well the devices utilize this power directly increase the efficacy of the device operation as well as the device's lifetime, reducing the need for future surgeries or implantations. </p> <p> I have designed an improvement to cavity resonator based wireless power by designing a dynamic impedance matching implantable power supply, capable of tracking with device motion throughout a changing magnetic field and tracking with changing powering frequencies. This cavity resonator based system presents further challenges practically in the turn-on cycle of the improved device. </p> <p> I further design a coil-to-coil based wireless power system, capable of dynamically impedance matching a high quality factor coil to optimize power transfer during steady state, while also reducing turn-on transient power required in dynamic systems by utilizing a second low quality factor coil. This second coil has a broadband response and is capable of turning on at lower powers than that of the high quality factor coil. The low quality factor coil powers the circuitry that dynamically matches the impedance of the high quality factor coil, allowing for low power turn on while maintaining high power transfer at all operating frequencies to the implantable device. </p> <p> Finally, an integrated circuit is designed, fabricated, and tested that is capable of smoothly providing regulated DC power to the implantable device by stepping up from wireless power to a reasonable voltage level or stepping down from a battery to a reasonable voltage level for the device. The chip is fabricated in 0.18um CMOS process and is capable of providing power to the "Bionode" implantable device. </p>

This dissertation is particularly focused on a novel approach of a wirelessly powered neuromodulation system for chronic patients. The inductively coupled transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) coils are designed through optimization to achieve maximum efficiency. A power management unit (PMU) consisting of a voltage rectifier, voltage regulator along with a stimulation circuitry is also designed to provide pulse stimulation to genetically modified neurons. For continuous health monitoring purposes, the response from the brain due to stimulation needs to be recorded and transmitted wirelessly outside the brain for analysis. A low-power high-data duty-cycled impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) transmitter is designed and implemented using the standard CMOS process. Another focus of this dissertation is the design of a reverse electrowetting-on-dielectric (REWOD) based energy harvesting circuit for wearable sensor applications which is capable of generating a very low-frequency signal from motion activity such a walking, running, jogging, etc. A commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) based and on-chip based energy harvesting circuit is designed for very low-frequency signals. The experimental results show promising progress towards the advancement in the wirelessly powered neuromodulation system and building the self-powered wearable sensor.

Electrical stimulation on nerves is a relatively new area of research and has been proved to speed up recoveryfrom nerve damage. In this work, the efficiency and stability of antennas integrated on printed circuit boards provided by the department of electrical engineering are examined. An automated test bench containing a stepmotor with a slider and an Arduino is created. Different setups were used when measuring on the boards, which resulted in that the largest antenna gave the most stable output despite the distance between transmitterand receiver. The conclusion was that the second best antenna and the smallest one would be suitable as well,and the better choice if it is to be implemented under the skin. A physical setup consisting of LEDs, an Arduino, a computer, and a function generator was created to examinethe voltage control functionality, where colored LEDs were lit depending on the voltage level. The functionality was then implemented in a circuit that in the future shall be integrated on the printed circuit board. To control high voltages a limiter circuit was examined and implemented. The circuit was simulated and tested, with a realization that a feature covering voltage enlargement is needed for the future.

L'électronique a connu une évolution incontestable ces dernières années. Les progrès réalisés, notamment dans l'électronique numérique et l'intégration des circuits, ont abouti à des systèmes plus performants, miniatures et à faible consommation énergétique. Les évolutions technologiques, alliant les avancées de l'informatique et des technologies numériques et leur intégration de plus en plus poussée au sein d'objets multiples, ont permis le développement d'un nouveau paradigme de systèmes qualifiés de systèmes cyber-physiques. Ces systèmes sont massivement déployés de nos jours grâce à l'expansion des applications liées à l'Internet Des Objets (IDO). Les systèmes cyber-physiques s'appuient, entre autre, sur le déploiement massif de capteurs communicants sans fil autonomes, ceux-ci présentent plusieurs avantages : * Flexibilité dans le choix de l'emplacement. Ils permettent l'accès à des zones dangereuses ou difficiles d'accès. * Affranchissement des câbles qui présentent un poids, un encombrement et un coût supplémentaire. * Elimination des problèmes relatifs aux câbles (usure, étanchéité...) * Facilité de déploiement de réseaux de capteurs Cependant, ces capteurs sans fils nécessitent une autonomie énergétique afin de fonctionner. Les techniques conventionnelles telles que les batteries ou les piles, n'assurent le fonctionnement des capteurs que pour une durée limitée et nécessitent un changement périodique. Ceci présente un obstacle dans le cas où les capteurs sans fils sont placés dans un endroit où l'accès est impossible. Il est donc nécessaire de trouver un autre moyen d'approvisionner l'énergie de façon permanente à ces réseaux de capteurs sans fil. L'intégration et la miniaturisation des systèmes électroniques ont permis la réalisation de systèmes à faible consommation, ce qui a fait apparaître d'autres techniques en termes d'apports énergétiques. Parmi ces possibilités se trouvent la récupération d'énergie électromagnétique et le transfert d'énergie sans fil (TESF). En effet, l'énergie électromagnétique est de nos jours, omniprésente sur notre planète, l'utiliser donc comme source d'énergie pour les systèmes électroniques semble être une idée plausible et réalisable. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce cadre, elle a pour objectif la conception et la fabrication de systèmes de récupération d'énergie électromagnétique pour l'alimentation de réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Le circuit de récupération d'énergie électromagnétique est appelé " Rectenna ", ce mot est l'association de deux entités qui sont " antenne " et " rectifier " qui désigne en anglais le " redresseur ". L'antenne permet de récupérer l'énergie électromagnétique ambiante et le redresseur la convertit en un signal continu (DC) qui servira par la suite à alimenter les capteurs sans fil. Dans ce manuscrit, plusieurs rectennas seront présentées, pour des fréquences allant des bandes GSM 868MHz, 915MHz, passant par l'UMTS à 2GHZ et WIFI à 2,45GHz, et allant jusqu'aux bandes Ku et Ka. / The electronic domain has known a significant expansion the last decades, all the advancements made has led to the development of miniature and efficient electronic devices used in many applications such as cyber physical systems. These systems use low-power wireless sensors for: detection, monitoring and so on. The use of wireless sensors has many advantages: * The flexibility of their location, they allow the access to hazardous areas. * The realization of lighter system, less expensive and less cumbersome. * The elimination of all the problems associated to the cables (erosion, impermeability...) * The deployment of sensor arrays. Therefore, these wireless sensors need to be supplied somehow with energy to be able to function properly. The classic ways of supplying energy such as batteries have some drawbacks, they are limited in energy and must be replaced periodically, and this is not conceivable for applications where the wireless sensor is placed in hazardous places or in places where the access is impossible. So, it is necessary to find another way to permanently provide energy to these wireless sensors. The integration and miniaturization of the electronic devices has led to low power consumption systems, which opens a way to another techniques in terms of providing energy. Amongst the possibilities, we can find the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and Energy Harvesting (EH). In fact, the electromagnetic energy is nowadays highly available in our planet thanks to all the applications that use wireless systems. We can take advantage of this massive available quantity of energy and use it to power-up the low power wireless sensors. This thesis is incorporated within the framework of WPT and EH. Its objective is the conception and realization of electromagnetic energy harvesters called "Rectenna" in order to supply energy to low power wireless sensors. The term "rectenna" is the combination of two words: Antenna and Rectifier. The Antenna is the module that captures the electromagnetic ambient energy and converts it to a RF signal, the rectifier is the RF circuit that converts this RF signal into a continuous (DC) signal that is used to supply the wireless sensors. In this manuscript, several rectennas will be presented, for different frequencies going from the GSM frequencies (868 MHz, 915 MHz) to the Ku/Ka bands.

Radio frequency (RF) communication, although most popular, is unsuitable for environments involving aqueous and animal/plant tissue media, cluttered environments (e.g., small regions with many radios), applications requiring extremely low power consumption, etc. For such environments, magnetic induction (MI) communication appears to be a viable new technology. It has many desirable properties for propagation in challenging environments. In this thesis, we have experimentally explored the use of Magnetic Induction (MI) based communications for communication through the body. Such communication modalities are essential for wireless communication between implanted therapeutic devices. RF is known to work poorly in this environment due to primarily an ionized aqueous propagation media. We have built a custom experimental testbed using magnetic coils and performed simulations of intrabody propagation for MI based communication using the Sim4Life package. Ultrasound (US) communications have been explored extensively for intra-body environments, and we compare MI against US as well. We experimentally showed that ultrasonic coupling (USC) works better than magnetic resonance coupling (MRC) for transmission through the body at 8 MHz frequency, as USC generates more power than MRC. We have also experimentally compared MR coupling against other forms of intra-body communication, such as galvanic and capacitive. We have done a deep in-depth study of in/on body simulation. According to those studies, the simulations work quite well, and yield a percentage error in the power received for USC as 3-4 %, while for MRC, as 4-5 %. The orientation of USC and MRC sensors causes only 1-2 % error, which doesn't have much impact. / Computer and Information Science

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems are important in many areas, such as medical, communication, transportation, and consumer electronics. The underlying WPT system is comprised of a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX). For biomedical applications, such systems can be implemented on rigid or flexible substrates and can be implanted or wearable. The efficiency of a WPT system is based on power transfer efficiency (PTE). Many WPT system optimization techniques have been explored to achieve the highest PTE possible. These are based on either a figure-of-merit (FOM) approach, quality factor (Q-factor) maximization, or by sweeping values for coil geometries. Four WPT systems for biomedical applications are implemented with inductive coupling. The thesis later presents an optimization technique for finding the maximum PTE of a range of frequencies and coil shapes through frequency, geometry and shape sweeping. Five optimized TX coil designs for different operating frequencies are fabricated for three shapes: square, hexagonal, and octagonal planar-spirals. The corresponding RX is implemented on polyimide tape with ink-jet-print (IJP) silver. At 80 MHz, the maximum measured PTE achieved is 2.781% at a 10 mm distance in the air for square planar-spiral coils.

[pt] Muitos drones subaquáticos (DSs) modernos usados no monitoramento militar e ambiental operam no oceano e são concebidos como transceptores intermediários entre sua estação base (EB) e redes de sensores sem fio subaquáticas (RSSFSs). Devido a salinidade e consequentemente a condutividade da água do mar, DSs não podem usar transmissões de rádio frequência (RF) convencionais, tanto para alimentar quanto para se comunicar com os nós sensores (NSs). Tentando superar essas limitações, sistemas de transmissão indutiva de energia (TIE) têm sido apontados como uma alternativa para RSSFSs assistidas por DSs confiáveis. TIE apresenta perdas menores do que técnicas de campo distante em meios complexos, mas é extremamente limitada em termos de distância de operação. Baseado nisso, a presente tese visa uma solução mais integrada para sistemas de monitoramento assistidos por DSs baseado em sistemas de TIE usando lentes e refletores de metamaterial (MTM) dedicados a aprimorar ambas a eficiência na transmissão de energia e a razão sinal-ruído dos dados transmitidos. Um novo modelo do canal magnético, baseado no modelo de linhas de transmissão magnéticas virtuais, incorporando os ganhos dos MTMs e as perdas da água do mar, também é apresentado de modo a facilitar a futura sistematização das RSSFSs. / [en] Most modern underwater drones (UDs) employed in military and environmental monitoring operate in the ocean and are conceived as intermediary transceivers between their base station (BS) and underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Due to the salinity and consequently the conductivity of seawater, UDs cannot use conventional radiofrequency (RF) transmissions, either for powering or communicating with the sensor nodes (SNs). Trying to overcome these limitations, inductive power transmission (IPT) systems have been pointed out as an alternative for reliable UD-assisted UWSNs. IPT presents lower losses than far-field-based techniques in complex media but is extremely limited in terms of operating distance. Based on that, the present thesis aims an all-integrated solution for UD-assisted monitoring systems based on IPT systems using metamaterial (MTM) lenses and reflectors dedicated to improving both the power transfer efficiency and the signal-noise ratio of the transmitted data. A new model of the magnetic channel, based on the virtual magnetic transmission line model, incorporating the MTM gains and the seawater losses, is also presented in order to facilitate the future systematization of UWSNs.