The thesis "The Phenomenon of Free Time" focuses mainly on grasping free time as a phenomenon by analyzing the related terms in the work of Karl Marx and in the work of Emmanuel Lévinas. The introductory section is therefore devoted to a selection of philosophical questioning about the nature of time. Then I focus on analyzing the works of Karl Marx, especially in the light of the terms work, working hours and free time. In the chapter "Time in Phenomenology", I focus on the difference between the Aristotle's conception of time and the phenomenological conception of time. In this relation, I come mainly from the ideas of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jan Patočka and Emmanuel Lévinas. In the next section, I analyze the work of Emmanuel Lévinas and focus on the terms existence, time, work and other related terms. In the next chapter, I try to capture the tension of onticity and ontology of Marx and Lévinas and thus reach the phenomenon of free time as an ontological problem. I present this conception of the problem of the phenomenon of free time in the conclusion.

In Sweden, sickness absence due to mental disorder is increasing for both men and women, although more among women. The psychosocial work environment is acknowledged as an important predictor for sickness absence. Employee based work-time control is beneficial for the balance between job stress and recovery and could therefore be of interest when aiming to prevent sickness absence. The aim is to investigate the association between control over daily hours (CoDH) and control over time off (CoT), respectively, and sickness absence. The study also examine whether the association differ by gender and if burnout or depression mediates the associations. Data was derived from two waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) which is an approximate representation of the Swedish working population (n=8418, of which 4936 were females). Binary logistic regression was used as method of analysis. After adjustment for possible confounders, no association between CoDH and sickness absence was found. Low CoT was significantly associated with sickness absence among men (OR=0.90 [0.84, 0.96]), but not among women. Neither burnout nor depression mediates the associations. CoT is stronger associated with sickness absence than CoDH. CoT with regard to sickness absence is of greater importance for men than women.

Undersökningen syftar till att skapa kunskap om arbetsschemats betydelse hos Räddningstjänsten. Detta genom att undersöka vilka attityder som finns kring arbetstider samt på vilket sätt arbetsschemat upplevs påverka dels arbetets innehåll, dels balansen mellan arbete och privatliv. Vi vill utifrån syftet undersöka hur stor andel som är nöjda respektive missnöjda med arbetsschemat, samt se vad som gör att det uppfattas som bra respektive mindre bra ur olika aspekter. Slutligen vill vi undersöka om det upplevs finnas bättre lösningar till arbetsschemat, ur en arbetsmässig synvinkel samt för privatlivet.  Vi genomförde en metodkombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod. Tyngden i undersökningen ligger på den kvantitativa delen eftersom det lyfter fram samtliga brandmäns åsikter, medan de kvalitativa delarna har bidragit till en fördjupad bild av upplevelserna kring arbetsschemat. Resultatet visar att många brandmän är missnöjda med dagens arbetsschema och det har framkommit olika förslag på hur det kan bli bättre, till exempel genom att dela upp dagtidspassen under samtliga veckor. En majoritet upplever att arbetsschemat stör privatlivet, men att de positiva aspekterna väger upp de negativa. Till det positiva hör bland annat att brandmännen är lediga mycket på dagtid och därmed hinner utföra många sysslor. Resultatet har analyserats genom SPSS och teorier om gränser, rollkonflikter och resursbevarande modellen. / The study aims to create awareness of the work schedules importance of Emergency Services. This by examine the attitudes that exist around working hours and in which way the work schedule is perceived to affect both the content of work and the balance between work and personal life. Based on the purpose we want to examine the proportion who are satisfied or dissatisfied with the work schedule and see what makes it perceived as good or not good from different aspects. Finally, we want to examine whether it is perceived to be better solutions to the work schedule, from a labor point of view as well as for the personal life. We conducted a method combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The emphasis of the survey is on the quantitative part because it brings out all the firemen's opinions, while the qualitative elements have contributed to a deeper picture of the experiences around the work schedule. The result show that many firefighters are dissatisfied with the current work schedule and have come to different suggestions on how it can be better, for example by splitting the daytime shifts during all weeks. A majority feel that the work schedule interferes with the personal life, but that the positive aspects offsetting the negative. On the positive side, among other things, the firemen are vacant a lot in the daytime and thus have time to do many chores. The results were analyzed by SPSS and theories about boundaries, role conflicts and conservation of resources model.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera anställdas uppfattning om förändringen av arbetstider inom sjuktransportsförvaltningen Halland. Följande frågor har ställts: Hur upplevde anställda arbetstidsförändringen inom ambulanssjukvården? På vilket sätt gavs de anställda möjlighet att vara delaktiga i arbetstidsförändringen? För att besvara dessa frågor har individuella intervjuer med sju anställda genomförts. Resultatet visar att det fanns både en positiv inställning och ett visst motstånd till förändringen. Den positiva inställningen kan förklaras genom att ledningen tagit hänsyn till åsikter som funnits angående förändringsarbetet. När det gäller motståndet var både en högre kostnad för arbetsgivaren och en lägre lön för de anställda bidragande orsaker i kombination med en upplevd osäkerhet inför en minskad möjlighet till långledighet. Den utbredda motivationen och engagemanget för arbetstidsförändringen hos de anställda har enligt oss flera orsaker. Främst är det en förändring som förbättrar de anställdas arbetstider och ger större möjligheter till sociala aktiviteter, tid med familjen samt vila och avkoppling. Andra orsaker kan ha varit de goda möjligheterna som de anställda gavs från ledningsgruppen att få vara delaktiga och vara med och påverka arbetsprocessen, vidare gavs möjlighet till inflytande i de olika beslut som fattades. Kommunikation som funnits mellan anställda och ledningsgrupp har främjat möjligheten till frågor och respons kontinuerligt under hela förändringsarbetet.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to investigate employees’ experience of a change project at the Halland County Council ambulance service. To answer the question, a qualitative method was used. The following questions were asked: How did the employees within the ambulance service experience the work time change? How did the employees participate in the work time change? Individual interviews were conducted with seven employees. The results showed most employees were positive to change, but that there was some resistance to the reduced working time. The positive attitude explanation may lie in the direction taken to views that existed on the change process into account. The resistance was due to both a higher cost to the employer and lower pay for employees contributing causes combined with a perceived uncertainty about the reduced possibility of long holidays. The widespread motivation and commitment had several reasons. Foremost it is a change that improves the employees' working time and provide more opportunities for social activities and recovery. Other causes may have been the possibility that they were given to participate, have a voice in the work and the opportunity to influence in the decision making. Communication that existed between employees and management team promoted the possibility of questions and feedback continuously throughout the change process.</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera anställdas uppfattning om förändringen av arbetstider inom sjuktransportsförvaltningen Halland. Följande frågor har ställts: Hur upplevde anställda arbetstidsförändringen inom ambulanssjukvården? På vilket sätt gavs de anställda möjlighet att vara delaktiga i arbetstidsförändringen? För att besvara dessa frågor har individuella intervjuer med sju anställda genomförts. Resultatet visar att det fanns både en positiv inställning och ett visst motstånd till förändringen. Den positiva inställningen kan förklaras genom att ledningen tagit hänsyn till åsikter som funnits angående förändringsarbetet. När det gäller motståndet var både en högre kostnad för arbetsgivaren och en lägre lön för de anställda bidragande orsaker i kombination med en upplevd osäkerhet inför en minskad möjlighet till långledighet. Den utbredda motivationen och engagemanget för arbetstidsförändringen hos de anställda har enligt oss flera orsaker. Främst är det en förändring som förbättrar de anställdas arbetstider och ger större möjligheter till sociala aktiviteter, tid med familjen samt vila och avkoppling. Andra orsaker kan ha varit de goda möjligheterna som de anställda gavs från ledningsgruppen att få vara delaktiga och vara med och påverka arbetsprocessen, vidare gavs möjlighet till inflytande i de olika beslut som fattades. Kommunikation som funnits mellan anställda och ledningsgrupp har främjat möjligheten till frågor och respons kontinuerligt under hela förändringsarbetet. / The purpose of this study is to investigate employees’ experience of a change project at the Halland County Council ambulance service. To answer the question, a qualitative method was used. The following questions were asked: How did the employees within the ambulance service experience the work time change? How did the employees participate in the work time change? Individual interviews were conducted with seven employees. The results showed most employees were positive to change, but that there was some resistance to the reduced working time. The positive attitude explanation may lie in the direction taken to views that existed on the change process into account. The resistance was due to both a higher cost to the employer and lower pay for employees contributing causes combined with a perceived uncertainty about the reduced possibility of long holidays. The widespread motivation and commitment had several reasons. Foremost it is a change that improves the employees' working time and provide more opportunities for social activities and recovery. Other causes may have been the possibility that they were given to participate, have a voice in the work and the opportunity to influence in the decision making. Communication that existed between employees and management team promoted the possibility of questions and feedback continuously throughout the change process.

One purpose of our study was to investigate if equality in work time and parental leave in a relationship affect the time that parents spend with their children. Our first hypothesis was that increased equality in work time and parental leave leads to a reduction of the parents’ total time with their children, ie the children spend more hours in pre-school and begin pre-school earlier. In order to test our hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between the woman’s and the man’s work time and parental leave and the time that the children spend in pre-school as well as at what age they began pre-school by using two surveys. Our study showed a significant coherence between both working women’s work time and the children’s time in pre-school as well as women’s parental leave and the children’s age at start in pre-school. We did not find any corresponding coherence for men. This indicates that it is the women’s work situation which, to a large degree, determines the children’s time in pre-school and at what age they start pre-school. Hence, increased equality in work life, meaning that women work more, probably has the consequence that the children spend more time in pre-school and also start pre-school earlier. The second purpose of our study was to investigate parents’ own experience of the equality in their relationship, compared to their actual equality regarding work time, parental leave, housekeeping, time with their children and own time. Our second hypothesis was that couples feel much more equal than their actual division of work time, parental leave, housekeeping, time with the children and own time indicates. We found some coherence between experienced equality and especially division of work time and housekeeping. Our study showed, however, that most couples feel that they have equality, despite an unequal division of work time and parental leave. / Ett syfte med vår studie var att undersöka huruvida jämställdhet i arbetstid och föräldraledighet i ett parförhållande påverkar den tid föräldrar tillbringar med sina barn. Vår första hypotes var att ökad jämställdhet i arbetstid och föräldraledighet leder till att föräldrars totala tid med barnen minskar, dvs. att barnen tillbringar fler timmar i förskolan och inskolas tidigare. För att testa denna hypotes undersökte vi, med hjälp av två enkätstudier, sambanden mellan kvinnans och mannens arbetstid och föräldraledighet, och den tid som barnen tillbringar i förskolan samt vid vilken ålder de skolades in i förskolan. Våra studier visade ett signifikant samband mellan såväl yrkesarbetande kvinnors arbetstid och barnens antal timmar i förskolan som mellan kvinnors föräldraledighet och barnens ålder vid förskolestart. Motsvarande samband för männen saknades. Detta indikerar således att det är kvinnornas arbetssituation som till betydande del avgör barnens närvarotid i och ålder vid start i förskolan. Ökad jämställdhet i arbetslivet, innebärande att kvinnor arbetar mer, leder sannolikt till att barnen tillbringar mer tid i förskolan och inskolas tidigare. Ett andra syfte med vår studie var att undersöka föräldrars egen upplevelse av jämställdhet i sin parrelation, i förhållande till deras jämställdhet i arbetstid, föräldraledighet, fördelning av hemarbete, tid med barnen och egen tid. Vår andra hypotes var att par upplever sig som betydligt mer jämställda än vad fördelning av arbete, föräldraledighet, hemarbete, tid med barnen och egen tid indikerar. Vi fann i vår studie att det finns ett visst samband mellan upplevd jämställdhet och framförallt fördelning av arbetstid och hemarbete. De flesta par upplever sig dock som jämställda, trots en relativt ojämlik fördelning av arbetstid och föräldraledighet.

Research on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) has focused on the positive aspects of the construct, neglecting the possibility that individuals who engage in OCB may suffer negative consequences. Thus, the present study expands the literature by examining the possibility that OCB is also related to negative individual-level factors, such as work-to-family conflict (WIF). In a replication and extension of Bolino and Turnley's (2005) research, the present study offers an in-depth analysis of the relationship between OCB and WIF, examining two potential mediators (work time and role overload) and two potential moderators (gender and perceptions of OCB as discretionary). Two hundred and ninety-six participants, recruited from the alumni database of a large southeastern university, Craig's List, and a snowball approach, completed surveys. Additionally, supervisor-ratings of OCB were obtained for a sub-sample of 35 participants. Study hypotheses were tested using zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses. No support was found for a relationship between OCB and WIF, nor was there support for the moderating role of gender and perceptions of OCB as discretionary. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions, are discussed.

Tyrimo dalykas: miško ūkio vadovaujančių darbuotojų darbo laiko naudojimas. Tyrimo tikslas: atlikti miškų urėdijų vadovaujančių darbuotojų darbo laiko naudojimo analizę ir santykinį jų darbo laiko naudojimo palyginimą. Tyrimo objektas: trys iš šiuo metu Generalinės miškų urėdijos organizuotų devynių koordinacinių regionų. Tyrimo metodai: darbe buvo taikyti šie bendrieji metodai: loginės analizės, anketinės apklausos, lyginamosios analizės ir matematinės statistikos metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai: Pateikiami miškų urėdų, urėdų pavaduotojų bei girininkų apklausos metu gautų rezultatų analizė. Rezultatai analizuojami pagal išskirtas klausimų grupes: 1) darbo planavimas; 2) darbo laiko naudojimo struktūra; 3) darbo laikas pagrindinėms valdymo procedūroms; 4) laisvo laiko naudojimas; 5) pasiūlymai dėl vadovų laiko naudojimo gerinimo. Nagrinėjant miškų urėdijų vadovaujančių darbuotojų darbo laiko naudojimą, pastebimos tokios tendencijos: 1. Miškų urėdijos vadovaujantys darbuotojai dirba dalinai reglamentuotą darbo laiką. 2. Darbuotojų darbo laiko naudojimo struktūra pagal pareigybes skiriasi. 3. Daugiausia laiko pagal veikiančius reikalavimus naudojama dokumentų tvarkymo bei nenumatytiems darbams atlikti. 4. Galima didinti darbo laiko naudojimo racionalumą. / The subject of research: work time use of managing employees in forestry. The aim of this study is to exercise state forest enterprise managing personnel on work time use analysis of forest state director, vice directors and forestry officers and to compare their relative work time use. The object of this study: for research have been chosen three Lithuanian State Forests regions abstracted from provided nine Directorate General of State Forests The following methods of analyses were used in the study: logical analyses, questionnaire, comparative analyses and mathematical statistics methods. The result of the study: there are listed the results of forest state director, vice directors and forestry officers obtained during questionnaire. To have more representative results are divided to the groups of the questions: the structure of work time, work planning, work time for the main managing procedures, leisure time use, offers for the better time use of managers. The study reveals the following trends: 1. The managing personnel of forest enterprise are working partly regalemented work time. 2. Work time use structure differs by employees function. 3. The most time looses are on administrating documents and on work time for unexpected jobs. 4. Possible to increase the rationality of time use.

Stress and sleep problems are common in the working population and cause considerable costs for society. Sleep is the most important part of recovery, and poor sleep has a negative impact on overall functioning, which might have important consequences for both the employee, the employer and society. In order to find strategies to alleviate this contemporary public health concern of stress and poor sleep in the working population, this thesis evaluated interventions performed at the workplace to target these issues. The first intervention is a randomized controlled trial of a 25% work time reduction for full-time workers within the public sector in Sweden. Study I evaluated the impact of work time reduction on subjective sleep quality, sleep duration, sleepiness, perceived stress, and bedtime worries. Assessments included diary data from one week at three occasions over 18 months. Study II investigated time-use patterns through activity reporting sheets used during the work time reduction by evaluating the amount of total workload, paid work, non-paid work and recovery activities. Both studies investigated workdays and days off separately as well as the importance of gender, family status and work situation (only Study II). The second randomized controlled intervention of the thesis is a group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention at the workplace targeting sleep disturbances among employees within the retail sector in Sweden (Study III). Data were collected through questionnaires, diaries and objective sleep measurement (actigraphy) over a period of ten days before and after the intervention, as well as at a three-month follow up. The study evaluated the effects of the intervention on sleep and explored the moderating effect of burnout-levels at baseline. In our studies, an economically fully compensated reduction of work hours for full-time workers lead to long-term positive effects on sleep duration and sleep quality, sleepiness and levels of perceived stress. During this work time reduction, the total workload of both paid and non-paid work was reduced and time spent in recovery activities increased. The results indicate that a more balanced relation between effort and recovery was established. The second intervention, which targets the individual through a group CBT-intervention for insomnia at the workplace, was shown to improve insomnia symptoms in daytime workers who did not suffer from concurrent burnout. Such an intervention could support the individual in handling sleep problems and preventing the development of more severe and chronic sleep disorders, as opposed to interventions aimed at making environmental changes at the workplace. However, the CBT-intervention evaluated within this thesis will need to be further developed in order to be beneficial for more groups of employees. The positive effects of these interventions might be beneficial for public health and help improve employee’s life satisfaction, daily functioning and health development.​ / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-06-08T15:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thamirys Desir¿e Innocenti.pdf: 2981489 bytes, checksum: 35377fc35237b36589b670e3b91fe29b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T15:09:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thamirys Desir¿e Innocenti.pdf: 2981489 bytes, checksum: 35377fc35237b36589b670e3b91fe29b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to investigate which are the formative possibilities developed in the Collective Pedagogical Work Time (HTPC, in Portuguese) of a public school located in Baixada Santista region and understand how the training possibilities are in the HTPC¿s having as research subjects polyvalent teachers in the early years of elementary school. Initially, a literature and document research was performed in order to find data that subsidize the training, social, and legal issues associated with the theme. The research, along its process showed that this is a case study, focusing on their study of the HTPC¿s. For this, we used the theoretical support of researchers like Fusari, Charlot, Nóvoa, Imbernón, Garcia, Sacristan, Pimenta, Franco, Ghedin, Libâneo, Silva Junior, among others. The field research was developed through a qualitative approach, and data collection; we used the technique of observation, guided by Vianna, held in March and May 2015 in a total of seven comments in morning, intermediate and evening periods. The survey data showed limits and training opportunities present in the space/time of HTPC¿s. The limits found in HTPC¿s were regarding: the chronological time used for their realization; the absence of Technical and Pedagogical Team; and the interaction of polyvalent teachers in HTPC¿s. The formative possibilities were presented in three categories: HTPC as space/time for listen; HTPC as space/time for training; HTPC as space/time of exchange of experience/knowledge. / O presente trabalho teve por finalidade investigar quais são as possibilidades formativas desenvolvidas na Hora de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo de uma escola pública da Baixada Santista e compreender como as possibilidades formativas se constituem nas HTPC¿s tendo como sujeitos de pesquisa professores polivalentes dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental I. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, onde se buscou dados que subsidiassem as questões formativas, sociais e legais associadas à temática. A pesquisa ao longo de seu processo evidenciou tratar-se de um estudo de caso, tendo como foco de seu estudo as HTPC¿s. Para isto, recorreu-se ao aporte teórico de pesquisadores como Fusari, Charlot, Nóvoa, Imbernón, Garcia, Sacristán, Pimenta, Franco, Ghedin, Libâneo, Silva Junior, entre outros. A pesquisa de campo foi elaborada através de uma abordagem qualitativa e, para a coleta de dados, foi utilizada a técnica da observação, orientada por Vianna, realizada nos meses de março a maio de 2015, em um total de sete observações, nos períodos matutino, intermediário e vespertino. Os dados da pesquisa evidenciaram limites e possibilidades formativas presentes no espaço/tempo das HTPC¿s. Os limites encontrados nas HTPC¿s foram referentes: ao tempo cronológico destinado à sua realização; a ausência da Equipe Técnico-Pedagógica e; a interação dos professores polivalentes nas HTPC¿s. Já as possibilidades formativas se apresentaram em três categorias: HTPC como espaço/tempo de escuta; HTPC como espaço/tempo de formação e; HTPC como espaço/tempo de troca de experiências/conhecimentos.