This thesis with the topic Working time in healthcare makes an effort to deal comprehensively with the particular issues of the working time institutes, their application in healthcare and it alternatively point to some defiency in legislation. The regulation of the working time is one of the most important working conditions especially for the workers due to the fact that they spend more than one third of their day at work. In case of the healtcare workers it's even more than one third of their day. In first chapters I pursued regulation of the working time from the view of the international law, in concrete from the view of the Conventions of International Labour Organization. I focused more on the European Union regulations, especially on the Working Time Directive, because due to this directive there is no longer the institute of the on-call duty at workplace in czech legislation. The Directive also allowed to legitimize further agreed overtime work for healthcare works. In the third chapter I focused on the regulation of the working time itself. I analyzed the characteristics and compared the current wording with the definition in the Labour Code from the 1965. In the following chapters I analyzed the lenght of working time and its scheduling. I pointed out the differences between fixed, short...

This master thesis deals with working time in healthcare. It's main goal is to describe current options of its organisation in Czech Republic as well as the most usual problems the parties of an employment relationship need to deal with. It aims to examine applicable legislation and to find out how the practical use corresponds with legal terms and conditions. This thesis is divided into several parts. In the first of them I focus on analysis of a term worker in healthcare, because there are many workers not only doctors or nurses, who can be included into this group. The next part is devoted to some key terms of Labour Code. These are working time, its scheduling and shift. It examines them in the context of czech legislation as well as european and judicature of ECJ. It also provides us with a deeper look into austrian legislation and tries to find some way how to change some czech provisions in order to correspond better to practical need. Main part of this thesis deals with the most common schedules of work in healtcare. These are one-shift pattern of work and continuos pattern of work. In one-shift pattern there is actual need of continuous operation as well as in continous pattern of work. For this purpose so called institutional emergency services are established. That's why a large part of...

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera busschaufförers upplevelser av delaktighet i arbetet. Följande frågor har ställts: Hur kommunicerar arbetsgivare och anställda med varandra? Hur upplever busschaufförer sitt arbetsschema och sina arbetstider? Kan busschaufförer vara delaktiga i utformningen av sitt arbetsschema och sina arbetstider? För att besvara dessa frågor har vi genomfört åtta individuella intervjuer med busschaufförer i ett internationellt bussföretag. Resultatet visar att busschaufförernas delaktighet i arbetet är bristfällig. Anledningen till detta tror vi kan förklaras utifrån tre huvudsakliga faktorer. Den första faktorn är att arbetsgivaren måste anpassa sin verksamhet efter en trafikhuvudman. Den andra faktorn är att busschaufförerna inte har startat en fackklubb på arbetsplatsen. Den tredje faktorn är att det inte finns en tydlig formell kontext som ger anställda möjlighet att komma till tals. / The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze bus drivers’ experiences of participation at work. The following questions arose: How to communicate employers and employees with each other? How do bus drivers perceive their work schedule and their hours of work? Can bus drivers be involved in shaping their work schedule and their hours of work? To answer these questions, we conducted eight individual interviews with bus drivers in an international bus company. The results show that bus drivers’ participation in the work is flawed. The reason that we believe might be explained by three main factors. The first factor is that the employer has to adapt its activities after a transport authority. The second factor is that bus drivers have not started a local compartment club at the workplace. The third factor is that there is not a clear formal context in which employees have the opportunity to express themselves.

Within the field of welfare research, few people take into account both the aspect of gender and class. Thetraditional class-oriented research has a one-dimensional perspective on gender and the feminist welfare researchrarely carry out large comparative studies. A multi-dimensional perspective on the construction ofgender and class would benefit from both the feminist and class welfare-oriented research, and contribute toincreasing the knowledge about the individual's experience and attitudes to work and work time. The aim ofthis paper is to examine the correlation of the intersectional relationship between sex / gender position andclass position with the attitudes and motives for working time reduction. Especially in, (1) the value in work,and (2) the attitude to a high number of working hours, as well as (3) its combined effect on the conflict betweenwork and family. Countries compared are: Sweden as a social-democratic country and the UnitedStates as a liberal country, based on the similarities in high amount of working mothers and influentialwomen’s movements as well as in there different strategies in the labour market. The survey data collectionis conducted by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and based on the 2006 survey Role of GovernmentIV, 2005 survey Work Orientation III and the 2002 survey Family and Changing Gender Roles III.The results from this study show that there is general support, in Sweden and the United States, towards theworking society. Meanwhile, there is also support for the state to reduce the working hours. In brief summary,employees value their work highly and are generally receptive to working long hours. However, itdoes not create a perception of high conflict between work and family responsibilities. It has been interpretedas a general positive attitude towards work society, and indications that the work is an important part of anindividual's identity and individuality. With these three motives as the starting point, the attitude towards thestate's responsibility to reduce working hours was studied. The result was a generally high support, especiallyin a Swedish context. Politicization in relation to sympathetic pattern was seen as explanations, basedon the fact that the issue of working time reduction is a central part of the Swedish media and political arenaas well as the working class and women's movement are the main actors promoting the issue.

Amid the transformation of operating environmental conditions and the changes in market, a business organization must think how to construct flexible manpower in order to respond to the changes in industries and markets. The traditional organization of hierarchy, which lacks flexibility, doesn¡¦t induce the flexible use of manpower and thus is ineffective in meeting the trends of industries and the market. Atkinson advocates demolishing the rigid system and, based on the characteristics of business production activities, dividing the organization into the core and periphery manpower so that the two sections can be complementary and each possible combination of manpower can be optimal. However, there exists the combination of three types of manpower in the shamrock organization mentioned by Handy, namely, professional core worker, temporary worker, and subcontract worker. The professional core worker can be compared to the core manpower mentioned by Atkinson, and the temporary and subcontract worker correspond to Atkinson¡¦s periphery manpower. The combination of these three types of manpower can be used to produce the foundation of the business¡¦ profitability. In addition, the current human resource arrangement should be adjusted in order to respond to the changes in the market in a timely manner. It is available to implement task flexibility, numerical flexibility, working-time flexibility, and wage flexibility to meet the practical work demands. This research based itself on the preceding concept, conducted interviews with China Steel Corporation and its subcontractors, and collected data through survey questionnaires administered to the subcontractors. The survey was conducted to understand how China Steel Corporation and its subcontractors divided their core and periphery manpower, how they constructed the shamrock organization, and how they used their manpower flexibility. The research also investigated whether there existed differences between China Steel Corporation and its subcontractors with regard to manpower flexibility. The analysis and synthesis of the data have led to the following findings: China Steel Corporation (CSC): 1.China Steel Corporation adopted for its main production line the shift system and mutual support of manpower to meet the requirements of the changing market and job demands, while the engineering and the equipment department adopted subcontracting to meet the change in the demand of manpower. 2.China Steel Corporation did not use temporary workers, but its subcontractors employed a large number of temporary and subcontract workers. As a result, the workers of China Steel Corporation and the temporary and subcontract workers of its subcontractors operate together at CSC, like the operation of a shamrock organization. 3.Without the worry of impeding quality, quantity, and safety, the job at the technical level was divided into core and non-core, with the core job emphasizing the creation of additional value. 4.The non-core job was carried out by the periphery workers, who consisted of the employees of subcontractors specialized in operation, construction and environmental protection and of other contractors. 5.China Steel Corporation enhanced the use of task flexibility through the use of task grouping, task changing, and job rotation, and expanded the scope of task flexibility through transferring and assigning personnel to auxiliary companies. At the same time, education and training were implemented to support the use of task flexibility. 6.With respect to the use of numerical flexibility, China Steel Corporation adopted subcontracting as the major measure of response. 7.With respect to the use of time flexibility, China Steel Corporation adopted such systems as flexible reporting and leaving time, shift, overtime, and optional leave instead of overtime pay. 8.As to the use of wage flexibility, China Steel Corporation raised the percentage of mobile wage, added wage flexibility, and used the bonus system to reflect the merits of the company and individual employees. Subcontractors: 1.Faced with the changes in the market and job requirements, they used temporary and subcontract workers as the major measure of response. Dependent on networks of interpersonal relationships, they hired temporary workers and provided support to subcontractors so that they tied closely into a shamrock organization. 2.About 30% of the CSC¡¦s subcontractors cultivated their employees to become their own subcontractors. The success of this plan depended on the limiting conditions for fund investment, the vitality of the industry, and the support made available by the CSC¡¦s subcontractors. 3.Monetary compensation was the major factor of retaining the core manpower, and the promotion system accounted for only 29.4% of manpower retention, which was related to the flat organizational structure. 4.More than half of the CSC¡¦s subcontractors assigned additional work, work requiring less training, and unimportant work to temporary workers. More then 60% of CSC¡¦s subcontractors would complete work requiring special skills or equipment through subcontracting. 5.With respect to the use of task flexibility, 70.2% of the CSC¡¦s subcontractors that implemented task flexibility experienced such a difficult situation in which a new hand was unable to handle his work. Only 32.7% of the subcontractors would give relevant training in advance, indicating that education and training did not support the use of task flexibility. 6.With respect to the use of numerical flexibility, 69% of the subcontractors hired temporary employees, and 62% of them used subcontracting. 7.With respect to the use of working-time flexibility, most CSC¡¦s subcontractors used overtime, shift, and varied time block as the major measure, for they had to coordinate operation with CSC and could not be independent in terms of working time. 8.With respect to the use of wage flexibility, the percentage of wage base linked to merit was low, and skills were more important than merit in deciding the wage of a temporary worker. 9.There existed no significant differences in wage and promotion between the core and periphery workers of the CSC¡¦s subcontractors. 10.There existed differences in benefits and training between the core and periphery workers of the CSC¡¦s subcontractors. Differences in the Use of Manpower Flexibility Between China Steel Corporation and Its Subcontractors: 1.China Steel Corporation had a high percentage (64%) of core workers and a relatively low percentage (36%) of periphery workers. In contrast, its subcontractors had a high percentage of periphery workers (including 34% subcontracting and 28% temporary workers, totaling 62%) and a low percentage (38%) of core workers. 2.As to the difference in task flexibility, China Steel Corporation had subsidiary companies and could expand the scope of task flexibility. In contrast, their subcontractors had no subsidiary companies and their task flexibility was restricted to the same enterprise. In comparison, China Steel Corporation invested more in education and training and was more competent in supporting task flexibility. 3.With respect to the difference in numerical flexibility, China Steel Corporation cared about the legality of using temporary workers while its subcontractors neglected this issue more or less and was less bound by labor unions with regard to using temporary workers or subcontracting. In practice, the CSC¡¦s subcontractors had more numerical flexibility than China Steel Corporation. 4.With respect to the difference in working-time flexibility, China Steel Corporation abided by the regulations regarding working overtime while its subcontractors did not pay attention to these restrictions. 5.With respect to the difference in wage flexibility, the wage structure at China Steel Corporation is institutionalized, about 30% belonged to mobile wage and was linked to the company¡¦s operation and individual employees¡¦ merit. On the contrary, the questionnaire survey collected from its subcontractors indicated that only a few of them assessed the wage base on merit.

Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för hur organisationer kan arbeta med flexibla arbetsformer. Vi vill belysa vilka konsekvenser som kan uppstå med flexibla arbetsformer och hur de påverkar organisationer. Vi önskar även att fylla gapet vi uppmärksammat i forskningen kring flexibla arbetsformer ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv.      Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie med en induktiv ansats som behandlar fenomenet flexibla arbetsformer ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv. Datainsamlingen för studien har skett genom sju kvalitativa intervjuer på Kalmar kommun.   Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien har visat att organisationer arbetar med flexibla arbetsformer utifrån olika förutsättningar delvis i form av; tekniska förutsättningar, ständig förändring av arbetsmarknaden, konkurrens samt de anställdas förutsättningar. Genomförandet av studien har det även bidragit till att vi har kunnat identifiera både positiva och negativa konsekvenser som kan uppstå för organisationer som använder sig av flexibla arbetsformer. En positiv konsekvens som vi har kommit fram till är att organisationen blir en attraktiv arbetsgivare. En negativ konsekvens är att anställda kan ha en svårighet att balansera privatliv och arbetsliv, vilket i sin tur påverkar organisationen i form av sjukfrånvaro och produktionsbortfall.

The timing of work over the day or week is fundamental to the nature of paid work and the interaction between work and leisure. However, due to data limitations, little research has been done on the timing of work in Australia. The Australian Time Use Survey, conducted nationally by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in 1992 and 1997, provides a unique opportunity to examine actual work timing arrangements in the Australian workforce. (For complete abstract open document)

This dissertation deals with the category of working time a Marxist perspective, establishing a contrast with the contemporary André Gorz. Today, with technological advances, are being discussed ideas such as the loss of centrality of work and thesis as the reduction of working time and its substitution by the society of free time. Our overall objective is to reflect the impossibility of free time tied to capitalism, given that under the system of capital reduction of working time and the creation of a free time for the employee meets the determinations set by the logic of accumulation of capital. Such a discussion thread through the analysis of working time in the transition time "medieval" in time to the capital, exposing the ways of controlling the length of labor by capital. Examines the contradictions of the theory of reduction of working time, adopting a posture that defends the idea that this procedure is limited to thought in the context of the capitalist system of production. Having as theoretical contributions of Karl Marx, seeks to identify the main elements that highlight the category of working time and its significance to the work nowadays. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A presente dissertação trata sobre a categoria tempo de trabalho numa perspectiva marxista, estabelecendo uma contraposição com o contemporâneo André Gorz. Atualmente, com o avanço tecnológico, estão em debate idéias como a da perda da centralidade do trabalho e teses como a da redução do tempo de trabalho e sua substituição pela sociedade do tempo livre. Nosso objetivo geral é refletir a impossibilidade do tempo livre subordinado ao capitalismo, tendo em vista que no âmbito do sistema do capital a redução do tempo de trabalho e a criação de um tempo livre para o trabalhador atende as determinações de acumulação definidas pela lógica do capital. Tal reflexão perpassará pela análise do tempo de trabalho na transição do tempo medieval para o tempo do capital, expondo as formas de controle do tempo de trabalho pelo capital. Analisa as contradições da tese da redução do tempo de trabalho, adotando uma postura que defende a idéia de que essa alternativa é limitada se pensada no contexto do sistema capitalista de produção. Tendo como referencial teórico as contribuições de Karl Marx, busca-se apontar os principais elementos que dão destaque a categoria tempo de trabalho e seu significado para o trabalho na contemporaneidade.

As transformações nas relações de trabalho a partir da década de 1970, no contexto das mudanças globais de cunho político e econômico, são inerentes às novas demandas requeridas pela reestruturação produtiva. A economia global se tornou refém dos movimentos de capitais e da rápida expansão da produção baseada em reengenharias, que tornaram a produção mais enxuta e aumentaram a produtividade. Os trabalhadores, por sua vez, precisaram se adaptar a estas mudanças, assumindo, cada vez mais, funções e competências. Os que não conseguiram, aumentaram o exército de reserva. Autores como Bauman (1999; 2001; 2008a; 2008b; 2010), Castells (1999; 2005; 2011), Dal Rosso (1998, 2006, 2008, 2009; 2011), Gorz (2005), Grisci (1999; 2000; 2008), Lazzarato e Negri (2001), Sennet (1999) e Virilio (1996; 1999) foram a base para entender a nova dinâmica que permeia o mundo do trabalho. Tendo como base tais autores, esta tese pesquisou em contexto de trabalho imaterial, tempo e estilos de vida, o uso da tecnologia da informação por professores de instituições de ensino superior privado na cidade de Porto Velho, no Estado de Rondônia. Para tal, utilizando-se dos caminhos oferecidos pela pesquisa qualitativa, foram feitas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, tomando como sujeitos da pesquisa, os docentes das instituições de ensino superior privado da cidade de Porto Velho. Os resultados, após análise do contexto brasileiro e do cabedal teórico, apontaram para o uso da tecnologia da informação como uma nova forma de vivência do tempo. Este uso de TI acontece independente da noção de tempos de trabalho e de não trabalho. Ademais, aponta para estilos de vida que dependem do uso da TI, que é embarcada em equipamentos sempre atualizados, adquiridos pelos docentes e utilizados tanto no tempo de trabalho como no tempo de não trabalho. Em contexto de trabalho imaterial, os estilos de vida configuram-se como uma imposição aos sujeitos, uma vez que são instrumentalizados pelos modos de trabalhar. O uso da informatização revela outras facetas do trabalho imaterial ao demandar que os sujeitos mobilizem seus conhecimentos, seus recursos e seu tempo pessoal no sentido de se apresentarem atualizados em relação às TIC’s. Os estilos de vida, desse modo, poderiam ser chamados estilos impostos de vida. Os estilos de trabalho produzem estilos de vida, o que reafirma a tese da centralidade do trabalho, e sugere que a vida está sendo convertida em trabalho nos dias de hoje, tanto pela intensificação do trabalho, como pelo alongamento da jornada. / The changes in labor relations from the 1970s, in the context of global changes of a political and economic, are inherent to the new demands required by the productive restructuring. The global economy has become held hostage of capital movements and the rapid expansion of production based reengineering, which made production leaner and increased productivity. The workers, in turn, had to adapt to these changes, assuming more roles and more responsibilities. Workers who failed, will increase the reserve army. The authors as Bauman (1999, 2001, 2008a; 2008b, 2010), Castells (1999, 2005, 2011), Dal Rosso (1998, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011), Gorz (2005), Grisci (1999, 2000, 2008 ), Lazzarato and Negri (2001), Sennett (1999) and Virilio (1996, 1999) were the basis for understanding the new dynamic that permeates the world of work.This thesis researched in the context of immaterial labor, time and lifestyles, the use of information technology by teachers in private higher education institutions in the city of Porto Velho, in Rondônia State - Brazil. For this, using the methodologies offered by qualitative research, were conducted semi-structured interviews with research subjects: teachers of private higher education institutions in the city of Porto Velho. The results, after analysis of the Brazilian context and theoretical notes,pointed to the use of information technology as a new way to experience time. This use of IT happens independent of the notion of working time and non work. Moreover, it shows that the lifestyles that depend on the use of IT, which is embedded in equipment purchased and used by teachers in working time and non work. In the context of immaterial labor, the lifestyles appear as an imposition the individuals, since they are exploited by the modes of working. The use of informatization reveals other facets of immaterial labor to demand that individuals mobilize their knowledge, their resources and their personal time in order to submit updated in relation to ICT. The lifestyles thus could be called lifestyles imposed. The workstyles produce lifestyles, which reaffirms the thesis about the centrality of work, and suggests that life is being converted into work today, both by intensifying work, as by lengthening the journey.

Submitted by MARCELA ANDRESA SEMEGHINI PEREIRA (ma.andresa@gmail.com) on 2018-11-12T12:03:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teseseoutubro6.pdf: 2212728 bytes, checksum: e84cac4c4437c982bd17f720b66ab18d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-11-12T13:09:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_mas_dr_mar.pdf: 2212728 bytes, checksum: e84cac4c4437c982bd17f720b66ab18d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T13:09:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_mas_dr_mar.pdf: 2212728 bytes, checksum: e84cac4c4437c982bd17f720b66ab18d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-05 / Não recebi financiamento / Esta pesquisa investigou uma dimensão da precarização do trabalho docente na UNESP: a redução do tempo disponível a tempo de trabalho. Para isso, perpassamos o início da universidade no Brasil até os dias atuais, sublinhando a herança da ideologia neoliberal como a expansão do ensino público, de maneira desordenada, e a privatização. Fizemos a análise histórica e crítica do tempo de trabalho e tempo disponível, além da explanação sobre o modo de organização gerencial do trabalho e a reestruturação produtiva que, juntamente com a ideologia neoliberal, redesenharam a atividade intelectual e, em especial, a docente, principalmente no que se refere a cobrança por resultados que sejam visíveis e quantificados. Verificou-se que a restrição de tempo disponível do docente gera a precarização do trabalho e, danos a sua saúde física e mental; além de adentrar no seu tempo que deveria ser não apropriado. O objetivo da pesquisa foi averiguar a articulação entre tempo de trabalho e tempo disponível e o modo de organização do tempo dos professores da Área de Humanidades da UNESP. Analisou-se a forma de ser do trabalho, o cotidiano do docente na Área de Humanidades e as condições salariais, inovações tecnológicas, organização do trabalho e modos de gestão do trabalho docente nos últimos 12 anos, visto que no ano de 2003 iniciou o processo da terceira expansão desta Universidade. Os impactos das condições objetivas do trabalho docente sobre a utilização do tempo de trabalho e do tempo disponível dos professores, na vida de todos os dias e na saúde do trabalhador é notória. O método de pesquisa de orçamento do tempo foi utilizado para aferir o modo de organização do tempo disponível dos professores, baseando-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, observação direta, e aplicação de questionário semi-aberto e fechado e empregos de materiais documentais que permitem estabelecer relatos específicos e medidos de modo como dispõem de seu tempo. / This research investigated a dimension of the precariousness of teaching work in UNESP: the reduction of the time available to working time. In order to do so, we have crossed the beginning of the university in Brazil to the present day, underlining the legacy of neoliberal ideology such as the expansion of public education, in a disorderly way, and privatization. We did the historical and critical analysis of working time and available time, as well as an explanation of the way in which work was organized and the productive restructuring that, together with the neoliberal ideology, redesigned the intellectual activity, especially the teacher, mainly as regards the collection by results that are visible and quantified. It was found that the restriction of the available time of the teacher generates the precariousness of the work and, damages to his physical and mental health; as well as enter into your time which should be inappropriate. The objective of the research was to ascertain the articulation between working time and available time and the way of organizing the time of the professors of the Humanities Area of UNESP. It was analyzed the way of being of the work, the daily life of the teacher in the Humanities Area and the salary conditions, technological innovations, work organization and modes of management of teaching work in the last 12 years, since in 2003 the process began of the third expansion of this University. The impacts of the objective conditions of the teaching work on the use of the working time and the available time of the teachers, in everyday life and in the health of the worker is notorious. The time budget research method was used to measure the way teachers organize their time, based on bibliographical research, direct observation, and the application of a semi-open and closed questionnaire, as well as the use of documentary materials that allow reporting specific and measured in the way they have their time.