摘 要 本研究旨在瞭解宜蘭縣國民中學校長正向領導、兼職行政教師工作壓力與幸福感之關係，並分析不同個人背景變項在校長正向領導、工作壓力與幸福感上的差異情形，進而探討校長正向領導、工作壓力與幸福感的相關性及校長正向領導、工作壓力對幸福感的預測力。透過問卷調查法，以宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師為對象，共發出329份問卷，問卷內容包括背景變項、校長正向領導問卷、工作壓力問卷與幸福感問卷。回收有效問卷325份，可用率為100％。資料統計分析上使用描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等方法。 本研究結論如下： 一、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師在校長正向領導整體之感受為中上。 二、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師在工作壓力整體之感受為中等。 三、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師在幸福感整體之感受為中上。 四、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師背景變項在校長正向領導、工作壓力與幸福感各層面感受有所差異。 五、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師知覺校長正向領導、工作壓力與幸福感相關有所差異。 六、 宜蘭縣國民中學兼職行政教師知覺校長正向領導、兼職行政教師工作壓力對幸福感具有預測力。 最後，本研究根據以上結論，分別針對主管教育行政機關、學校單位及未來研究者提出建議。 關鍵詞：正向領導、兼職行政教師、工作壓力、幸福感 / The purpose of the study is to understand the relationship among principal’s positive leadership, work stress and sense of well-being of administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools, to analyze the difference among principal’s positive leadership, work stress and sense of well-being of varied personal backgrounds, and to further examine the relativity among principal’s positive leadership, work stress and sense of well-being and how significantly sense of well-being can be predicted via principal’s positive leadership and work stress. Questionnaire survey is adopted and personal background questionnaire, principal’s positive leadership questionnaire, work stress questionnaire and sense of well-being questionnaire are included. The questionnaires were distributed to 329 administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools, and 325 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with 100% of availability. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The overall degree of principal’s positive leadership among administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools was above the average. 2. The overall degree of work stress among administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools was at the average level. 3. The overall degree of sense of well-being among administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools was above the average. 4. The variables of personal background of administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools do influence the degree of their feeling of principal’s positive leadership, work stress and sense of well-being. 5. There are differences among administrative teachers’ awareness of principal’s positive leadership, work stress and sense of well-being. 6. Principal’s positive leadership and work stress perceived by administrative teachers in Yilan County junior high schools are predictive of perceived sense of well-being. Finally, based on the results, the study provided related suggestions to the educational and school authorities, school administrative teachers, and future researchers. Keywords: positive leadership, school administrative teachers, work stress, sense of well-being

The mining industry in South Africa plays a significant role in the economy of the country. South Africa is rated as one of the world’s largest producers of key reserves - gold, manganese ore and platinum– and the high level of industrial and production skills in the mines also contributes to the country’s success. Although the gold mining industry’s contribution is of the utmost importance, it is also under pressure to remain competitive and cost–efficient. Old shafts, worsening health of employees, ore bodies that are not always in their prime phase, the radical increase in the annual electricity tariffs and the possibility of decreased gold prices contribute to the decline in the gold mining industry’s success. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between role–specific stress and physical and psychological health, and to determine whether social support has a moderating effect in this relationship for employees in a mining training academy. A cross–sectional survey design was used and a convenience sample (n=437) was taken from a South African gold mining company, where the only criterium for inclusion was to be employed by the organisation at the time the research took place. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The measuring instruments used in this study were proven to be reliable. The results indicate that role stressors and physical and psychological health problems are positively related. It also shows that social support can decrease role–specific stress and that social support – especially from colleagues and supervisors – can help to reduce depression and improve the quality of sleep. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether role stress and social support hold any predictive value regarding physical and psychological health. It was found that if participants’ experience role–specific stress and they receive support – especially from supervisors – it can predict their quality of sleep and the use of medication (physical viii health). The findings also indicate that role stress can predict the experience of depression with regards to psychological health. However, the moderating effect of social support between role stress and depression was not supported in this research. To conclude, recommendations for the organisation and future research are made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The mining industry in South Africa plays a significant role in the economy of the country. South Africa is rated as one of the world’s largest producers of key reserves - gold, manganese ore and platinum– and the high level of industrial and production skills in the mines also contributes to the country’s success. Although the gold mining industry’s contribution is of the utmost importance, it is also under pressure to remain competitive and cost–efficient. Old shafts, worsening health of employees, ore bodies that are not always in their prime phase, the radical increase in the annual electricity tariffs and the possibility of decreased gold prices contribute to the decline in the gold mining industry’s success. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between role–specific stress and physical and psychological health, and to determine whether social support has a moderating effect in this relationship for employees in a mining training academy. A cross–sectional survey design was used and a convenience sample (n=437) was taken from a South African gold mining company, where the only criterium for inclusion was to be employed by the organisation at the time the research took place. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The measuring instruments used in this study were proven to be reliable. The results indicate that role stressors and physical and psychological health problems are positively related. It also shows that social support can decrease role–specific stress and that social support – especially from colleagues and supervisors – can help to reduce depression and improve the quality of sleep. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether role stress and social support hold any predictive value regarding physical and psychological health. It was found that if participants’ experience role–specific stress and they receive support – especially from supervisors – it can predict their quality of sleep and the use of medication (physical viii health). The findings also indicate that role stress can predict the experience of depression with regards to psychological health. However, the moderating effect of social support between role stress and depression was not supported in this research. To conclude, recommendations for the organisation and future research are made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Titel: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Handledare: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Datum: 2015 – maj   Syfte: Samhället och specifikt säljyrket blir allt mer komplext och har bidragit till ökad arbetsrelaterad stress. Studiens syfte är därför att få en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet och det sociala stödets betydelse för att motverka arbetsrelaterad stress i säljande organisationer. Forskningsfrågorna som ställts är följande:   1)    Vilken betydelse har ledarskapet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 2)    Vilken betydelse har det sociala stödet för upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress? 3)    Anses det vara ledarens uppgift att bidra med/ge socialt stöd till sina anställda?   Metod: Eftersom syftet har varit att öka förståelsen inom ämnet, har studien gjorts med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tio stycken intervjuer har genomförts, uppdelat i sex anställda och fyra ledare. Det empiriska materialet har därefter transkriberats och analyserats. Resultatet presenteras genom en analys med stödjande citat och slutligen har en avslutning skrivits där resultat och analys presenteras och forskningsfrågorna besvaras.   Resultat & slutsats: Ledarskapet och framförallt det transformella ledarskapet har visat sig ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress eftersom ledaren fokuserar på att engagera och motivera de anställda med hjälp av en nära relation och socialt stöd. Studien visar även att den transaktionella ledarstilen kan ha en påverkande roll för arbetsrelaterad stress i en positiv bemärkelse.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Eftersom vi intervjuat både ledare och anställda i vår studie anser vi att det är av intresse att endast fokusera på anställda eller ledarna för att få en enhetlig bild av perspektiven. Studien visar även en koppling mellan det sociala stödet och den transaktionella ledarstilen, därför vore det även intressant att se det transaktionella ledarskapets påverkan och betydelse för upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress.       Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till den företagsekonomiska forskningen inom ledarskap och organisation genom en ökad förståelse om ledarskapet, det transformella ledarskapet och framförallt det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress inom säljyrken. Studien visar även att det transaktionella ledarskapet kan ha en positiv påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress.   Nyckelord: Ledarskap, transformellt ledarskap, transaktionellt ledarskap, socialt stöd, arbetsrelaterad stress, fastighetsmäklarbranschen. / Title: Ledarskap det sociala stödets påverkan av arbetsrelaterad stress – En studie inom fastighetsmäklarbranschen (Leadership social support influence of work stress – A study of real estate broker)   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Nathalie Holm och My Gustafsson   Supervisor: Pär Vilhelmson, Maria Fregidou-Malama och Kristina Mickelsson   Date: 2015 – may   Aim: Society and specifically the sales profession is becoming increasingly more complex and has contributed to increased work-related stress. The study's purpose is to get a better understanding of leadership and the importance of social support to combat work-related stress in the selling organizations. The research questions raised are as follows:   1)    How important is leadership for the experience of work-related stress? 2)    What is the importance of social support for the experience of work-related stress? 3)    Considered to be the leader's task is to contribute/give social support to its employees?   Method: Since the aim was to increase understanding of the subject, the study has been done with a qualitative research in which data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Ten interviews were conducted, divided into six employees and four leaders. The empirical material is then transcribed and analyzed. The result is presented through an analysis with supporting quotations and finally has an ending written in which results and analysis are presented and research questions are answered.   Result & Conclusions: Leadership and above all the transformal leadership has been shown to have an influencing role in work-related stress as the leader focuses on engaging and motivating employees with the help of a close relationship and social support. The study also shows that the transactional leadership style may have an influencing role of work-related stress in a positive sense.   Suggestions for future research: Since we interviewed both managers and employees in our study, we believe it is of interest to only focus on employees or leaders to get a coherent picture out perspectives. The study also shows a slight link between social support and transactional leadership style, therefore it would also be interesting to see the transactional leadership impact and importance of perceived work stress.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to the business economic research in leadership and organization through a greater understanding of leadership, the transformal leadership, and above all the social support influence of work-related stress within the sales profession. The study also shows that the transactional leadership can have a positive impact of work-related stress   Key words: Leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, social support, work stress, real estate broker.

Due to employment equity legislation that opened up opportunities for women, women are under pressure to perform at work - something that may affect their occupational stress and impact on both the individual and the organisation. The respondents comprise six women managers in a market research organisastion. The respondents' perception of stress was supported by qualitative research methods and compared to the researcher's Organisational Stress Model. From the data it is evident that stressors at work such as workload, relationships, role overload and individual traits primarily affect the respondents' experience of stress. These stressors have an effect on respondents' perceptions of stress and impacts on their productivity and personal life. The respondents denoted a necessity for skills development in order to enhance themselves at work and on a personal level. The study has furthermore found that stress at work can, however, be somewhat alleviated by implementing stress programmes in organisations. / Psychology / M.A. (Navorsingsielkunde)

Individual distress in the work-place has been cited as the cause of enormous loss of productivity and income, and has therefore attracted much attention from researchers and therapists alike. However, an extensive literature study reveals that in the field of work-related distress and its management, there appears to be discontinuity, a diversity of opinion and even confusion with regard to definitions, causes and possible remedies for the problem. It is suggested that this situation has been brought about and is being perpetuated by the Newtonian/Cartesian epistemological foundation on which most thinking in the field is based. It is further suggested that an epistemology informed by ecosystemic, constructivist principles could facilitate a way of thinking which would be more useful in this context. A case study was done in accordance with the above-mentioned ideas, which served as an investigation of their usefulness in a situation of reported work-related stress. On the basis of the information which emerged from the study, it is concluded that an ecosystemic approach can indeed provide a useful basis for understanding such situations. Furthermore, it is suggested that there are certain commonalities between such situations which are primarily founded in contexts in which the individual finds himself faced with contradictory demands which are not acknowledged as such. Finally, the point is made that if, in accordance with a constructivist viewpoint, "stress" is understood to be a social construction rather than an absolute condition, then the traditional way of thinking provides us with descriptions of man, society and the relationship between them, which are negative and may also be reflexively destructive. However, since constructivism allows for a different construction to be brought forth, we may utilise ecosystemic thinking to provide a more optimistic view. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Abstract The purpose of this study was three-fold: to analyze how the work-relatedness of well-being has been constructed by the presently prevailing work stress approach, to develop better ways of conceptualizing the work-relatedness of well-being on the basis of cultural historical activity theory, and to test these new conceptualizations with empirical data from two nursing homes for the elderly. An analysis of the development of work stress theory and previous studies of nursing homes showed that their foundations lie in the paradigmatic person – environment formulation which inhibits taking into account the activity of the individual, the changing of the work process and the specific context in which stress is experienced. With respect to work-related well-being two activity-theoretical hypotheses were developed: the object-dependedness of work-related emotions (object-dependent well-being) and the increased physical and psychological work load as a result of disturbances in the flow of work (disturbance load). An empirical analysis of the historical development of the two nursing homes showed how the function of the nursing homes had changed several times and continued to do so. The analysis also suggested that changes in the work-related well-being of the employees followed the developmental phases of the work activity. The second empirical analysis showed how the employees' explanatory models of both tiring- and strength- giving events were related to several historical, present and possible future aspects of the object of their work. Signs of individual motive development could be detected in the interviews. The third empirical analysis of videorecorded morning routine episodes showed how the current institutional script carried out by the employees collided with the residents' own script resulting in resident resistance which increased the physical and psychological workload of the employees. Focusing on disturbance load may uncover important sources of emotional distress and physical tiredness among employees. Understanding work-related well-being also as qualitatively developing object-dependent well-being points to the need to create a dialogue between the development of the collective activity and the object and motive development of individual employees.

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las manifestaciones orales auto reportadas y el estrés laboral en personas que asisten a un centro de salud universitario de Lima. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 194 trabajadores. El estrés laboral se evaluó con el cuestionario de estrés laboral OMS / OIT. Asimismo, para evaluar la estomatitis aftosa recurrente, frecuente dolor dental, manifestaciones gingivales, mal aliento, desgaste dental, diente con movilidad, alteraciones de la saliva y alteraciones temporomandibulares, se utilizó un cuestionario de manifestaciones orales. Además, se evaluaron las variables de ingresos personales mensuales, fumador actual, diabetes e hipertensión. Se realizó la prueba estadística de chi cuadrado para determinar la asociación entre las principales variables; y para el cálculo de las razones de prevalencia cruda y ajustada se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con un estimador de varianza robusto (p <0.05). Resultados: La mayor prevalencia encontrada fue “manifestaciones gingivales” (92.27%) observándose una asociación significativa con el estrés laboral (p=0.001). Además, la prevalencia de la manifestación “frecuente dolor dental” fue mayor en la población masculina (86.36%) encontrándose una relación significativa (p=0.027). Asimismo, se observó que para las manifestaciones gingivales y mal aliento la razón de prevalencia aumenta cuando el estrés laboral es mayor. Conclusiones: Se encontró que, las manifestaciones orales “Estomatitis aftosa recurrente”, “Frecuente dolor dental”, “Manifestaciones gingivales”, “Mal aliento” y “Desgaste dental” tienen una relación significativa con el nivel de estrés laboral cuando está ajustado a diversas co variables. Además, el riesgo de presentar manifestaciones aumenta cuando el nivel de estrés es mayor. / Objective: To determine the relationship between self-reported oral manifestations and work stress in people who attend a university health center in Lima. Materials and methods: 194 working people were evaluated. Work stress was assessed with the WHO / ILO work stress questionnaire. Likewise, to evaluate recurrent aphthous stomatitis, frequent dental pain, gingival manifestations, bad breath, dental wear, tooth with mobility, saliva alterations and temporomandibular alterations, a self-reported oral manifestations questionnaire was used. In addition, the variables of monthly personal income, current smoker, diabetes and hypertension were evaluated. The chi square statistical test was performed to determine the association between the main variables; and for the calculation of the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios, the Poisson regression was used with a robust variance estimator (p <0.05). Results: The highest prevalence found was "gingival manifestations" (92.27%), observing a significant association with work stress (p = 0.001). In addition, the prevalence of the "frequent dental pain" manifestation was higher in the male population (86.36%), finding a significant relationship (p = 0.027). Likewise, it was observed that for gingival manifestations and bad breath the prevalence ratio increases when work stress is greater. Conclusions: It was found that the oral manifestations "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis", "Frequent dental pain", "Gingival manifestations", "Bad breath" and "Dental wear" have a significant relationship with the level of work stress when adjusted to various co variables. In addition, the risk of presenting manifestations increases when the stress level is higher. / Tesis

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The thesis with title „Stress Evaluation, Coping and Reduction“ is dealing with this nowadays and often discussed problems focused on possibly purposes of work stress, influence of stress on health and techniques of stress coping. The theoretical part concerns on stress and relate topics. In the practical part I have made an analysis of stress load on some employees of dm drogerie markt limited liability company. In conclusion I have suggested proposals leading to stress reduction on this workplace.