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Three questionnaires were administered to 75 workers and 75 middle managers in the Durban-based Portnet business unit of Transnet. The aims of this administration were the following: * to establish whether there is any relationship between perceived stress and general health within a single occupational group of middle managers and workers separately (horizontal comparisons). * to find out if there are any differences between the perceived stress, coping strategies and the general health of the middle managers and that of the workers (vertical comparisons). It was found that the relationship between high levels of perceived stress and the general health is very weak. This was attributed to the effectiveness of the coping strategies used by the members of the two occupational groups in their work environment. Significant differences between middle managers and workers on perceived stress, coping strategies and the general health were also established. These differences were ascribed to the different content and contextual work dimensions existing in these two occupational levels. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, 1993.

This dissertation provides an analytical framework for understanding the left-indigenous cycle of extra-parliamentary insurrection in Bolivia between 2000 and 2005. It draws from Marxist and indigenous-liberationist theory to challenge the central presuppositions of liberal-institutionalist understandings of contemporary indigenous politics in Latin America, as well as the core tenets of mainstream social movement studies. The central argument is that a specific combination of elaborate infrastructures of class struggle and social-movement unionism, historical traditions of indigenous and working-class radicalism, combined oppositional consciousness, and fierce but insufficient state repression, explain the depth, breadth, and radical character of recent left-indigenous mobilizations in Bolivia. The coalition of insurrectionary social forces in the Gas Wars of 2003 and 2005 was led by indigenous informal workers, acting in concert with formal workers, peasants, and to a smaller degree, middle-class actors. The indigenous informal working classes of the city of El Alto, in particular, utilized an elaborate infrastructure of class struggle in order to overcome structural barriers to collective action and to take up their leading role. The supportive part played by the formal working class was made possible by the political orientation toward social-movement unionism adopted by leading trade-union federations. Radicalized peasants mobilized within the broader alliance through their own rural infrastructure of class struggle. The whole array of worker and peasant social forces drew on longstanding popular cultures of indigenous liberation and revolutionary Marxism which they adapted to the novel context of the twenty-first century. These popular cultures ultimately congealed in a new combined oppositional consciousness, rooted simultaneously in the politics of indigenous resistance and class struggle. This collective consciousness, in turn, strengthened the mobilizing capacities of the popular classes and reinforced the radical character of protest. At key junctures, social movement leaders were able to synthesize oppositional consciousness into a focused collective action frame of nationalizing the natural gas industry. Finally, throughout the left-indigenous cycle, ruthless state repression was nonetheless insufficiently powerful to wipe out opposition altogether and therefore acted only to intensify the scale of protests and radicalize demands still further. The legitimacy of the neoliberal social order and the coercive power required to reproduce it were increasingly called into question as violence against civilians increased.

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Darbe „Vyrų socialinis kentėjimas Lietuvoje: subjektyvios darbininkų patirtys“ siekiama išsiaiškinti kokios socialinio kentėjimo patirtys yra būdingos sunkų fizinį darbą dirbantiems vyrams Lietuvoje. Akademiniame diskurse skiriama nepakankamai dėmesio šiai temai, tačiau siekiant atpažinti naujus dominavimo ir kentėjimo šaltinius, kurie iškyla darbininkų klasės viduje, yra būtina išsiaiškinti procesus, lemiančius darbininkų socialinę atskirtį ir nelygybės patirtis. Įvairios dominavimo formos kuria naujas dominavimo formas ir taip produkuoja vis didesnę socialinę nelygybę, nerimą ir socialinį kentėjimą. Dėl šios priežąsties besikeičiančiame kapitalistinės visuomenės kontekste svarbu atverti paprastų žmonių kentėjimą, nes iškylančios naujos ir subtilesnės simbolinio smurto formos sąlygoja darbininkų ir kitų socialiai atskirtų visuomenės grupių nuskurdimą, kylantį dėl išaugusio nedarbo, žemų atlyginimų, saugumo bei stabilumo trūkumo. Darbe pristatomos pagrindinės socialinės atskirties sampratos, jos sąsajos su galios pasiskirstymu ir egzistuojan����iais dominavimo santykiais visuomenėje. Siekiant suprasti darbininkų kasdieninio gyvenimo patirtis daug dėmesio yra skiriama darbininkų klasės kultūrai, kalbai, lyties aspektui. Empirinėje dalyje psitatomi kokybinio darbininkų subjektyvių patirčių tyrimo rezultatai. Jie atskleidė, kad besikeičiantis visuomenės kontekstas ir sugriuvusi darbo kultūra sukuria didžiulę prarają tarp senosios ir naujosios kartos darbininkų. Vyresnieji... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the thesis „Social suffering of male in Lithuania: subjective experience of workingmen” is to investigate experiences of social suffering of working class men in Lithuania. Social suffering of working class people remains largely untheorized and unexamined in Lithuania. However, to recognize new sources of domination and suffering inside the working class, it is essential to analyze the processes that produce social exclusion and social inequality of this group. Various forms of domination generate new forms of symbolic violence that, in their turn, produce negative daily experiences of ordinary people. It is important to make lives of working class people visible and recognisable in the changing context of capitalist society since its fragmentation and atomization lead to their social exclusion and negative self-esteem. This work presents the theoretical issues of social exclusion and its correlation with power and relations of domination. In order to understand daily experiences of the working class much attention is paid to the culture, language and gender of the working class. Empirical part of this study presents the results of the qualitative research. They demonstrate a big gap between the workers of the old and new generations. Workers of the old generation suffer bigger professional and personal crises because the modern culture of labour does not appreciate them as members of the group; they lack stimulation, closer relations to colleagues and... [to full text]

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No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of Natal, Durban.

A recurrent premise of post-war criticism is that World War II marked the end of the American working class novel. This thesis challenges this assumption and argues that the working class novel redeveloped throughout the 1940s and 1950s in response to major social, political, economic and cultural changes in the United States. A prime justification for the obituary on the working class novel was that after 1945 the United States no longer had class divisions. However, as the first two chapters of this study point out, such a view was promulgated by influential literary critics and social scientists who, as former Marxists, were keen to distance themselves from class politics. Insisting that the working class novel was hamstrung by a dogmatic Marxist politics and a fealty to social realism, these critics argued that the genre's relevance depended on the outdated politics and conditions of the 1930s. As such they were able to use literary criticism as a means of justifying their own ambiguous politics and deflecting any close scrutiny of their accommodation with the post-war liberal consensus. In a close examination of four writers in the subsequent chapters it is shown that, in fact, working class writers were extremely successful in adapting to post-war conditions. Harvey Swados, in his novel On the Line (1957) and in his journalism, provides crucial insights into the effects of the transition from a Fordist to a post-industrial society on the identity of the industrial worker. In The Dollmaker (1954) Harriette Arnow dramatises an important migration from the rural South to Detroit during World War II which exposes the ways in which American capitalism was able to diffuse a national working class identity. Chester Himes' novel If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945), and his experiences as an African American writer in the 1940s, highlight the intersections between race (and racism) and class in the United States. Hubert Selby, in Last Exit to Brooklyn (1957), undermines the hegemonic ideology of post-war consumerism by drawing attention to the poverty and violence in an urban working class community. All these writers share a common concern with continuing, and re-developing, the dynamic and heterogeneous tradition of American working class cultural production.

Ken Loach has been playing an important role for the British cinema for more than five decades now. His work has gained international regocnition and recieved various prestigious awards. Some of his films were even quite successful at the box office, nevertheless many people have still not heard of him. That is regrettable, because Loach is without doubt one of the best in his field. This paper is meant to show what distinguishes his films from the work of other directors and explains why his films are of such great value. Loach's career can be broadly divided into three stages, which will be specified in the first chapter of the paper. Afterwards three examples were chosen to illustrate Loach's working methods and the results of these. The films Kes (1969), Riff-Raff (1991) and My Name Is Joe (1998) are dealt with in separate chapters in chronological order, in this way the development of Loach's career can be reproduced. First the contents and backgrounds of the particular films will be briefly explained, followed by the analysis of important aspects of Loach's work based on the examples. / Ken Loach ist seit mehr als fünf Jahrzehnten ein wichtiger Teil der britischen Filmszene. Längst hat seine Arbeit auch international Anerkennung gefunden und wurde mit vielen renommierten Auszeichnungen bedacht. Einige seiner Filme liefen sogar an den Kinokassen recht erfolgreich, trotzdem ist er für viele Menschen noch immer kein Begriff. Das ist sehr bedauerlich, denn Loach gehört zweifelsohne zu den ganz Großen in seinem Fach. Diese Arbeit soll aufzeigen, worin seine Filme sich von den Werken anderer Regisseure unterscheiden und warum sie so wertvoll sind. Loachs Werdegang lässt sich grob in drei Phasen unterteilen, welche im ersten Teil der Arbeit näher beschrieben werden. Anschließend wurden drei Beispiele ausgewählt, mit deren Hilfe Loachs Arbeitsweise und die dadurch erzielte Wirkung veranschaulicht werden. Den Filmen Kes (1969),Riff-Raff (1991) und My Name Is Joe (1998) ist in chronologischer Reihenfolge jeweils ein Kapitel gewidmet, um auf diese Weise auch eine Entwicklung in Loachs Laufbahn nachvollziehen zu können. Die Inhalte und die Hintergründe der einzelnen Filme werden zunächst kurz erläutert, um dann anschließend auf wichtige Aspekte von Loachs Schaffen anhand der Beispiele einzugehen.