France played a leading role in the European Enlightenment, influencing other European countries in their thinking and development of philosophical ideas based on the emerging ideals of liberté, égalité and fraternité. Among the many topics alive in intellectual circles at the time, a debate about the education of females peaked in the 18th century, and it is not surprising that it was a Frenchman, François Fénelon, who drew attention first through his Traité de l'éducation des filles (1687) to the lack of education for females. His countrywoman Madame de Lambert extended his argument in her Avis d’une mère à sa fille (1688-1692, published 1728), a lengthy essay addressed to her daughter justifying the importance and describing the nature of female education. A half century later in Germany, Sophie von La Roche published her Briefe an Lina: Ein Buch für junge Frauenzimmer[,] die ihr Herz und ihren Verstand bilden wollen in her weekly paper Pomona für Teutschlands Töchter (1783/84). In these letters, collected and published in book form in 1807, she described the principles of a program of education for women which would lead to a happy life. Both of these female writers were exceptions in their time and fought to establish the position of women as educated and valued members of society. This thesis contextualizes and examines their writings to answer the question to what degree they contributed to a progressive step in the education of women at the time and the cultivation of educated and critical thinking in the next female generation. Hippolyte Taine’s sociological method assumes that literature can be analyzed through its author’s life on the basis of the three key concepts, race, milieu, and moment. After applying these concepts to the life of Madame de Lambert and Sophie von La Roche through historical background and sociological analysis, a close textual examination of the two central texts proceeds with these points of emphasis in each woman’s case: biographical background and social role determination (Frauenbild und Bestimmung der Frau); accommodation to the notion of ‘pleasing’ society, the males especially, and instilling happiness in others and themselves (Gefallen und Glück); and the education and erudition of women (Bildung und Gelehrsamkeit). Their contributions to these areas of active life and intellectual debate illustrate to some extent a personal adaptation to the conventions and standards of the era, but more importantly, beyond that, a breakout from traditional ideas and practices. In sum, Madame de Lambert is seen as a pioneer in the philosophical evaluation of the intellectual strength of women, and Sophie von La Roche, as a German counterpart with an emphasis on their practical enlightened education. The comparative analysis also reveals important sociological differences between Germany and France in the 18th century with regard to the subject of female education.

France played a leading role in the European Enlightenment, influencing other European countries in their thinking and development of philosophical ideas based on the emerging ideals of liberté, égalité and fraternité. Among the many topics alive in intellectual circles at the time, a debate about the education of females peaked in the 18th century, and it is not surprising that it was a Frenchman, François Fénelon, who drew attention first through his Traité de l'éducation des filles (1687) to the lack of education for females. His countrywoman Madame de Lambert extended his argument in her Avis d’une mère à sa fille (1688-1692, published 1728), a lengthy essay addressed to her daughter justifying the importance and describing the nature of female education. A half century later in Germany, Sophie von La Roche published her Briefe an Lina: Ein Buch für junge Frauenzimmer[,] die ihr Herz und ihren Verstand bilden wollen in her weekly paper Pomona für Teutschlands Töchter (1783/84). In these letters, collected and published in book form in 1807, she described the principles of a program of education for women which would lead to a happy life. Both of these female writers were exceptions in their time and fought to establish the position of women as educated and valued members of society. This thesis contextualizes and examines their writings to answer the question to what degree they contributed to a progressive step in the education of women at the time and the cultivation of educated and critical thinking in the next female generation. Hippolyte Taine’s sociological method assumes that literature can be analyzed through its author’s life on the basis of the three key concepts, race, milieu, and moment. After applying these concepts to the life of Madame de Lambert and Sophie von La Roche through historical background and sociological analysis, a close textual examination of the two central texts proceeds with these points of emphasis in each woman’s case: biographical background and social role determination (Frauenbild und Bestimmung der Frau); accommodation to the notion of ‘pleasing’ society, the males especially, and instilling happiness in others and themselves (Gefallen und Glück); and the education and erudition of women (Bildung und Gelehrsamkeit). Their contributions to these areas of active life and intellectual debate illustrate to some extent a personal adaptation to the conventions and standards of the era, but more importantly, beyond that, a breakout from traditional ideas and practices. In sum, Madame de Lambert is seen as a pioneer in the philosophical evaluation of the intellectual strength of women, and Sophie von La Roche, as a German counterpart with an emphasis on their practical enlightened education. The comparative analysis also reveals important sociological differences between Germany and France in the 18th century with regard to the subject of female education.

In many parts of the world women are still largely underrepresented in parliaments. Sweden is however one of the countries that have developed one of the more equal parliaments in the world. This progress has given rise to a question in women studies; how does a more equal representation affect the politics? Earlier studies on this field in Sweden was mainly done in the late 80’s and early 90’s and how the situation is today, being largely unknown. This thesis explores differences between men and women in the writing of motions. To identify these differences, a quantitative content analysis is conducted of all freestanding motions of 2015. As it turns out there is large differences between male and female commissioners both in regard to the participation as well as the content of the motions. For example, women write considerably less motions and men’s motions gets twice the amount of endorsements. / I många delar av världen är kvinnor fortfarande underrepresenterade i parlamenten. Sverige är dock ett av länderna i framkant vad det gäller en jämställd representation och många andra länder blir mer och mer jämställda. Denna utveckling har lett till att ett kvinnovetenskapligt problemområde utvecklats; hur påverkar en mer jämställd representation politiken som förs? Tidigare studier på området har framförallt genomförts under sent 80-tal och tidigt 90-tal och hur situationen ser ut idag är i stort sett outforskat. Denna uppsats undersöker skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga riksdagsledamöter i motionsskrivandet. För att identifiera skillnader så genomförs en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av fristående motioner från år 2015. Det visar sig att det finns stora könsskillnader både vad det gäller hur många motioner som skrivs och vad de handlar om. Kvinnor skriver bland annat betydligt färre motioner och mäns motioner får dubbelt så ofta någon form av bifall.

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Ao apresentar o relato da trajetória de vida de duas mulheres ceramistas japonesas, Shoko Suzuki e Mieko Ukeseki, inserindo-o em seu contexto histórico e sociocultural, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as construções históricas, representações culturais, experiências pessoais e subjetividades envolvidas na construção da sua identidade. A partir da análise do discurso e da prática destas ceramistas, recolhidos a partir dos preceitos definidos por Daniel Bertaux (1997) como récits de vie (relatos de vida), pretende-se compreender os processos pessoais envolvidos na construção da identidade cultural das duas ceramistas, marcados pela vivência transcultural decorrente da imigração para o estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 respectivamente. A história da cerâmica japonesa toma aqui papel relevante para a construção das imagens de japonesidade, traduzidas no discurso e na prática das ceramistas. Contudo, é na apropriação e reinterpretação destas representações em diálogo com suas subjetividades e experiências pessoais que a identidade cultural é recriada. Ao lançar luz sobre o relato pessoal da trajetória de vida de duas ceramistas japonesas no Brasil, esta pesquisa pretende também contribuir para iluminar vários aspetos da história, sociedade e cultura do Japão e do Brasil do último século, em especial, a situação das mulheres na cerâmica nipônica, a imigração de artesãos e artistas japoneses para o Brasil, os processos de construção da identidade cultural japonesa através do artesanato e da cerâmica e os processos pessoais envolvidos na criação de uma identidade nipo-brasileira / By presenting the life-story account of two Japanese women potters, Shoko Suzuki and Mieko Ukeseki, inserting it in its historical and sociocultural context, this work aims to present the historical constructions, cultural representations, personal experiences and subjectivities involved in the construction of their identity. From their discourse and practice analysis, collected from the precepts defined by Daniel Bertaux (1997) as récits de vie (\"life story accounts\"), we intend to understand the personal processes involved in the construction of their cultural identity, marked by the transcultural experience due to the immigration to Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s respectively. The history of Japanese ceramics takes here an important part for the construction of images of \"Japaneseness\", which are translated in the discourse and practice of these potters. However, it is in the appropriation and reinterpretation of these representations in dialogue with their personal experiences and subjectivities that cultural identity is recreated. By shedding light on the personal account of the life stories of two Japanese women potters in Brazil, this research also aims to contribute to illuminate various aspects of the history, society and culture of Japan and Brazil in the last century, in particular, the situation of women in Japanese ceramics, the immigration of Japanese artists and craftsmen to Brazil, the processes involved in the construction of a Japanese cultural identity through craft and pottery and the creation of a Japanese-Brazilian identity

L'enfance des jeunes Brontë a été marquée par leurs jeux littéraires : ils ont créé un monde imaginaire dans lequel s'affrontaient héros réels et fictifs, en consignant leurs aventures dans de minuscules manuscrits. L'étude de ces textes permet d'observer chez Charlotte Brontë le processus de formation d'une écriture dialogique, qui se maintient dans les romans de maturité. Sa nouvelle situation énonciative lorsqu'elle soumet ses écrits au public amène toutefois un changement dans son rapport au lectorat, car ses nouveaux critiques ne dissocient pas dans leur réponse la femme de l'artiste. Ceci se traduit par la construction de deux Lecteurs Modèles, qui se voient chacun attribuer un rôle spécifique au sein d'un même texte. Les narrateurs font appel à la clémence du Lecteur Modèle / Juge, tandis qu'ils sollicitent – parfois simultanément – l'aptitude au déchiffrement du Lecteur Modèle / Interprète. Cette thèse a pour ambition d'identifier et d'analyser les différentes stratégies narratives résultant de cette création textuelle d'un double Lecteur Modèle, ce qui permet dans un second temps d'éclairer le sens des romans. Ces stratégies incluent notamment l'insertion de textes seconds ou de références intertextuelles, ainsi que la sémantisation d'éléments non-textuels, tels que les arts visuels ou les artisanats féminins. Cette intrication de plusieurs objets de déchiffrement crée des espaces d'équivoque et d'indécidabilité, qui doivent alors être investis par le lectorat empirique. / The Brontës' childhood was informed by their literary games: they created an imaginary world where they staged the confrontations between their heroes, real or fictitious, and which they used as a setting for numerous tales. A close study of these early writings sheds light on the formation, in Charlotte Brontë's work, of a dialogical mode of writing, which remains present throughout her later novels. Her new enunciative situation as she submits her work to the public at large leads to a shift in her perception of her readership: her new critics do not dissociate in her the woman from the writer, and assess her texts accordingly. This results in the creation of two Model Readers, each of whom is given a specific role within the frame of a same text. Brontë's narrators ask for the leniency of the Model Reader / Judge, at the same times as they call upon the Model Reader / Interpretant's aptitude at deciphering signs. This thesis aims at identifying and analysing the narrative strategies resulting from the creation of a double Model Reader, which help understand the meaning of the novels. These strategies include the insertion within the text of secondary texts or intertextual references, as well as the semanticisation of non-textual elements, such as visual arts or accomplishments. This intrication of various cyphers creates a locus of equivocation and undecidability, which must be invested by the empirical readership.

With this dissertation, it is intended to improve our understanding of the effects of urban rail systems on the mobility of women, their accessibility and their extent of experiencing the city they live in, that is their urban geography. The main aim is to understand whether women who live nearby an urban rail system and who use this system have higher levels of mobility and wider urban geography when compared with those who live in places without an urban rail access and those who do not use urban rail systems. In search for the effects of metro usage on mobility, as well as the factors affecting metro usage, the study is built on four main fields in transportation studies: mode choice theory, activity based travel theory, time-geography theory and women studies. Women living on Ankara metro line and in Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren constitute the main case study in this thesis. With the help of a comprehensive questionnaire, applied on captive public transport women riders, it is assessed whether the Ankara metro has positive effects on the mobility of women living nearby the metro stations, whether women who use the metro have higher mobility and wider urban geography, and whether the metro can be effective in enhancing the mobility and urban geography of women who are identified as particularly vulnerable in the literature. Understanding the factors, in cases where expected positive impacts on mobility have not been realized, is also important to contribute to the theoretical discussions that the study is built on.

Ao apresentar o relato da trajetória de vida de duas mulheres ceramistas japonesas, Shoko Suzuki e Mieko Ukeseki, inserindo-o em seu contexto histórico e sociocultural, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as construções históricas, representações culturais, experiências pessoais e subjetividades envolvidas na construção da sua identidade. A partir da análise do discurso e da prática destas ceramistas, recolhidos a partir dos preceitos definidos por Daniel Bertaux (1997) como récits de vie (relatos de vida), pretende-se compreender os processos pessoais envolvidos na construção da identidade cultural das duas ceramistas, marcados pela vivência transcultural decorrente da imigração para o estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 respectivamente. A história da cerâmica japonesa toma aqui papel relevante para a construção das imagens de japonesidade, traduzidas no discurso e na prática das ceramistas. Contudo, é na apropriação e reinterpretação destas representações em diálogo com suas subjetividades e experiências pessoais que a identidade cultural é recriada. Ao lançar luz sobre o relato pessoal da trajetória de vida de duas ceramistas japonesas no Brasil, esta pesquisa pretende também contribuir para iluminar vários aspetos da história, sociedade e cultura do Japão e do Brasil do último século, em especial, a situação das mulheres na cerâmica nipônica, a imigração de artesãos e artistas japoneses para o Brasil, os processos de construção da identidade cultural japonesa através do artesanato e da cerâmica e os processos pessoais envolvidos na criação de uma identidade nipo-brasileira / By presenting the life-story account of two Japanese women potters, Shoko Suzuki and Mieko Ukeseki, inserting it in its historical and sociocultural context, this work aims to present the historical constructions, cultural representations, personal experiences and subjectivities involved in the construction of their identity. From their discourse and practice analysis, collected from the precepts defined by Daniel Bertaux (1997) as récits de vie (\"life story accounts\"), we intend to understand the personal processes involved in the construction of their cultural identity, marked by the transcultural experience due to the immigration to Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s respectively. The history of Japanese ceramics takes here an important part for the construction of images of \"Japaneseness\", which are translated in the discourse and practice of these potters. However, it is in the appropriation and reinterpretation of these representations in dialogue with their personal experiences and subjectivities that cultural identity is recreated. By shedding light on the personal account of the life stories of two Japanese women potters in Brazil, this research also aims to contribute to illuminate various aspects of the history, society and culture of Japan and Brazil in the last century, in particular, the situation of women in Japanese ceramics, the immigration of Japanese artists and craftsmen to Brazil, the processes involved in the construction of a Japanese cultural identity through craft and pottery and the creation of a Japanese-Brazilian identity

Étudier les plaisirs féminins dans la littérature française de la Renaissance, c’est d’abord faire le constat d’une pluralité de représentations qui se regroupent autour d’un même enjeu, celui de l’honnêteté. En raison d’une forte tradition misogyne, il est en effet difficile pour une femme de concilier cet impératif social avec le plaisir. Les textes que nous étudions (récit, poésie, littérature d’idées) sont toutefois portés par une dynamique entre voix féminines et voix masculines, qui contribue à faire émerger un discours nouveau sur le plaisir féminin que nous nous proposons d’étudier. La première partie étudie les plaisirs dans l’espace conjugal. Celui-ci fait de la volupté féminine, dans la relation entre époux et dans l’adultère, à la fois une nécessité et une déviance. La deuxième partie s’attache à l’espace social et interroge les plaisirs de cour : les échanges amoureux influencés par l’amour courtois, le néo-platonisme et le pétrarquisme, et les divertissements collectifs, de la danse à la conversation. La troisième partie, consacrée à l’espace de soi, se dégage de la morale sociale dont les deux premières parties sont tributaires pour proposer une réflexion sur le plaisir comme accomplissement de soi dans la maternité, le savoir, la spiritualité et l’écriture. / The study of feminine pleasures in the sixteenth-century French literature leads to a multiplicity of representations. All of them coincide with the idea of honesty. Because of a strong misogynist ideology, women could hardly reconcile these social and moral requirements with the notion of pleasure. Nevertheless, the texts studied in this thesis (narratives, poems, essays and treatises) show a dynamic between feminine and masculine voices that gives way to new discourses on pleasure. The first part focuses on pleasure within marriage. Be it within their relationship with their spouses or in adultery, feminine sensual pleasure was considered both an honest need and a déviance. The second part deals with social pleasures: public amusements (from dance to conversations) as well as encounters between lovers, which were influenced by amour courtois, neoplatonism, and, petrarquism. The third part, dedicated to the self, breaks away from the social morals attached to the first two parts in order to study pleasure as self-accomplishment through motherhood, knowledge, spirituality and writing.