CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A luta pela reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho se configura como uma das maiores reivindicaÃÃes trabalhistas da histÃria do movimento operÃrio. A busca pela reduÃÃo do tempo de trabalho tambÃm possibilita a reflexÃo acerca da vida e do autocontrole em relaÃÃo ao tempo laboral, se configurando como ponto de partida importante para compreender a relaÃÃo do sujeito trabalhador com seu prÃprio tempo. ApÃs um perÃodo de latÃncia, surge no Brasil movimentos de diversas categorias profissionais em busca da reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho para no mÃximo 30 horas semanais, uma dessas categorias à a dos psicÃlogos, profissionais investigados nesse estudo. Dentre as questÃes apontadas para demonstrar a importÃncia da reduÃÃo da carga horÃria de trabalho estava a necessidade do profissional de reduzir sua jornada para conseguir conciliar outros empregos durante a semana. A necessidade de mÃltiplos vÃnculos laborais à justificada pelas condiÃÃes precÃrias as quais os profissionais sÃo submetidos e os baixos salÃrios ofertados à categoria. Diante de tal cenÃrio, foram realizadas entrevistas com oito (8) profissionais sobre a sua jornada de trabalho e sua participaÃÃo na luta pelas 30 horas semanais. A anÃlise sociolÃgica do discurso foi utilizada para interpretaÃÃo dos dados coletados, encontrando na fala dos entrevistados uma modelo de representaÃÃo e de compreensÃo do texto concreto em seu contexto social e histÃrico. A interpretaÃÃo das entrevistas ressaltou a grande fragmentaÃÃo da categoria profissional analisada, o que possibilita a individualizaÃÃo dos profissionais, que nÃo chegaram a participar da luta pela reduÃÃo da sua jornada de maneira coletiva. AlÃm disso, foram identificadas nas falas a naturalizaÃÃo da precariedade da profissÃo e uma assimilaÃÃo do discurso produtivista, advindo, sobretudo, da difusÃo da ideologia neoliberal, na qual os profissionais buscam atravÃs de si mesmo, modificaÃÃes pontuais para amenizar a situaÃÃo precÃria do seu trabalho, no caso dos psicÃlogos, procurando um outro trabalho e buscando reduzir sua jornada laboral. A busca pela reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho, dessa forma, parece servir mais à intensificaÃÃo das relaÃÃes de exploraÃÃo, do que possibilitar a emancipaÃÃo desses trabalhadores. / The struggle for working time reduction configures as one of the biggest laborist claims of all laborer movement history. The pursuit of working time also enables the reflection about life and self-control towards labor time, which emerge as an important starting point for worker subject relation with their own time comprehension. After a latency period, arise in Brazil movements coming up from several professional categories aiming for workload reduction for thirty hour per week, maximum. One of those professional categories is Psychologists, objects of the present study. Among all exposed issues, reducing working time for conciliate more than one job is one of them. The need for multiple employment bonds is related to precarious conditions and low wages. In light of this, eight interviews with Psychologists about their labor time and fight for thirty-hour work week were arranged. The discourse sociological analysis has been chosen as a method to interpret the collected data, finding a comprehension and representation model for concrete text of their social and history context. Such interpretation highlighted a huge fragmentation in the professional category, which enables the individuation of those Psychologists whom did not take part in working time reduction discussion in a collective way. Besides that, precariousness naturalization and productivity discourse assimilation could be noticed, emerging, foremost, from neoliberal ideology widespread. According such ideology, professional pursuit, through themselves, punctual modifications to ease the precarious conditions. In Psychologists example, they get a second job and fight for labor time reduction. Such struggle seems to contribute to intensify exploration relationships more than to propitiate workerâs emancipation.

Thesis focuses on concrete examples of social engineering in working time regulation field. Mainly uses econometric measures and models to evaluate agreed and expected goals. In the theoretic part of work are presented concepts, how and why the proper authorities regulate working time, what are costs and benefits of this activity and how academy economics see working time as regulation needed subject. With anticipating existing analysis are further developed authors own econometric model, which is putted in the light of french 35hours working week, effects of maximal obligate working time in European union and tries of german politic garniture, which argue for longer working week as well. Later is presented comparation of results of all the case studies into Czech reality, which is preciselly mentioned and predicted as economic future in case, if Czech arrea addopts similar policies. As starting point is described historical development of life/day time spend by work, are used dates of work productivity, economic reality of chosen countries, before in and after the moment, when they decided for legislative according to driving of working time.

Thesis advisor: Andrew Jorgenson / In 2015, the United Nations implemented the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which cover a wide range of social, economic and environmental issues. While there is a virtual international consensus regarding the importance of these goals, and reconsidering the ecological costs of human development, there are disagreements on the best approaches to actually achieving sustainability. Mainstream perspectives argue that the most feasible and effective path to sustainable development is to decouple economic growth from its environmental impacts, largely through the advancement and implementation of green technologies. In this framework, economic growth is seen as synonymous with development and a necessary prerequisite for improving human wellbeing. On the other hand, many scholars are critical of this approach to sustainable development and argue that economic growth is not only antithetical to achieving environmental sustainability, it also has limited appeal for improving social and economic wellbeing in developed countries. With this in mind, in this dissertation I examine alternative pathways to sustainable development that move beyond the growth-consensus. Previous studies argue that a working time reduction potentially represents a multi-dividend sustainability policy that could improve social, economic and environmental outcomes. Similarly, previous research also indicates that inequality is negatively associated with human wellbeing and can lead to increased environmental pressures. Across three empirical chapters, I investigate the effects of working hours and inequality, and their interaction, on measures of environmental and human wellbeing across US states over time. In the first chapter, I assess the relationship between average working hours and CO2 emissions from 2007 to 2013. This chapter is the first examination of this relationship at the US state level and finds that longer working hours are associated with increased emissions over time. The second empirical chapter takes this research one step further and examines how inequality shapes the relationship between working hours and emissions from 2005 to 2015. The results of these analyses again find that longer working hours are associated with increased emissions but that the relationship becomes more intense at higher levels of inequality. The third empirical chapter investigates the claim that a working time reduction could be a multi-dividend sustainability policy by examining the relationship between work hours and life expectancy from 2005 to 2015. I also examine how inequality shapes this relationship as well. Results indicate that longer working hours are associated with decreases in life expectancy, and that this effect is larger at higher levels of inequality. In all, these studies provide more evidence that reducing working hours could potentially be an effective sustainability policy that could contribute to achieving multiple sustainable development goals. Further, they show that inequality is an important factor shaping socio-environmental relationships and population health relationships. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

O desemprego crescente é diagnosticado como um dos maiores males da globalização econômica durante o último quarto do século XX até os dias atuais, servindo de impulso para o surgimento do ideário da flexibilização na Europa como proposta de repensamento dos instrumentos jurídicos em matéria de trabalho. Acolhido na legislação brasileira, tal postulado deitou raízes na Constituição da República de 1988 em temas caros ao Direito do Trabalho como salário e jornada de trabalho, privilegiando a negociação coletiva e originando novas modalidades de contratos e, principalmente, de planejamento da distribuição das horas de labor em prol do incremento do setor empresarial, levado a reboque na espiral do acelerado mercado global. O objetivo do presente estudo consiste na análise desta influência, com foco centralizado no tema do gerenciamento e remuneração do período de trabalho subordinado e suas diversas formas. Na medida em que, após cerca de três décadas de aclimatação, os imperativos flexibilizatórios são seguidamente acusados de ter traído o investimento social realizado e de provocar a precarização geral das relações trabalhistas, importa investigar a razão pela qual alguns institutos criados sob seu jugo, entre eles o banco de horas, sofrem cada vez mais rejeição das centrais sindicais e das entidades profissionais, que pressionam de forma contínua pela adoção de medidas menos conservadoras, especialmente na administração do tempo de efetivo trabalho. Neste diapasão, buscam-se inovações em tese mais benéficas ao empregado, dentre as quais a redução do limite semanal do trabalho, sem diminuição do padrão salarial mensal, é a mais ambiciosa e polêmica proposta na persistente meta de criação e manutenção de postos de emprego. / The increasing unemployment is diagnosed as one of the major evils of economic globalization during the last quarter of the 20th Century and up to the present days, serving as a driving force for the outbreak of the ideas of flexibilization in Europe as an invitation to reconsider the legal instruments in terms of jobs. Admitted by the Brazilian legislation, such postulate took roots in the 1988 Constitution of the Republic in matters relevant for the Labor Law, as salary and working time, favoring the collective bargaining and originating new contract modalities and, mainly, the planning the distribution of labor hours for the benefit of the increment of the business sector, taken in the wake of the accelerated global market. The objective of the present study consists of the analysis of such influence, with centralized focus on the theme of management and remuneration of the subordinated working period and its different forms in Brazil. To the extent that, after three decades of acclimatization, the flexibility imperatives are repeatedly accused of having betrayed the social investment carried out and of provoking the general instability of labor relations, it is worth to investigate the reason why some institutes created under its subordination, among which the bank of hours, have been increasingly suffering rejection by the Unions and professional entities, which have continuously been putting pressure on the adoption of less conservative measures, in special, on the administration of the effective working hours. In this sense, innovations theoretically more beneficial to employees are pursued, among which the reduction of the weekly working time, without reducing the monthly salary standards, is the most ambitious and controversial proposal towards persistently targeting to create and maintain job posts.

Darbo objektas – „Europa Royale Kaunas“ viešbučio darbuotojų darbo laiko organizavimas. Darbo tikslas – ištirti „Europa Royale Kaunas“ viešbučio darbuotojų darbo laiko organizavimą. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti darbo laiko organizavimo sampratą; 2. Išnagrinėti darbo laiko organizavimą sąlygojančius veiksnius; 3. Atskleisti darbo laiko organizavimo aspektus „Europa Royale Kaunas“ viešbutyje. Darbo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa. Darbo struktūra. Darbą sudaro trys dalys, kuriose siekiama įgyvendinti išsikeltus uždavinius. Pirmoje dalyje remiantis moksline literatūra aptariama darbo laiko organizavimo samprata, veiksniai, kurie sąlygoja darbo laiko organizavimą, analizuojama darbo ir poilsio laiko įtaka darbo organizavimui, taip pat darbuotojų motyvavimo poveikis bei darbo metodai. Antroje dalyje apibūdinamas tyrimų objektas, tiriamųjų kontingentas, tyrimo metodai, paaiškinamas tyrimo organizavimas, kuris buvo atliekamas „Europa Royale Kaunas“ viešbutyje bei aprašomi duomenų apdorojimo statistiniai metodai. Trečioje darbo dalyje apibendrinami tyrimo duomenys, jie lyginami su kitais jau atliktais tyrimais turizmo srityje, bei patvirtinami arba paneigiami mokslinės literatūros autorių teiginiai. Darbo apimtis – 40 puslapių. Jame yra 9 paveikslai, 4 lentelės, 2 priedai. Panaudota 50 literatūros šaltinių. Raktiniai žodžiai – darbo laikas, darbo laiko organizavimas, darbuotojai, viešbučių sektorius. Pagrindinės išvados: 1. Darbo laiko organizavimą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Organization of working time of employees in „Europa Royale Kaunas“ hotel.

O desemprego crescente é diagnosticado como um dos maiores males da globalização econômica durante o último quarto do século XX até os dias atuais, servindo de impulso para o surgimento do ideário da flexibilização na Europa como proposta de repensamento dos instrumentos jurídicos em matéria de trabalho. Acolhido na legislação brasileira, tal postulado deitou raízes na Constituição da República de 1988 em temas caros ao Direito do Trabalho como salário e jornada de trabalho, privilegiando a negociação coletiva e originando novas modalidades de contratos e, principalmente, de planejamento da distribuição das horas de labor em prol do incremento do setor empresarial, levado a reboque na espiral do acelerado mercado global. O objetivo do presente estudo consiste na análise desta influência, com foco centralizado no tema do gerenciamento e remuneração do período de trabalho subordinado e suas diversas formas. Na medida em que, após cerca de três décadas de aclimatação, os imperativos flexibilizatórios são seguidamente acusados de ter traído o investimento social realizado e de provocar a precarização geral das relações trabalhistas, importa investigar a razão pela qual alguns institutos criados sob seu jugo, entre eles o banco de horas, sofrem cada vez mais rejeição das centrais sindicais e das entidades profissionais, que pressionam de forma contínua pela adoção de medidas menos conservadoras, especialmente na administração do tempo de efetivo trabalho. Neste diapasão, buscam-se inovações em tese mais benéficas ao empregado, dentre as quais a redução do limite semanal do trabalho, sem diminuição do padrão salarial mensal, é a mais ambiciosa e polêmica proposta na persistente meta de criação e manutenção de postos de emprego. / The increasing unemployment is diagnosed as one of the major evils of economic globalization during the last quarter of the 20th Century and up to the present days, serving as a driving force for the outbreak of the ideas of flexibilization in Europe as an invitation to reconsider the legal instruments in terms of jobs. Admitted by the Brazilian legislation, such postulate took roots in the 1988 Constitution of the Republic in matters relevant for the Labor Law, as salary and working time, favoring the collective bargaining and originating new contract modalities and, mainly, the planning the distribution of labor hours for the benefit of the increment of the business sector, taken in the wake of the accelerated global market. The objective of the present study consists of the analysis of such influence, with centralized focus on the theme of management and remuneration of the subordinated working period and its different forms in Brazil. To the extent that, after three decades of acclimatization, the flexibility imperatives are repeatedly accused of having betrayed the social investment carried out and of provoking the general instability of labor relations, it is worth to investigate the reason why some institutes created under its subordination, among which the bank of hours, have been increasingly suffering rejection by the Unions and professional entities, which have continuously been putting pressure on the adoption of less conservative measures, in special, on the administration of the effective working hours. In this sense, innovations theoretically more beneficial to employees are pursued, among which the reduction of the weekly working time, without reducing the monthly salary standards, is the most ambitious and controversial proposal towards persistently targeting to create and maintain job posts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-ClaudioAnselmoSouzaMendonca.pdf: 1680619 bytes, checksum: c3664f670a2fb2650fccf5be6020cef8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / In this thesis I present an analysis of the working time and non-working time of the bank employees of public banks of Sâo Luís, starting from an initial understanding of the working time of workers in general, along the history of capitalism has never left having certain primacy in struggles, including having at various times a more predominant role than the wage struggle. So based on an analysis of the totality and the contradiction, we understand that reflect on this issue in the context of actual capitalism, and having bank employees as category, is to reflect on financialization and the role of banks, beyond its structuring as national financial system in Brazil . We also sought to analyze the impacts of productive neoliberal restructuring, placing the workforce in this context, reaffirming the ontological role of work, however looking for dialogue with the various authors that question this issue, are denying the role of work as a mediator in the current context, is reaffirming, with new dimensions and categories. We start from the analysis of the bank employees category, locating them as working class, and thus demonstrating the futility of the dual theses on the job. This understanding of the role of the bank employees inside the dialectic of the class struggle allowed us to reflect on the particular struggles of this category to obtain 6 hours special working day and how this working hours is attacked in the present day via an ostensible ideological control, with an advanced process of intensification of precarization its activities. Finally, reflecting on this framework, we reaffirm that there is no emancipatory sense of the non-working time within an abstract work time and fetishized, that is, under capitalism, at most this non-working time takes on a character of relative autonomy , thus proving the thesis of the impossibility of effectiveness of free time without a break from the capital. / Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma análise sobre o tempo de trabalho e o tempo de não trabalho dos bancários dos bancos públicos de São Luís, partindo de uma compreensão inicial de que o tempo de trabalho dos trabalhadores em geral, ao longo da história do capitalismo nunca deixou de ter certa primazia nas lutas, inclusive tendo em vários momentos um peso mais preponderante do que a luta salarial. Alicerçado assim numa análise da totalidade e da contradição, entendemos que refletir sobre esta temática no contexto do capitalismo atual, e tendo como categoria os bancários, é refletir sobre a financeirização e o papel dos bancos, além de sua estruturação como sistema financeiro nacional no Brasil. Procuramos analisar também os impactos da reestruturação produtiva neoliberal, situando a força de trabalho neste contexto, reafirmando o papel ontológico do trabalho, entretanto procurando dialogar com os diversos autores que problematizam esta temática, sejam negando o papel do trabalho como mediação no contexto atual, seja reafirmando, com novas dimensões e categorias. Partimos da análise da categoria bancária, os localizando como classe trabalhadora, e assim demonstrando a inutilidade das teses duais sobre o trabalho. Esta compreensão do papel dos bancários situados dentro da dialética da luta de classes nos permitiu refletir sobre as lutas particulares dessa categoria pela obtenção da jornada especial de 6 horas e como esta jornada é atacada nos dias atuais via um ostensivo controle ideológico, com um avançado processo de intensificação de precarização de suas atividades. Por fim, refletindo sobre este quadro, reafirmamos que não há sentido emancipatório do tempo do não trabalho dentro de um tempo de trabalho abstrato e fetichizado, ou seja, no âmbito do capitalismo, no máximo este tempo de não trabalho adquire um caráter de autonomia relativa, confirmando dessa forma a tese da impossibilidade de efetividade do tempo livre, sem uma ruptura com o capital.

<p>The aim of this paper is to explain and compare non-compliance of two EU-directives, “the quality of bathing water” and “the working time directive”. This study answers the questions: Why didn’t Sweden implement the directive on bathing water quality and the working time directive correctly? Are the reasons for non-compliance the same or different in the two cases? The paper is designed as a case study and with an explanatory attempt we explain why the two directives weren’t implemented correctly in Sweden. The theoretical approach is based on both general- and EU-specific implementation theories. The reason why the directive on quality of bathing water wasn’t implemented correctly was firstly because of the differences between the Swedish political contents and the EU-directive’s, secondly the vague formulation that caused problems with understanding how to implement the directive. Third and lastly the implementation suffered from the lack of administrative resources. The working time directive had problems with the political contents and the resistance from the trade union and government, which caused delays with the implementation of the directive. By studying these two cases this paper concludes that there is only one point of similarity between the cases, i.e. the political contents.</p>

The thesis summarizes legal regulation of working hours and their scheduling in the Czech legal order. The aim of this thesis was to describe and evaluate various types of working patterns, which are addressed in the Labour Code, as well as to highlight some problems that can cause their application in practice. In addition to the current regulation, this paper deals with modifications proposed by the amendment to the Labour Code, which would come into effect January 1, 2012, and its influence on the organization of working time (the main change is the proposed unification of regulation of even and uneven schedule of working time and reducing the administrative burden and complexity of account of working time). The thesis can be divided into five main parts. The first part is devoted to the very definition of working time in European and Czech legislation and records of working hours. The second part focuses on the main topic of the thesis - the organization of working hours. In the individual sub-sections I describe the various patterns of working hours with an indication of potential problems in practice. I also mention the possible changes in the regulation of working time, which would bring the already mentioned proposed amendment to the the Labour Code. Schedule of working hours is related to work...

- Flexible forms of working hours This diploma thesis, in a broader context, represents the issue of flexible forms of working hours. Flexibility of working time is an important part of flexibility of labour law and also of flexibility of the whole labour market. Regulation and practical use of flexible forms of working hours are current issues and the aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive but clear explanation of these issues. As theoretical bases, the thesis includes parts focused on selected legal principles, international and national regulation of working time and the concept of flexibility. The main part of the thesis is divided into three sections, of which the first one deals with the practical use of flexible forms of working hours, the second one presents particular forms of working hours which are regulated in the Labour Code and the third one is devoted to flexible forms of working time, regulation of which the Labour Code does not include.