The Relationship among Work-Family Conflict, Job Burnout, and Turnover Intention of Female Professionals in High-Tech Companies Abstract Last ten and more years , high-tech industries grow prosperous in Taiwan. There are lots of professionals entering to the high-tech industries. Though the environment of high-tech industry is better than traditional industry-- the better payment and the better future vision, it is also the place which makes the job pressure, stress, and burnout. The job burnout, coming from the long-term stress, brings to individual the embarrassment in his life, family, and career development. The stress management in professional job becomes the future issue to those managers in high-tech industry. Today, the structure of global human resource has changed, large of educated women join the labor market, they are playing multiple roles. In the limitation of time and energy, it¡¦s easy to make the inter-role conflict during she hopes to play each role perfectly. Evidence is increasing that work-family conflict negatively influences individual¡¦s physical and psychological aspects. Under the high-tech industry speedy innovation and intense competition, employee¡¦s work-family conflict and the work stress are more catching the attention. Though female professionals are the developing resource in the labor market, they are also the crowd tending to work-family conflict. If the female professionals are always in the condition of stress and no proper way to diminish it, eventually, they will be burnout and withdraw from the working place. It will be big loss not only to individuals but also to the companies. This study examined the relationship among burnout, perceived Job stress, and turnover intention using 165 female professionals from the companies in Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, in particular, whether job burnout played a mediating role and social support played a moderating role in the stress-burnout process . The results indicated that : 1. Among the three components of work-family conflict, work interfering family was in high degree. And among the stressors, family involvement, and kids pressure were in high degree. 2. Among the three components of burnout, the exhaustion phenomenon was in high degree. 3. Work-family conflict was positively significant to job burnout. 4. A significant positive correlation was identified between job burnout and turnover intention. The exhaustion and cynicism components of burnout were positively significant predictors of turnover intention. 5. Job burnout was found to have significant mediating effect between work-family conflict and turnover intention. 6. Boss support, one of the social support components, was negatively associated with job burnout and turnover intention. In the moderating effect, most social support in higher-grades groups influenced work-family conflict and job burnout, and job burnout and turnover intention more significantly than lower-grades groups. Key words: work-family conflict, job burnout, turnover intention, social support, high-tech company, female professional.

Research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) has focused on the positive aspects of the construct, neglecting the possibility that individuals who engage in OCB may suffer negative consequences. Thus, the present study expands the literature by examining the possibility that OCB is also related to negative individual-level factors, such as work-to-family conflict (WIF). In a replication and extension of Bolino and Turnley's (2005) research, the present study offers an in-depth analysis of the relationship between OCB and WIF, examining two potential mediators (work time and role overload) and two potential moderators (gender and perceptions of OCB as discretionary). Two hundred and ninety-six participants, recruited from the alumni database of a large southeastern university, Craig's List, and a snowball approach, completed surveys. Additionally, supervisor-ratings of OCB were obtained for a sub-sample of 35 participants. Study hypotheses were tested using zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses. No support was found for a relationship between OCB and WIF, nor was there support for the moderating role of gender and perceptions of OCB as discretionary. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions, are discussed.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This study demonstrates the complex place stress has in the workplace by investigating both positive (eustress) and negative (distress) stress responses. An international sample of 140 individuals was recruited from various industries and organisational levels and these individuals participated in a confidential online survey. A moderated mediation model was proposed in which organisational stressors (person-job fit and role overload) influenced employee affective wellbeing directly and indirectly through stress responses, moderated by individual factors (work-family conflict and self-efficacy). Person-job fit influenced eustress which had positive effects on employee affective wellbeing. Role overload influenced distress which negatively impacted affective wellbeing. Self-efficacy moderated these relationships, with high levels increasing stress responses both negative and positive. Work-family conflict moderated relationships by reducing the positive effect of eustress and increasing the negative effect of distress. The findings not only advance current knowledge but have implications for organisational stress management practices.

Over the last five decades, there has been an increase in the number of immigrants coming to and settling in the United States (U.S.). Limited research has explored the job and workplace characteristics that contribute to work-family conflict among immigrant workers. To fill this gap in knowledge this study examines the relationship of job demands, social support and worker characteristics to work-family conflict among immigrant and native workers in the U.S. Using the 2002 National Study of Changing Workforce (NSCW), this exploratory study identifies the job demands, social support and socio-demographic factors related with time-based, and strain-based, work-family conflict among immigrant (n=157) and native workers (n=165). Four research questions were posited to examine the differences between the immigrant and native workers’ experiences of job demands, workplace social support, and work-family conflict; the relationship between job demands, workplace social support and time-based and strain-based work-family conflict; and the job demands, workplace social support and socio-demographic characteristics that predicted time-based, and strain-based work-family conflict. Independent sample t-tests, cross-tabulations, and stepwise multiple regressions via backward elimination method were used to address specific research questions. Findings indicate that only two job demands, work schedule and learning requirements, are significantly different between immigrant and native workers. Multivariate analysis suggests that among immigrant workers, workload pressure, total hours worked, and lack of co-worker social support are significantly associated with time-based, work-family conflict; being married, lack of supervisor social support, lack of learning requirements, increased work hours and workload pressure are associated with strain-based, work-family conflict. Among native workers childcare responsibilities, lower levels of income, a job with rotating or split shifts, high workload pressure, increased work hours, and lower learning requirements are associated with time-based work-family conflict. Being younger, having lower supervisor social support, lower learning requirements, higher workload pressure, working at rotating/split shift, and having work role ambiguity are significant predictors of strain-based, work-family conflict among native workers. Drawing on person-in-environment perspective, this study has implications for social work practice at individual, organizational, and policy levels, and also for work-life research among immigrant working populations.

Work-family conflict refers to the stress and tension which arise when demands from work and family are competing and incompatible. The aim of this study was to examine the experience of work-family conflict among men and women in Sweden and Germany, and whether there was an association between work-family conflict and self-rated health. Special attention was paid to the directions of the conflict: work to family (WIF) and family to work (FIW). Moreover, the importance of gender attitudes and family policy was examined. By using cross-sectional data from the European Social Survey, the associations were analysed using regression analysis. The results showed that men in Germany experience the highest levels of work-family conflict and women in Germany the lowest. Having egalitarian gender attitudes was associated to slightly lower conflict among men only. Furthermore, high levels of work-family conflict were related to poorer self-rated health. Gender attitudes did not play a significant role in moderating this association. Altogether, the study demonstrated the importance of gender attitudes and family policy for individuals’ possibility to reconcile work and family. Hence, by facilitating for men and women to successfully combine the two domains, the risk of negative health consequences from work-family conflict may be reduced.

This thesis focuses on the relations between job insecurity and its consequences by addressing several specific research aims. The first research aim focused on expanding the range of job insecurity consequences by studying the relation between job insecurity and work–family conflict over time. In Study 3 it was found that job insecurity affected work–family conflict one year later among men. The second research aim addressed mechanisms involved in the job insecurity–outcome relations, focusing on factors that might make employees more vulnerable to, or buffer against the negative effects of job insecurity. Coping styles were investigated as potential moderating factors in Study 1, where it was found that problem-focused coping did not function as a buffer, nor did devaluation or avoidance coping. Avoidance coping was actually a vulnerability factor for men, and related to more negative reactions to job insecurity in terms of well-being. Two forms of job dependence as potential moderating factors of the relations between job insecurity and its outcomes were investigated in Study 2. It was found that the relative contribution to the household income functioned as a vulnerability factor for men. Higher levels of work centrality combined with either quantitative or qualitative job insecurity were related to higher levels of job satisfaction among women. Finally, in Study 3, workload was investigated as a mediating variable of the relation between job insecurity and its outcomes, where workload linked job insecurity to work–family conflict one year later among men. The third research aim of this thesis addressed gender, where differences between men and women were found in all three studies. Overall men seemed to suffer more from job insecurity. The results of the thesis confirm the negative impact of job insecurity, but also provide information regarding important areas for future research to study, such as the investigation of mechanisms and the role of gender. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted.

Work-Life Balance (WLB) is defined as the ability to manage both work-life and non-work life successfully. WLB can be evaluated by examining individual’s experience of Work-Family Conflict (WFC) and Family-Work Conflict (FWC), both of which can be assessed by a questionnaire developed by Netemeyer, Boles and McMurrian (1996). The aim of this study was to explore if responses to the questionnaire, the amount of time spent on studies, household chores and sick leave, were gender related or not, among civil-accountants students. The survey included 138 respondents (74 woman and 64 men). The results confirmed previous findings of a gender difference in WFC, but disconfirmed a gender difference in FWC. Additionally, women scored higher in all variables (the amount of time spent on studies, household chores and sick leaves). The result also showed a correlation between time spent on studies and the WFC and FWC, respectively. Finally the result showed a weak correlation between the number of sick days during the semester and WFC and FWC. Thus, results may suggest that gender socialization could be a contributing factor of the observed gender differences. / Work-Life Balance (WLB) definieras som förmågan att balansera arbetslivet och hemmalivet på ett framgångsrikt sätt. WLB kan utvärderas genom att undersöka individens upplevelse av Work-Family Conflict (WFC) och Family-Work Conflict (FWC), som båda mäts i Netemeyers, Boless och McMurrians (1996) enkät. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns några könsskillnader hos civilekonomsstudenter avseende WFC, FWC, tiden som spenderades på studier, på hushållsarbete samt sjukdagar per termin. Studien omfattade 138 respondenter (74 kvinnor och 64 män). Resultatet bekräftade tidigare upptäckt, att det fanns en könsskillnad i WFC, men motsatte att det skulle finnas en könsskillnad i FWC. Vidare framkom det att kvinnorna hade högre värden i samtliga variabler (antalet studietimmar per dag, hushållstimmar per dag och sjukdagar per termin). Resultatet visade även ett samband mellan antalet studietimmar per dag och WFC samt FWC. Slutligen visade resultatet en svag korrelation mellan sjukdagar per termin och WFC samt FWC. Möjligen kan köns- socialiseringen vara en bidragande faktor till de observerade könsskillnaderna.

[pt] Este estudo teve a intenção de descrever as experiências de mulheres profissionais que tiveram que interromper suas carreiras devido ao conflito trabalho-família. A pesquisa teve como foco mulheres que são mães e que possuem formação superior. Seu objetivo foi entender os motivos que as levaram a interromper suas carreiras profissionais, bem como descrever suas vivências atuais, afastadas do mercado de trabalho e dedicadas integralmente à maternidade. A metodologia de pesquisa escolhida para o estudo foi de natureza qualitativa, tendo sido entrevistadas 10 mulheres, com profissões variadas, que interromperam a carreira devido à maternidade. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que as entrevistadas, em sua maioria, se recusaram a terceirizar a criação e educação dos filhos e que a obrigação em cumprir longas jornadas de trabalho foi determinante na sua decisão de parar de trabalhar. Além disso, o apoio dos maridos, tanto emocional como financeiro, foi imprescindível para que elas pudessem tomar a decisão de se dedicarem à maternidade, integralmente. As vivências, após a interrupção da carreira, revelam sentimentos de inutilidade, baixa autoestima e preconceitos vividos por muitas das entrevistadas. Planos profissionais para o futuro são relatados, mas a maioria deseja mudar de profissão ou diminuir as horas de trabalho, pois buscam a flexibilidade de horário por acreditarem que, ao terem maior controle sobre seu horário de trabalho será possível a conciliação dos papéis profissional e materno. / [en] This study was intended to describe the experiences of professional women who had to interrupt their careers due to the work-family conflict. The research focused on women who are mothers and who have higher education. Its purpose was to understand the reasons that led to them to interrupt their professional careers, as well as to describe their current experiences, away from the job market and fully dedicated to motherhood. The research methodology chosen for the study was qualitative, with 10 women interviewed of several professions, who interrupted the career due to maternity. The results of this research suggest that interviewees, in the majority, refused to outsource the raising and education of children and the obligation to undertake long working hours was decisive in their decision to stop working. In addition, the husband s support, both emotional and financial, was imperative so that they could make the decision to dedicate themselves to motherhood, in its entirety. The experiences, after the interruption of the career, reveal feelings of uselessness, low self-esteem and prejudices experienced by many of the women interviewed. Professional plans for the future are reported, but most want to change their carreer or shorten working hours, because they seek flexibility in scheduling due to the belief that by having control over their working hours it will be possible to reconcile professional and maternal roles.

The purpose of this study was to explore working single mothers’ work-life balance in order to better understand how employers can assist them. Role theory, role conflict theory, and spillover theory were utilized to examine how working single mothers experience work-life balance and how they perceive it. In this study, the researcher sought to discover, analyze, and report work-life balance experiences of working single mothers through extended narrative accounts, which answer the following research questions: 1. In what ways do working single mothers strive to attain work-life balance? 2. What challenges do working single mothers encounter that affect their ability to obtain work-life balance? 3. How do working single mothers believe their employers’ policies, practices, and attitudes impact their ability to balance work and family responsibilities? Narrative inquiry was the best research approach for this study because it allowed the individuals to narrate their own stories. The methods of collecting data for this study consisted of a basic demographic questionnaire and in-depth, semi-structured interviews. The data analysis revealed four main themes and several subthemes highlighting the strategies, challenges, and employers’ contributions to the work-life balance of working single mothers.